« Consentement aux infractions sexuelles » : différence entre les versions

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== Abuse of Position of Trust (s. 265(3)(d) and 273.1(3)(c))==
== Abus de position de confiance (art. 265(3)(d) et 273.1(3)(c))==
The term "exercise of authority" under s. 265(3)(d) is intended to capture relationships in which one party has "the power to influence the conduct and actions" of others.<ref>
L'expression « exercice du pouvoir » au sens de l'art. 265(3)(d) vise à englober les relations dans lesquelles une partie a « le pouvoir d'influencer la conduite et les actions » des autres.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Matheson|1f9fs|1999 CanLII 3719 (ON CA)|134 CCC (3d) 289}}{{perONCA|Austin JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Matheson|1f9fs|1999 CanLII 3719 (ON CA)|134 CCC (3d) 289}}{{perONCA|Austin JA}}<br>
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However, influence "is a question of degree" whereby at some point "influence becomes coercion and a parent consent is nothing more than submission". it is when it becomes coercion that section 265(3)(d) is engaged.<ref>
Cependant, l'influence "est une question de degré", selon laquelle à un moment donné "l'influence devient une coercition et le consentement d'un parent n'est rien d'autre qu'une soumission". c'est lorsqu'il s'agit d'une coercition que l'article 265(3)(d) entre en jeu.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Geddes|ghf0g|2015 ONCA 292 (CanLII)|322 CCC (3d) 414}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}{{atL|ghf0g|34}}</ref>  
{{CanLIIRP|Geddes|ghf0g|2015 ONCA 292 (CanLII)|322 CCC (3d) 414}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}{{atL|ghf0g|34}}</ref>  


The accused will be in a position of authority when he "can coerce the complainant into consent by virtue of their relationship."<ref>
L'accusé sera en position d'autorité lorsqu'il « pourra contraindre le plaignant à consentir en vertu de leur relation ».<ref>
{{supra1|Geddes}}{{atL|ghf0g|36}} ("An accused stands in a position of authority over a complainant if the accused can coerce the complainant into consent by virtue of their relationship.")</ref>  
{{supra1|Geddes}}{{atL|ghf0g|36}} ("An accused stands in a position of authority over a complainant if the accused can coerce the complainant into consent by virtue of their relationship.")</ref>  
Such a relationship does not necessarily mean that lawful consent is impossible. Rather the Crown must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the sexual activity was obtained by "the exercise of that coercive authority over the complainant."<ref>
Une telle relation ne signifie pas nécessairement que le consentement légitime est impossible. La Couronne doit plutôt prouver hors de tout doute raisonnable que l'activité sexuelle a été obtenue par « l'exercice de ce pouvoir coercitif sur la plaignante ».<ref>
{{supra1|Geddes}}{{atL|ghf0g|36}} ("The Crown must also prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused secured the complainant’s apparent consent to the sexual activity which is the subject matter of the charge by the exercise of that coercive authority over the complainant")<br>
{{supra1|Geddes}}{{atL|ghf0g|36}} ("The Crown must also prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused secured the complainant’s apparent consent to the sexual activity which is the subject matter of the charge by the exercise of that coercive authority over the complainant")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Samkov|1w4gb|2008 ONCA 192 (CanLII)|[2008] OJ No 1005}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|1w4gb|7}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Samkov|1w4gb|2008 ONCA 192 (CanLII)|[2008] OJ No 1005}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|1w4gb|7}}<br>
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Section 273.1(3)(c) states "For the purpose of subsection (1), no consent is obtained if ...(c) the accused induces the complainant to engage in the activity by abusing a position of trust, power or authority;"
L'alinéa 273.1(3)c) stipule : « Aux fins du paragraphe (1), aucun consentement n'est obtenu si...(c) l'accusé incite le plaignant à se livrer à l'activité en abusant d'une position de confiance, de pouvoir ou d'autorité. ;"


The determination of whether the coercive exercise of authority vitiates consent requires considerations of elements including:<ref>
Pour déterminer si l'exercice coercitif de l'autorité vicie le consentement, il faut tenir compte d'éléments tels que :<ref>
{{supra1|Geddes}}{{atL|ghf0g|37}} ("The determination of whether apparent consent is vitiated by a coercive exercise of authority will require an examination of the nature of the relationship between the accused and the complainant, as well as the specific circumstances surrounding the apparent consent to the sexual activity in issue. There is no closed list of factors relevant to the assessment of the nature of the relationship and no one factor is necessarily determinative of the nature of the relationship. ")
{{supra1|Geddes}}{{atL|ghf0g|37}} ("The determination of whether apparent consent is vitiated by a coercive exercise of authority will require an examination of the nature of the relationship between the accused and the complainant, as well as the specific circumstances surrounding the apparent consent to the sexual activity in issue. There is no closed list of factors relevant to the assessment of the nature of the relationship and no one factor is necessarily determinative of the nature of the relationship. ")
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* the nature of the relationship
* la nature de la relation
* the specific circumstances surrounding the apparent consent
* les circonstances particulières entourant le consentement apparent
* any other issues relevant to the assessment the nature of the relationship
* toute autre question pertinente à l'évaluation de la nature de la relation


The type of coercion suggested in s. 265(3) is not the same as that found in s. 273.1(2).<Ref>
Le type de coercition suggéré à l’art. 265(3) n’est pas le même que celui que l’on trouve au par. 273.1(2).<Réf>
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Coercion under s. 265(3) addresses "consent obtained where the complainant submits or does not resist by reason" of the exercise of authority.<ref>
La coercition en vertu de l'art. 265(3) traite du « consentement obtenu lorsque le plaignant se soumet ou ne résiste pas en raison » de l'exercice de l'autorité.<ref>
{{supra1|Hogg}}
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Coercion under s. 273.1(2) include the use of "personal feelings and confidence engendered by that relationship to secure an apparent consent."<ref>
La coercition en vertu de l'art. 273.1(2) incluent le recours aux « sentiments personnels et à la confiance engendrés par cette relation pour obtenir un consentement apparent ».<ref>
{{supra1|Hogg}}
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Such positions of authority can include doctor-patient relationships or student-teacher relationships.<ref>  
De telles positions d'autorité peuvent inclure des relations médecin-patient ou des relations élève-enseignant.<ref>
{{supra1|Geddes}}{{atL|ghf0g|37}}</ref>
{{supra1|Geddes}}{{atL|ghf0g|37}}</ref>