View source for Victims as a Factor in Sentencing

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==General Principles==
{{seealso|Sentencing Factors Relating to the Offence}}

The significance of victims is found in s. 718 regarding objectives of sentencing:
{{quotation|
'''Purpose'''<br>
718 The fundamental purpose of sentencing is to protect society and to contribute, along with crime prevention initiatives, to respect for the law and the maintenance of a just, peaceful and safe society by imposing just sanctions that have one or more of the following objectives:
:(a) to denounce unlawful conduct and the harm done to victims or to the community that is caused by unlawful conduct;
...
:(e) to provide reparations for harm done to victims or to the community; and
:(f) to promote a sense of responsibility in offenders, and acknowledgment of the harm done to victims or to the community.

R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 718; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 155; 1995, c. 22, s. 6; 2015, c. 13, s. 23.

|[{{CCCSec|718}} CCC]
}}

The factors for sentencing also reference victims:
{{quotation|
'''Other sentencing principles'''<br>
718.2 A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into consideration the following principles:
:(a) a sentence should be increased or reduced to account for any relevant aggravating or mitigating circumstances relating to the offence or the offender, and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing,
::(i) evidence that the offence was motivated by bias, prejudice or hate based on race, national or ethnic origin, language, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability, sexual orientation, or any other similar factor,
::(ii) evidence that the offender, in committing the offence, abused the offender’s spouse or common-law partner,
::(ii.1) evidence that the offender, in committing the offence, abused a person under the age of eighteen years,
::(iii) evidence that the offender, in committing the offence, abused a position of trust or authority in relation to the victim,
::(iii.1) evidence that the offence had a significant impact on the victim, considering their age and other personal circumstances, including their health and financial situation,
..., or
::(vi) evidence that the offence was committed while the offender was subject to a conditional sentence order made under section 742.1 or released on parole, statutory release or unescorted temporary absence under the Corrections and Conditional Release Act

shall be deemed to be aggravating circumstances;
...; and
:(e) all available sanctions, other than imprisonment, that are reasonable in the circumstances and consistent with the harm done to victims or to the community should be considered for all offenders, with particular attention to the circumstances of Aboriginal offenders.

1995, c. 22, s. 6; 1997, c. 23, s. 17; 2000, c. 12, s. 95; 2001, c. 32, s. 44(F), c. 41, s. 20; 2005, c. 32, s. 25; 2012, c. 29, s. 2; 2015, c. 13, s. 24, c. 23, s. 16.
|[{{CCCSec|718.1}} CCC]
}}

Consideration of the harm or risk of harm to a victim includes consideration of the extent of violence used.

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===Vulnerable Classes of Victims===
A vulnerable victim will typically be treated as an aggravating factor. A child victim or person with physical or mental disabilities will be considered particularly aggravating.

Sex trade workers are a recognized vulnerable class of victims that may be treated as an aggravating factor to sentence.<REf>
R v Yusuf, [http://canlii.ca/t/flcx5 2011 BCSC 626] (CanLII) at para 34<br>
R v DR, [http://canlii.ca/t/1gplj 2004 BCSC 336] (CanLII)<br>
</ref>

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===Number of Victims===
The number of victims will have an impact on the sentence, however, this should not "unduly distort" the appropriate sentence.<ref>
R v Mellstrom (1975), 22 CCC (2d) 472{{NOCANLII}} at pp. 486-7<br>
R v Cloutier, [http://canlii.ca/t/gwxn6 2017 ABPC 3] (CanLII), at para 161<br>
</ref>



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===Specific Offences===

'''Fraud'''<br>
Section 380.1(1)(c) and (c.1) specifically directs courts to consider aggravating the presence of a "large number of victims" and the impact of the offence upon them.<Ref>
see also [[Sentencing Fraud]]
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Victim Under 18 Years of Age==

Section 718.01 requires that "[w]hen a court imposes a sentence for an offence that involved the abuse of a person under the age of eighteen years, it shall give primary consideration to the objectives of denunciation and deterrence of such conduct."  

In relation to s.718.01, it has been stated that it "has always been the position of this court in dealing with crimes against defenseless children that a strong response was warranted".<ref>
R v Nickle, [http://canlii.ca/t/frgmj 2012 ABCA 158] (CanLII) at para 19</ref>

Section 718.2 makes any offence that abuses a person under the age of 18 is aggravating.<ref>
[[Sentencing Factors Relating to the Offence]] and [[Sentencing Factors Relating to the Offender]]</ref>

Offences where young victims must always be considered:
* [[Child Pornography (Offence)|Child Pornography]] (163.1)
* [[Child Luring (Offence)]] (172.1)
* [[Abandoning Child (Offence)]] (218)
* [[Abduction of a Young Person (Offence)]] (280 to 283)

'''''de facto'' consent'''<Br>
There should be no recognition in law of a "de facto" consent on the part of the victim as a mitigating factor to sexual offences against young children as it will have the effect of victim blaming.<Ref>
R v Hajar, [http://canlii.ca/t/gsn4w 2016 ABCA 222] (CanLII) at para 100 ("Using the “willing participation of the child” as a mitigating factor in sentencing, despite the fact the child is incapable of consenting, must be recognized for what it is – blaming the victim. It also improperly diminishes the offender’s culpability. ...The result of this flawed thinking – the adult offender is treated as if he or she is not actually responsible for their behaviour, but the child victim is. ...The child becomes the perpetrator and the offender becomes the victim.")<br>
R v Pritchard, [http://canlii.ca/t/1l5rq 2005 ABCA 240] (CanLII)  at para 7 ("While there may well be a difference in degree between a perpetrator who uses force, as opposed to persuasion, on an underage victim to accomplish his objective, the fact remains that the end result is the same – a sexual assault on someone who cannot, in law, give consent. Put simply, a young girl’s willing participation is not a mitigating factor.")<Br>
</ref>

Similarly, it is not appropriate to undercut the statutory age limitation outlined in the offence by suggesting that the victim was "mature" for their age.<ref>
Pritchard{{ibid}} at para 9<br>
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

==See Also==
* [[Victim Impact Statements]]
* [[Sexual Offences (Sentencing)]]