View source for Driving While Disqualified (Repealed Offence)

{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}{{HeaderRepealedOffences}}
; REPEALED DECEMBER 2018
{{OffenceBox |OffenceTitle=Driving While Disqualified|OffencePage=Driving While Disqualified|Section=259|Act={{OBCCC}} |CrownElection={{OBHybridElection}}|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}} |Bail={{OBBailAll}}|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}} |SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}} |SummaryMax= {{OBSConviction}} |IndictableDisp= {{OBDispSame}} |IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}} |IndictableMax= {{OBTime|5 years}} }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewVIII|driving while disqualified}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader}}
{{PleadingsHybridList|s. 259 [driving while disqualified] | Yes | {{YesIfCrown}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection|s. 259}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 259 || {{ReleaseProfileAll}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseAllOptions|s. 259}}

{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

{{IDCriminalAct|s. 259}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}} 
|- 
|s. 259 || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> 
{{DesignationEnd}}
{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation|
s. 259...<br>
; Operation while disqualified
(4) Every offender who operates a motor vehicle, vessel or aircraft or any railway equipment in Canada while disqualified from doing so, other than an offender who is registered in an alcohol ignition interlock device program established under the law of the province in which the offender resides and who complies with the conditions of the program,
:(a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years; or
:(b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Definition of “disqualification”
(5) For the purposes of this section, “disqualification” means
:(a) a prohibition from operating a motor vehicle, vessel or aircraft or any railway equipment ordered pursuant to any of subsections (1), (2) and (3.1) to (3.4); or
:(b) a disqualification or any other form of legal restriction of the right or privilege to operate a motor vehicle, vessel or aircraft imposed
::(i) in the case of a motor vehicle, under the law of a province, or
::(ii) in the case of a vessel or an aircraft, under an Act of Parliament,

in respect of a conviction or discharge under section 730 of any offence referred to in any of subsections (1), (2) and (3.1) to (3.4).
<br>...<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 259; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 36, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 18(F), c. 32 (4th Supp.), s. 62; 1995, c. 22, ss. 10, 18; 1997, c. 18, s. 11; 1999, c. 32, s. 5(Preamble); 2000, c. 2, s. 2; 2001, c. 37, s. 1; 2006, c. 14, s. 3; 2008, c. 6, s. 26, c. 18, s. 8.
|[{{CCCSec|259}} CCC]
}}

==Proof of the Offence==
{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|driving while disqualified|259(4)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# the culprit operated a vehicle
# that the vehicle was a "motor vehicle"
# operation occurred on a "street, road, highway or other public place"
# the culprit's licence was suspended by a court order at the time (use certificate of suspension)
# time and date of the prohibition
# that a copy of the order was given to the culprit (or mailed to him)
# that the order was read to the culprit 
# The culprit was not registered in the alcohol ignition interlock device program, or was not in compliance with the conditions of the program

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==

Once the Crown makes out the essential elements of the case, the accused should be convicted unless there is evidence showing a lack of knowledge of the suspension.<ref>
''R v Gale'', [1995] A.J. No. 295{{NOCANLII}}<br> 
''R v Lock'', [http://canlii.ca/t/g1ggz 1974 CanLII 517] (ON CA), [1974] O.J. No. 1938 (ONCA){{perONCA|Martin JA}}</ref>

There has been mixed views on whether the prosecution must prove that the accused was ''not'' registered in the provincial interlock program.<ref>
''R v Liptak'', [http://canlii.ca/t/26shj 2009 ABPC 342] (CanLII){{perABPC|Fradsham J}} (acquitted)<br>
''R v Whatmore'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fnmc8 2011 ABPC 320] (CanLII){{perABPC|Rosborough J}} (convicted)<br>
''R v Johnston'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fnl3m 2011 MBPC 64]{{perMBPC|Carlson J}} (convicted)</ref>

The Criminal Code cannot impose criminal penalties for breaches of provincial disqualification or prohibition from driving. The penalty must arise from a criminal offence.<ref>
''R v Boggs'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1txcb 1981 CanLII 39] (SCC), [1981] 1 SCR 49{{perSCC|Estey J}}
</ref>

One of the essential elements of the offence includes proof that the acute was not "registered in an alcohol ignition interlock device program" or if registered, was not in compliance with the conditions of the program.<ref>
''R v Liptak'', [http://canlii.ca/t/26shj 2009 ABPC 342] (CanLII){{perABPC|Fradsham J}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Available Defences==
* [[Necessity|Necessity]]

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
<!--
{{606Notice5Y|XX}}
{{606NoticeSPIO|XX}}
-->
{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 259 [driving while disqualified] | Summary Election | {{summaryconviction}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 259 [driving while disqualified] | Indictable Election | 5 years custody }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 259(4)|'''5 years incarceration'''|'''{{summaryconviction}}'''}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{NoMinimumPenalties|s. 259(4)}}

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 259(4) || any || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Principles===

Drivers who "continuously ignore driving prohibitions imposed in the context of drinking and driving offences must be deterred by the imposition of a significant custodial term."<ref>
''R v Bighead'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fz79z 2013 SKCA 63] (CanLII){{perSKCA|Herauf JA}}{{atL|fz79z|6}}
</ref> 
In these cases the focus is on denunciation and deterrence.<ref>
{{ibid1|Bighead}}{{atL|fz79z|6}}</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Driving While Disqualified}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}
|-
| [[DNA Orders]] ||s. 259(4) ||
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|s. 259(4)}}
|-
| [[Driving Prohibition Orders|Driving Prohibition]] - Min. 1 year (1st time), 2 years (2nd time), 3 years (3rd time) || || 
|-
| [[Forfeiture Orders|Forfeiture of Vehicle]] || ||
{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==History==
{{seealso|List of Criminal Code Amendments}}

* [[History of Driving While Disqualified]]

==See Also==
* [[Driving Prohibition Orders]]
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/MotorVehicles}}

[[Category:Offences with Maximum Penalty of 5 Years]]