View source for Participating in a Criminal Organization (Offence)

{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Participating in a Criminal Organization
|OffencePage=Participating in a Criminal Organization
|Section=467.11, 467.12, 467.13 and 467.111(a) or (b)
|Act={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}}
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}}
|Bail={{OBBailVar}} |IndictableDisp= {{OBDisp14orMinVarTerr}} 
|IndictableMin= {{OBTime|6 months}} (467.111) 
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|5, 14 years}} or {{OBMaxLife}} }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewXIII|participating in a criminal organization}}

; Pleadings
<!--
{{PleadingsHeader}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. }} 
{{PleadingsEnd}}
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{{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 467.11, 467.12, 467.13 and 467.111(a) or (b)}}

; Release
{{Release-All|s. 467.11 or 467.111(a) or (b)}}

{{ReleaseOnlyBail|s. 467.12 or 467.13}}

{{ReverseOnus|s. 467.11, 467.111, 467.12 or 467.13, or "a serious offence alleged to have been committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organization"}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Designations
{{SPIODesignation|s. 467.12, 467.13}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation1|
; Participation in activities of criminal organization
467.11 (1) Every person who, for the purpose of enhancing the ability of a criminal organization to facilitate or commit an indictable offence under this or any other Act of Parliament, knowingly, by act or omission, participates in or contributes to any activity of the criminal organization is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Prosecution
(2) In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1), it is not necessary for the prosecutor to prove that
:(a) the criminal organization actually facilitated or committed an indictable offence;
:(b) the participation or contribution of the accused actually enhanced the ability of the criminal organization to facilitate or commit an indictable offence;
:(c) the accused knew the specific nature of any indictable offence that may have been facilitated or committed by the criminal organization; or
:(d) the accused knew the identity of any of the persons who constitute the criminal organization.

; Factors
(3) In determining whether an accused participates in or contributes to any activity of a criminal organization, the Court may consider, among other factors, whether the accused
:(a) uses a name, word, symbol or other representation that identifies, or is associated with, the criminal organization;
:(b) frequently associates with any of the persons who constitute the criminal organization;
:(c) receives any benefit from the criminal organization; or
:(d) repeatedly engages in activities at the instruction of any of the persons who constitute the criminal organization.

{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 32}}, s. 27;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 184.
|[{{CCCSec|467.11}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Recruitment of members by a criminal organization
467.111 Every person who, for the purpose of enhancing the ability of a criminal organization to facilitate or commit an indictable offence under this Act or any other Act of Parliament, recruits, solicits, encourages, coerces or invites a person to join the criminal organization, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable,
:(a) in the case where the person recruited, solicited, encouraged or invited is under 18 years of age, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years, and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of six months; and
:(b) in any other case, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years.

{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 17}}, s. 9.
|[{{CCCSec|467.111}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Commission of offence for criminal organization
467.12 (1) Every person who commits an indictable offence under this or any other Act of Parliament for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organization is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
<br>
; Prosecution
(2) In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1), it is not necessary for the prosecutor to prove that the accused knew the identity of any of the persons who constitute the criminal organization.
<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 32}}, s. 27.
|[{{CCCSec|467.12}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Instructing commission of offence for criminal organization
467.13 (1) Every person who is one of the persons who constitute a criminal organization and who knowingly instructs, directly or indirectly, any person to commit an offence under this or any other Act of Parliament for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, the criminal organization is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life.
<br>
; Prosecution
(2) In a prosecution for an offence under subsection (1), it is not necessary for the prosecutor to prove that
:(a) an offence other than the offence under subsection (1) was actually committed;
:(b) the accused instructed a particular person to commit an offence; or
:(c) the accused knew the identity of all of the persons who constitute the criminal organization.

{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 32}}, s. 27.
|[{{CCCSec|467.13}} CCC]
}}


==Proof of the Offences==

{{ElementHeader}}

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|Participation in activities of criminal organization|467.11}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "by act or omission, participates in or contributes to any activity of the criminal organization";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the purpose of enhancing the ability of a criminal organization to facilitate or commit an indictable offence"; and 
# {{box}} the culprit did the prohibited conduct "wilfully".

{{Proving|Commission of offence for criminal organization|467.12}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "commits an indictable offence under tis or any other Act or Parliament"; and
# {{box}} the offence was committed "for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organization".

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|Instructing commission of offence for criminal organization|467.13}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "instructs, directly or indirectly, any person to commit an offence under this or any other Act of Parliament";
# {{box}} the culprit is a member of "criminal organization";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, the criminal organization"; and
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was done "knowingly".

{{Proving|Recruitment of members by a criminal organization|467.111}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "recruits, solicits, encourages, coerces or invites a person to join the criminal organization"; 
# {{box}} the person is under the age 18 years (aggravating factor); and
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the purpose of enhancing the ability of a criminal organization to facilitate or commit an indictable offence under this Act or any other Act of Parliament";

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==
The "focus on the offence is on the intention to participate or contribute and the foreseeable consequences of that participation or contribution".<ref>
''R v Mastop'', [http://canlii.ca/t/g1w51 2013 BCCA 494] (CanLII){{perBCCA|Stromberg-Stein JA}} (3:0) leave refused<br>
</ref>

; Criminal Organization
* See [[Criminal Organizations]]

{{reflist|2}}
==="In association"===
Where membership in the criminal organization is the "reason why the offence is undertaken" or if it "assists in the commission of the offence", then it can be concluded that the offence was undertaken "in association with the organization".<ref>
''R v Drecic'', [http://canlii.ca/t/2fp9b 2011 ONCA 118] (CanLII){{TheCourtONCA}} (3:0){{atsL|2fp9b|3| to 4}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
==="Facilitation"===
{{quotation1|
467.1<br>...<br>
; Facilitation
(2) For the purposes of this section, section 467.11 and 467.111, facilitation of an offence does not require knowledge of a particular offence the commission of which is facilitated, or that an offence actually be committed.
<br>...<br>
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 23}}, s. 11; 
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 32}}, s. 27; 
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 17}}, s. 8.
|[{{CCCSec|467.1}} CCC]
}}

===Parties===
{{quotation1|
467.1<br>...<br>
; Commission of offence
(3) In this section and in sections 467.11 to 467.13, committing an offence means being a party to it or counselling any person to be a party to it.
<br>...<br>
|[{{CCCSec|467.1}} CCC]
}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
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{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
; Maximum Penalties
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 467.11, 467.12, 467.13, 467.111|'''{{Max5Years}}''' under s. 467.11, 467.111(a) or (b), '''{{Max14Years}}''' under s. 467.12, or '''{{MaxLife}}''' under s. 467.13.}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{MinPenalty|s. 467.111(a)|6 months incarceration}}

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 467.11 or 467.111(b) || {{NA}} || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
|s. 467.12, 467.13 || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
|-
|s. 467.111(a) || {{NA}} || {{SProfileOnlyJail}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable1|s. 467.11 or 467.111(b)}}

{{NoDischargeAvailable|s. 467.12, 467.13}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|D|s. 467.12, 467.13}}

{{OnlyJailAvailable|s. 467.111(a)}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Consecutive Sentences===
{{quotation1|
; Sentences to be served consecutively
467.14 A sentence imposed on a person for an offence under section 467.11, 467.111, 467.12 or 467.13 shall be served consecutively to any other punishment imposed on 

the person for an offence arising out of the same event or series of events and to any other sentence to which the person is subject at the time the sentence is 

imposed on the person for an offence under any of those sections.
<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 32}}, s. 27; {{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 17}}, s. 10.
|[{{CCCSec|467.14}} CCC]
}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}

{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]]|s. 467.11, 467.111, 467.12, 467.13 |
* {{PrimDNA2|s. 467.11, 467.111, 467.12, 467.13}} }}

{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==See Also==
* [[Criminal Organizations]]
* [[Participating in Terrorist Activity (Offence)]]