View source for Participating in Terrorist Activity (Offence)

{{LevelZero}}
{{HeaderTerrorOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Participating in Terrorist Activity
|OffencePage=Participating in Terrorist Activity
|Section=83.19, 83.2, 83.21, and 83.22
|Act={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}} 
|Bail={{OBBailJudge}} 
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDisp14orLifeVar}}
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}}
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|10, 14 years}} or {{OBMaxLife}} }}

==Overview==
{{seealso|Terrorism Offences}}
{{OverviewII.1|participating in terrorist activity}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N| s. 83.18 {{DescrSec|83.18}},<br> s. 83.181 {{DescrSec|83.181}} and <br> s. 83.23 {{DescrSec|83.23}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}} | {{No-Under14}}  }} 
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N| s. 83.19 {{DescrSec|83.19}}<Br>s. 83.201 {{DescrSec|83.201}}<br>s. 83.202 {{DescrSec|83.202}} | {{No}} |{{Yes}} | {{Yes-14Years}} }} 
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N| s. 83.21 {{DescrSec|83.21}}<Br>s. 83.22 {{DescrSec|83.22}}  | {{No}} |{{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }} 
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 83.19 {{DescrSec|83.19}}, 83.2 {{DescrSec|83.2}}, 83.21 {{DescrSec|83.21}}, and 83.22 {{DescrSec|83.22}}}}

; Release
{{ReleaseOnlyBail|s. 83.19 {{DescrSec|83.19}}, 83.2 {{DescrSec|83.2}}, 83.21 {{DescrSec|83.21}}, and 83.22 {{DescrSec|83.22}}}}

:<u>''Reverse Onus Bail''</u>
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

There will be a [[Reverse Onus|reverse onus]] under s. 515(6)(a)(ii) for charges under s. 83.02 to 83.04 and 83.18 to 83.23 or "otherwise is alleged to be a terrorism offence".

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. 83.18 {{DescrSec|83.18}},<br>s. 83.19 {{DescrSec|83.19}},<br>s. 83.2 {{DescrSec|83.2}},<br>s. 83.21 {{DescrSec|83.21}},<br>s. 83.22 {{DescrSec|83.22}} and<br>s. 83.23 {{DescrSec|83.23}} || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->
{{DesignationEnd}}

{{WiretapDesignation|s. 83.18 {{DescrSec|83.18}}, 83.19 {{DescrSec|83.19}}, 83.2 {{DescrSec|83.2}}, 83.21 {{DescrSec|83.21}}, 83.22 {{DescrSec|83.22}} and 83.23 {{DescrSec|83.23}}}}

{{AGConsent|s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, 83.22 and 83.23}}<ref>Section 83.24 states "Proceedings in respect of a terrorism offence or an offence under section 83.12 shall not be commenced without the consent of the Attorney General."</ref>

{{SPIODesignation|A|s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, 83.22 and 83.23}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation1|
; Participation in activity of terrorist group
83.18 (1) Every person who knowingly participates in or contributes to, directly or indirectly, any activity of a terrorist group for the purpose of enhancing the ability of any terrorist group to facilitate or carry out a terrorist activity is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years.

; Prosecution
(2) An offence may be committed under subsection (1) {{AnnSec0|83.18(1)}} whether or not
:(a) a terrorist group actually facilitates or carries out a terrorist activity;
:(b) the participation or contribution of the accused actually enhances the ability of a terrorist group to facilitate or carry out a terrorist activity; or
:(c) the accused knows the specific nature of any terrorist activity that may be facilitated or carried out by a terrorist group.

...<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 4;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 20.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|83.18}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Leaving Canada to participate in activity of terrorist group
83.181 Every person who leaves or attempts to leave Canada, or goes or attempts to go on board a conveyance with the intent to leave Canada, for the purpose of committing an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an offence under subsection 83.18(1) {{AnnSec0|83.18(1)}} is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years.

{{LegHistory10s|2013, c. 9}}, s. 6;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 21.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|83.181}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Facilitating terrorist activity
83.19 (1) Every one who knowingly facilitates a terrorist activity is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
<br>
; Facilitation
(2) For the purposes of this Part, a terrorist activity is facilitated whether or not
:(a) the facilitator knows that a particular terrorist activity is facilitated;
:(b) any particular terrorist activity was foreseen or planned at the time it was facilitated; or
:(c) any terrorist activity was actually carried out.<br>

{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 4.
|[{{CCCSec|83.19}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Leaving Canada to facilitate terrorist activity
83.191 Everyone who leaves or attempts to leave Canada, or goes or attempts to go on board a conveyance with the intent to leave Canada, for the purpose of committing an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an offence under subsection 83.19(1) {{AnnSec0|83.19(1)}} is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years.
<br>
2013, c. 9, s. 7.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|83.191}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Commission of offence for terrorist group
83.2 Every one who commits an indictable offence under this or any other Act of Parliament for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a terrorist group is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life.

{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 4.
|[{{CCCSec|83.2}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Leaving Canada to commit offence for terrorist group
83.201 Everyone who leaves or attempts to leave Canada, or goes or attempts to go on board a conveyance with the intent to leave Canada, for the purpose of committing an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an indictable offence under this or any other Act of Parliament for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a terrorist group is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years.

2013, c. 9, s. 8.
|[{{CCCSec|83.201}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Leaving Canada to commit offence that is terrorist activity
83.202 Everyone who leaves or attempts to leave Canada, or goes or attempts to go on board a conveyance with the intent to leave Canada, for the purpose of committing an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an indictable offence under this or any other Act of Parliament if the act or omission constituting the offence also constitutes a terrorist activity is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years.

2013, c. 9, s. 8.
|[{{CCCSec|83.202}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Instructing to carry out activity for terrorist group
83.21 (1) Every person who knowingly instructs, directly or indirectly, any person to carry out any activity for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a terrorist group, for the purpose of enhancing the ability of any terrorist group to facilitate or carry out a terrorist activity, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life.
<br>
; Prosecution
(2) An offence may be committed under subsection (1) {{AnnSec0|83.21(1)}} whether or not
:(a) the activity that the accused instructs to be carried out is actually carried out;
:(b) the accused instructs a particular person to carry out the activity referred to in paragraph (a);
:(c) the accused knows the identity of the person whom the accused instructs to carry out the activity referred to in paragraph (a);
:(d) the person whom the accused instructs to carry out the activity referred to in paragraph (a) knows that it is to be carried out for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a terrorist group;
:(e) a terrorist group actually facilitates or carries out a terrorist activity;
:(f) the activity referred to in paragraph (a) actually enhances the ability of a terrorist group to facilitate or carry out a terrorist activity; or
:(g) the accused knows the specific nature of any terrorist activity that may be facilitated or carried out by a terrorist group.

{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 4.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|83.21}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Instructing to carry out terrorist activity
83.22 (1) Every person who knowingly instructs, directly or indirectly, any person to carry out a terrorist activity is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life.
<br>
; Prosecution
(2) An offence may be committed under subsection (1) {{AnnSec0|83.22(1)}} whether or not
:(a) the terrorist activity is actually carried out;
:(b) the accused instructs a particular person to carry out the terrorist activity;
:(c) the accused knows the identity of the person whom the accused instructs to carry out the terrorist activity; or
:(d) the person whom the accused instructs to carry out the terrorist activity knows that it is a terrorist activity.
<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 4.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|83.22}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Counselling commission of terrorism offence
83.221 (1) Every person who counsels another person to commit a terrorism offence without identifying a specific terrorism offence is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years.

; Application
(2) An offence may be committed under subsection (1) {{AnnSec0|83.221(1)}} whether or not a terrorism offence is committed by the person who is counselled.

{{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 20}}, s. 16;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 13}}, s. 143.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|83.221}} CCC]
}}

{{quotation1|
; Concealing person who carried out terrorist activity
83.23 (1) Every person who knowingly harbours or conceals another person whom they know to be a person who has carried out a terrorist activity, for the purpose of enabling that other person to facilitate or carry out any terrorist activity, is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years, if the person who is harboured or concealed carried out a terrorist activity that is a terrorism offence for which that person is liable to imprisonment for life; and
:(b) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years, if the person who is harboured or concealed carried out a terrorist activity that is a terrorism offence for which that person is liable to any other punishment.

; Concealing person who is likely to carry out terrorist activity
(2) Every person who knowingly harbours or conceals another person whom they know to be a person who is likely to carry out a terrorist activity, for the purpose of enabling that other person to facilitate or carry out any terrorist activity, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years.

{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 4;
{{LegHistory10s|2013, c. 9}}, s. 9;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 22.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|83.23}} CCC]
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}

{{DraftHeader}}
|-
| 
| 
|"..., contrary to section XXX of the ''Criminal Code''.
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offences==
{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|Participation in activity of terrorist group|83.18}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "participates in or contributes to, directly or indirectly, any activity";
# {{box}} the activity was of a "terrorist group";
# {{box}} the participation was done "knowingly";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the purpose of enhancing the ability of any terrorist group to facilitate or carry out a terrorist activity".

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|Leaving Canada to participate in activity of terrorist group|83.181}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "leaves or attempts to leave Canada, or goes or attempts to go on board a conveyance with the intent to leave Canada"
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the purpose of committing an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an offence under subsection 83.18(1)" 

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|Facilitating terrorist activity|83.19}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "facilitates a terrorist activity";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was done "knowingly".

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|Leaving Canada to facilitate terrorist activity|83.191}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "leaves or attempts to leave Canada, or goes or attempts to go on board a conveyance with the intent to leave Canada"; and 
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the purpose of committing an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an offence under subsection 83.19(1)".

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|Commission of offence for terrorist group|83.2}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "commits an indictable offence under this or any other Act of Parliament"; and 
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a terrorist group".

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|Leaving Canada to commit offence for terrorist group|83.201}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "leaves or attempts to leave Canada, or goes or attempts to go on board a conveyance with the intent to leave Canada"; 
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the purpose of committing an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an indictable offence under this or any other Act of Parliament for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with" a group; and 
# {{box}} the group was a "terrorist group".

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|Leaving Canada to commit offence that is terrorist activity|83.202}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "leaves or attempts to leave Canada, or goes or attempts to go on board a conveyance with the intent to leave Canada";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the purpose of committing an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an indictable offence under this or any other Act of Parliament if the act or omission constituting the offence also constitutes a terrorist activity".

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|Instructing to carry out activity for terrorist group|83.21}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "instructs, directly or indirectly, any person to carry out any activity for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with" a group;
# {{box}} the group is a "terrorist group";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was "for the purpose of enhancing the ability of any terrorist group to facilitate or carry out a terrorist activity".
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was done "knowingly".

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|Instructing to carry out terrorist activity|83.22}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "instructs, directly or indirectly, any person to carry out" an activity;
# {{box}} the activity is "a terrorist activity"; and
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was done knowingly.

{{ElementRight}}

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==

This section does not create inchoate liability rather it is a substantive offence in-line with conspiracy and counselling.<ref>
Hadarajah
</ref>

Section 83.18 prohibits "actions that clearly pose a significant danger to the community" by "criminaliz[ing] only participation or contribution which is done for the specific purpose of improving the terrorist groups ability to facilitate or carry out terrorist activity”.<ref>
Hadarajah
</ref>

The purpose of the offence is to suppress terrorist activity.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ansari||2015 ONCA 575|, 330 CCC (3d) 105}}, at para. 168{{fix}}<br>
{{CanLIIR|Ali|j47tc|2019 ONCA 1006 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Watt JA}}{{{{atL|j47tc|60}}
</ref>

; Constitutionality
Section 83.18 does not violate s. 7 of the Charter.
<ref>
United States of ''America v Nadarajah'', [http://canlii.ca/t/2f044 2010 ONCA 859] (CanLII){{TheCourtSCC}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==="Participating or Contributing"===
{{quotation1|
; Participation in activity of terrorist group
83.18 ...<br>
; Meaning of participating or contributing
(3) Participating in or contributing to an activity of a terrorist group includes
:(a) providing, receiving or recruiting a person to receive training;
:(b) providing or offering to provide a skill or an expertise for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a terrorist group;
:(c) recruiting a person in order to facilitate or commit
::(i) a terrorism offence, or
::(ii) an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be a terrorism offence;
::(d) entering or remaining in any country for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a terrorist group; and
:(e) making oneself, in response to instructions from any of the persons who constitute a terrorist group, available to facilitate or commit
::(i) a terrorism offence, or
::(ii) an act or omission outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be a terrorism offence.<br>

; Factors
(4) In determining whether an accused participates in or contributes to any activity of a terrorist group, the court may consider, among other factors, whether the accused
:(a) uses a name, word, symbol or other representation that identifies, or is associated with, the terrorist group;
:(b) frequently associates with any of the persons who constitute the terrorist group;
:(c) receives any benefit from the terrorist group; or
:(d) repeatedly engages in activities at the instruction of any of the persons who constitute the terrorist group.

{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 4.
|[{{CCCSec|83.18}} CCC]
}}

==="for the benefit of", "at the direction of" or "in association with"===
The meaning of these three modes of commission of a prohibited act should be given their normal, natural, everyday meaning, and share the common objective.<Ref>
{{CanLIIR|Ali|j47tc|2019 ONCA 1006 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Watt JA}}{{{{atL|j47tc|60}}
</ref>

Where these modes are listed, it is only necessary that one of the three be proven.<ref>
{{ibid1|Ali}}{{atL||60}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Venneri||2012 SCC 33 (CanLII)|, [2012] 2 SCR 211}}{{fix}}, at para. 53<br>
</ref>

The phrase "in association with" does not require the accused to be a member of the group. However, membership is a factor to determine whether the relationship was sufficiently proximate to the group.<ref>
{{ibid1|Venneri}}{{atL||56}}{{fix}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
==="Terrorist Activity", "terrorist group", "terrorism offence"===
See [[Terrorism Definitions]]

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt 
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS --> 
|s. x {{DescrSec|x}} || || || 
|- 
{{VictimEnd}}

{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, 83.22 and 83.23}}

{{606Notice5Y|s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, 83.22 and 83.23}}

{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, 83.22 and 83.23}}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
{{seealsoSentencingTerrorism}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 83.18 {{DescrSec|83.18}}<br>s. 83.181 {{DescrSec|83.181}}<br>s. 83.23 {{DescrSec|83.23}}     | {{indictable}} | {{Max10Years}}  }}

{{SProfileMax|83.221 {{DescrSec|83.221}}                                                                      | {{indictable}} | {{Max5Years}}  }}

{{SProfileMax|s. 83.19 {{DescrSec|83.19}}, <Br>s. 83.191 {{DescrSec|83.191}}<br>s. 83.201 {{DescrSec|83.201}} and <br>s. 83.202 {{DescrSec|83.202}} | {{indictable}} | {{Max14Years}}}} 

{{SProfileMax|s. 83.2 {{DescrSec|83.2}}, <Br>s. 83.21 {{DescrSec|83.21}}, and<br> s. 83.22 {{DescrSec|83.22}} | {{indictable}} | {{MaxLife}}  }}

{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, 83.22 and 83.23|'''{{Max5Years}}''' [s. 83.221], '''{{Max10Years}}''' [s. 83.18 and 83.23], '''{{Max14Years}}''' [s. 83.19, 83.191, 83.201, 83.202] or '''{{MaxLife}}''' [83.2, 83.21, or 83.22]}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{NoMinimumPenalties}}

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 83.19 {{DescrSec|83.19}},<Br>s. 83.2 {{DescrSec|83.2}},<Br>s. 83.21 {{DescrSec|83.21}} and<Br>s. 83.22 {{DescrSec|83.22}}|| {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
|-
|s. 83.18 {{DescrSec|83.18}} and<Br>s. 83.23 {{DescrSec|83.23}}                                                              || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoCSO}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{NoDischargeAvailable|s. 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, and 83.22}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|D|s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, 83.22, and 83.23}}

; Consecutive Sentences
Under s. 83.26 sentences ''must'' be served consecutive to any other sentence.
{{quotation1|
; Sentences to be served consecutively
83.26 A sentence, other than one of life imprisonment, imposed on a person for an offence under any of sections 83.02 to 83.04 {{AnnSec0|83.02 to 83.04}} and 83.18 to 83.23 {{AnnSec0|83.18 to 83.23}} shall be served consecutively to
:(a) any other punishment imposed on the person, other than a sentence of life imprisonment, for an offence arising out of the same event or series of events; and
:(b) any other sentence, other than one of life imprisonment, to which the person is subject at the time the sentence is imposed on the person for an offence under any of those sections.

{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 4.
{{Annotation}}
}}

===Principles===
The imposition of "life sentences should not be viewed as exceptional for terrorists who actively participate in plots that, to their knowledge, are designed to or are likely to result in the indiscriminate killing of innocent human beings".<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Amara|2f040|2010 ONCA 858 (CanLII)}}{{atL|2f040|18}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Participating in Terrorist Activity}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}

{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]] |s. 83.18, 83.181, 83.19, 83.191, 83.2, 83.201, 83.202, 83.21, 83.22, or 83.23 |
* {{PrimDNA2|s. 83.18, 83.181, 83.19, 83.191, 83.2, 83.201, 83.202, 83.21, 83.22, or 83.23}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Weapons Prohibition Orders]] |s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21 or 83.22||
* {{Section110| s. 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, and 83.22}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] |s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, or 83.22|
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 83.18, 83.19, 83.2, 83.21, or 83.22}} }}

{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 

{{RecordSuspension|s. 83.18, 83.181, 83.19, 83.191, 83.2, 83.201, 83.202, 83.21, 83.22, or 83.23 {{DescrSec|83.18, 83.181, 83.19, 83.191, 83.2, 83.201, 83.202, 83.21, 83.22, or 83.23}} }}

==See Also==
* [[Participating in a Criminal Organization (Offence)]]
* [[Miscellaneous Provisions Relating to Terrorism Offences]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Terrorism}}