View source for Trespassing at Night (Offence)

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{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Trespassing at Night
|OffencePage=Trespassing at Night
|Section=177|Act={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection= {{OBSummaryElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionSumm}} 
|Bail={{OBBailAll}} 
|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}} 
|SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|SummaryMax= {{OBSConviction}}  }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewV|trespassing at night}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader}}
{{PleadingsSummaryList|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}} | {{No}} | {{No}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsSummary|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}} }}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}} || {{ReleaseProfileNoID}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseAllOptions|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}}  }}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}} || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->
{{DesignationEnd}}
{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Trespassing at night
177 Every person who, without lawful excuse, loiters or prowls at night on the property of another person near a dwelling-house situated on that property is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 177; 
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 14.
|[{{CCCSec|177}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|177}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}

{{DraftHeader}}
|-
| 177
| loitering at night<br> prowling at night
|"did unlawfully, without lawful excuse, did [loiter or prowl] night on the property of another person near a dwelling-house situated on that property, to wit: [address], contrary to section 177 of the ''Criminal Code''. [http://canlii.ca/t/gd7h5]
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==
{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|trespassing at night|177}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "loitered" or "prowled";
# the prohibited act was 
## {{box}} "at night";
## {{box}} "on the property of another person"; and
## {{box}} "near" a "dwelling-house"; and
# {{box}} there was no "lawful excuse" for the prohibited conduct (including permission from the owner).

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==
; Defined Terms
"Loitering" is purposeless wandering about the area. It includes standing idly around, hanging around, lingering, sauntering, dawdling.<ref>
''R v Willis'', (1987), 37 CCC (3d) 184, at 186 (B.C. Co. Ct.), [http://canlii.ca/t/gcxvx 1987 CanLII 6851] (BC SC){{perBCSC|Murphy J}}<br>
''R c Cloutier'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1pfrp 1991 CanLII 2831] (QC CA){{perQCCA|Chevalier JA}}{{atL|1pfrp|154}}<br>
''R v Lozowchuk'', [http://canlii.ca/t/g7sn8 1984 CanLII 2639] (SK QB){{perSKQB|Geatros J}}<br>
</ref>

"Rowling" is conduct with a specific unlawful goal.<ref>
''R v Dillon'', [1964] 3 CCC 205 (Alta. S.C. App. Div.), [http://canlii.ca/t/g93jq 1964 CanLII 678] (AB CA){{perABCA|McDermid JA}}<br>
{{supra1|Cloutier}}<br>
''R v Walczak'',  [http://canlii.ca/t/1vw99 2008 ONCJ 70] (CanLII){{perONCJ|Green J}}<br>
''R v Priestap'',  [http://canlii.ca/t/1n29h 2006 CanLII 12288] (ON CA){{perONCA|Lang JA}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Lawful Excuse===
A "lawful excuse" must include (1) a reason that is permissible under the law of the land to be on the property and (2) he must carry out his purpose in a lawful manner.<ref>
''R v Andsten'' (1960), 128 CCC 311 (BCCA), [http://canlii.ca/t/g92tn 1960 CanLII 457] (BC CA){{perBCCA|Sargent J}}</ref>

; Burdens and Onuses
The burden is on the defence to prove a lawful excuse.<ref>
''R v Johnson'', 1985 CarswellBC 680 (BCPC){{NOCANLII}}</ref>

; Licence to Enter Property
A person may, by invitation or licence, enter a property ''for a specific purpose'', but the status is lost once they engage in unlawful or unrelated activity.<ref>
''R v Mosgrove'', [2014] O.J. 6064 (O.C.J.), [http://canlii.ca/t/gfpg7 2014 ONCJ 677] (CanLII){{perONCJ|Marion J}} (“A person may also have an invitation or a licence to enter property for a lawful or specific purpose but that status is lost once they engage in activity which is unlawful or unrelated to their anticipated use of the property.”)<br>
See also [[Defence of Property]]<Br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS -->
|s. x {{DescrSec|x}} || || ||
|-
{{VictimEnd}}<!--
{{606Notice5Y|XX}}
{{606NoticeSPIO|XX}}
-->
{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}}  | {{NA}} | {{summaryconviction}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltySummary|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}} |'''{{summaryconviction}}'''}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{NoMinimumPenalties}}

; Available Dispositions

{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}} || {{NA}} || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable}}

===Principles===

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Trespassing at Night}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}

{{AOrder1| [[SOIRA Orders]] |s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}} |
* {{SOIRA2|A|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}} }} }}

{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders(S)‏}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders(S)}}
==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{RecordSuspension|s. 177 {{DescrSec|177}} }}

==History==
{{seealso|List of Criminal Code Amendments|Table of Concordance (Criminal Code)}}

==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]