View source for Mischief to Cultural Property (Offence)

{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Mischief 
|OffencePage=Mischief  
|Section=430
|Act={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection= varies<!--{{OBIndictableElection}} {{OBHybridElection}} {{OBSummaryElection}} {{OBHybridIndictableElection}} {{OBHybridSummaryElection}}--> 
|Jurisdiction= varies<!--{{OBJurisdictionAll}} {{OBJurisdictionExclusive}} {{OBJurisdictionAbsolute}} -->
|Bail= {{OBBailVar}} 
|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}} 
|SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|SummaryMax= {{OBSConviction}} 
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDisp2to10}} 
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|10 years}}
}}

==Overview==
{{seealso|Mischief to Property (Offence)|Mischief to Data (Offence)}}
{{OverviewXI|mischief}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}},<br>s. 430(4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}}, or<br>s. 430(4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}}| {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection|s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}}, 430(4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}}, or 430(4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}} }}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}},<br>s. 430(4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}}, or<br>s. 430(4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}}  || {{ReleaseProfileAll}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseAllOptions|s. 430(4.1), (4.11), (4.2)}}

:''Fingerprints and Photos''
{{IDCriminalAct|s. 430(4.1), (4.11), (4.2)}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}},<br>s. 430(4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}}, or<br>s. 430(4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}}|| {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->
{{DesignationEnd}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==

===Generally===
{{quotation2|
; Mischief
430 (1) Every one commits mischief who wilfully
:(a) destroys or damages property;
:(b) renders property dangerous, useless, inoperative or ineffective;
:(c) obstructs, interrupts or interferes with the lawful use, enjoyment or operation of property; or
:(d) obstructs, interrupts or interferes with any person in the lawful use, enjoyment or operation of property.

...<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 430; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 57; 
{{LegHistory90s|1994, c. 44}}, s. 28; 
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 12; 
{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 40}}, s. 3; 
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 9}}, s. 1; 
{{LegHistory10s|2017, c. 27}}, s. 1; 
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 162.
|[{{CCCSec|430}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|430|1}}
}}

===Religious Property===
{{quotation2|
430.<br>...<br>
; Mischief relating to religious property
(4.1) Every one who commits mischief in relation to property that is a building, structure or part thereof that is primarily used for religious worship, including a church, mosque, synagogue or temple, or an object associated with religious worship located in or on the grounds of such a building or structure, or a cemetery, if the commission of the mischief is motivated by bias, prejudice or hate based on religion, race, colour or national or ethnic origin,
:(a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or
:(b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

...<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 430; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 57; 
{{LegHistory90s|1994, c. 44}}, s. 28; 
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 12; 
{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 40}}, s. 3; 
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 9}}, s. 1; 
{{LegHistory10s|2017, c. 27}}, s. 1; 
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 162.
|[{{CCCSec|430}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|430|4.1}}
}}

===War Memorials===
{{quotation2|
430.<br>...<br>
; Mischief relating to war memorials
(4.11) Everyone who commits mischief in relation to property that is a building, structure or part thereof that primarily serves as a monument to honour persons who were killed or died as a consequence of a war, including a war memorial or cenotaph, or an object associated with honouring or remembering those persons that is located in or on the grounds of such a building or structure, or a cemetery is guilty of an indictable offence or an offence punishable on summary conviction and is liable,
:(a) whether the offence is prosecuted by indictment or punishable on summary conviction, to the following minimum punishment, namely,
::(i) for a first offence, to a fine of not less than $1,000,
::(ii) for a second offence, to imprisonment for not less than 14 days, and
::(iii) for each subsequent offence, to imprisonment for not less than 30 days;
:(b) if the offence is prosecuted by indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years; and
(c) if the offence is punishable on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day.

...<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 430; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 57; 
{{LegHistory90s|1994, c. 44}}, s. 28; 
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 12; 
{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 40}}, s. 3; 
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 9}}, s. 1; 
{{LegHistory10s|2017, c. 27}}, s. 1; 
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 162.
|[{{CCCSec|430}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|430|4.11}}
}}

===Cultural Property===
{{quotation2|
430.<br>...<br>
; Mischief in relation to cultural property
(4.2) Every one who commits mischief in relation to cultural property as defined in Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, done at The Hague on May 14, 1954, as set out in the schedule to the Cultural Property Export and Import Act,
:(a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or
:(b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

...<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 430; R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 57; {{LegHistory90s|1994, c. 44}}, s. 28; {{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 12; {{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 40}}, s. 3; 2014, c. 9, s. 1.
|[{{CCCSec|430}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|430|4.2}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}

{{DraftHeader}}
|-
| 430 
| 
|"..., contrary to section 430 of the ''Criminal Code''.
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==

{{ElementHeader}}

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|mischief to property|430(3), (4)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit does any of the following:
## {{box}} "destroys or damages" the property;
## {{box}} "renders property dangerous, useless, inoperative or ineffective";
## {{box}} "obstructs, interrupts or interferes with the lawful use, enjoyment or operation of property"; or
## {{box}} "obstructs, interrupts or interferes with any person in the lawful use, enjoyment or operation of property"
# {{box}} Proof of ownership by someone other than accused <ref>see ''R v Power'' (1995), 141 N.S.R. (2d) 161, 403 A.P.R. 161 (N.S.S.C.), [http://canlii.ca/t/1mxg7 1995 CanLII 4472] (NS SC){{perNSSC|Scanlan J}}</ref>
# {{box}} the damage was wilfully or recklessly
# {{box}} the manner in which the damage occurred
# {{box}} the state of the property before damage
# {{box}} the state of the property after damage
# {{box}} value of property damaged: (over $5,000 (s. 430(3)), equal or under $5,000 (s. 430(4)); and 
# {{box}} the culprit had no "colour of right".

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|mischief to testamentary instruments|430(3)}}
# {{box}} the underlying elements to mischief to property; and 
# {{box}} the subject matter is a "testamentary instrument".

{{Proving|mischief causing actual danger to life|430(2)}}
# {{box}} the underlying elements to mischief to property; and 
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct causes "causes actual danger to life";
# {{box}} the culprit had an objective foresight that the prohibited consequence would result from his conduct.

{{Proving|mischief in relation to data|430(1.1)}}
# {{box}} the underlying elements to mischief to property; and 
# {{box}} the culprit does ''any'' of the following:
## {{box}} destroys data;
## {{box}} alters data;
## {{box}} "render data meaningless, useless or ineffective";
## {{box}} "obstructs, interrupts or interferes" with 
### {{box}} "the lawful use of data"; or
### {{box}} "any person in the lawful use of data or denies access to data to any person who is entitled to access thereto."

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|mischief in relation to war memorials|430(4.1)}}
# {{box}} the underlying elements to mischief to property; and 
# {{box}} the subject matter of the offence is a war memorial.

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|mischief in relation to cultural property|430(4.2)}}
# {{box}} the underlying elements to mischief to property; and 
# {{box}} the subject matter is "cultural property as defined in Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict".

{{ElementEnd}}

{{Reflist|2}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==
Mischief include any case where the usefulness or value of the property has been impaired, at least temporarily.<ref>
''R v Quickfall'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1pbz1 1993 CanLII 3509] (QC CA), (1993), 78 CCC (3d) 563{{atp|566}} (Q.C.A.){{perQCCA|McCarthy JA and Proulx JA}}</ref>
However, this has been found not necessarily to include things like posters on lamp posts.<ref>
''R v Jeffers'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fpgx3 2012 ONCA 1] (CanLII){{perONCA|Laskin JA}}{{atsL|fpgx3|18| to 23}}</ref>

Where the subject-matter is under $5,000 in value, the offence is an [[Election|absolute jurisdiction offence]] and ''must'' be tried in provincial court.<ref>
see s. 553(a)
</ref>

The ''mens rea'' for mischief is either intention or recklessness.<ref>
''R v Schmidtke'', [1985] OJ No 84 (C.A.), [http://canlii.ca/t/gcdqg 1985 CanLII 3621] (ON CA){{perONCA|Robins JA}}{{atp|4}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Enjoyment (430(1))===
"Enjoyment under s. 430(1)(d) is viewed from a subjective stand-point referring to the pleasure taken from the use of the property."<ref>
''R v Nicol'', [http://canlii.ca/t/5g8x 2002 MBCA 151] (CanLII){{perMBCA|Huband JA}}
</ref>

There is some division on whether "enjoyment" has a narrow meaning as it relates to "conduct in relation to property rights" or a more expansive view that includes "action of obtaining from property the satisfaction that the property can provide".<ref>
''R v Anderson'', [http://canlii.ca/t/25mck 2009 ABPC 249] (CanLII){{perABPC|Wenden J}}
</ref> 
British Columbia has sided on the more expansive definition.<ref>
See ''R v TW'', [1993] BCJ 2031{{NOCANLII}}<br>
''R v Wheldon'', [http://canlii.ca/t/g7fn5 2014 BCPC 119] (CanLII){{perBCPC|Gouge J}}{{atL|g7fn5|8}}<br>
</ref>

It is not an essential requirement that the Crown prove the monetary value of the thing damaged as the offence will apply equally where the property is simply rendered dangerous.<ref>
''R v Barahona Villeda et al'', [http://canlii.ca/t/g6hzr 2014 BCPC 61] (CanLII){{perBCPC|Rideout J}}{{atL|g6hzr|28}}
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

===Danger to Life (430(2))===
Under section 430(2), a "danger to life...must be the physical outcome of the damage to the property and not merely incidental to the means".<ref>
''R v Nairn'' (1955), 112 CCC 272, (1955) N.J. No. 4 (NFLD C.A.), [http://canlii.ca/t/hvd9b 1955 CanLII 502] (NL SC){{perNLSC|Dunfield J}}{{atp|273}}
</ref>
The danger must be the direct result of the act.

The accused must subjectively intend to endanger life of another person. Recklessness is insufficient for a conviction on s. 420(2) but ''is'' sufficient for a conviction under s. 430(5.1).<ref>
''R v Lee'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fpmd2 2011 BCPC 367] (CanLII){{perBCPC|Challenger J}}<br>
see also ''R v SDD'', [http://canlii.ca/t/4vb1 2002 NFCA 18] (CanLII), 164 CCC (3d) 1{{perNLCA|Wells CJ}}
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}


===Ownership===
The owner of the property is not a relevant factor unless the accused owned it. The identity of the owner is not an essential element.<ref>
''R v Forsythe'' (1986), 70 A.R. 294 (C.A.), [http://canlii.ca/t/2djrp 1986 ABCA 79] (CanLII){{perABCA|Kerans JA}}</ref>
Thus, the property can include trash or garbage.<ref>
''Williams v Phillips'' (1957), 41 Cr. App. R. 5 (C.A.)<br>
''R v Pace'', [1965] 3 CCC 55 (NSCA), [http://canlii.ca/t/gwf84 1964 CanLII 597] (NS CA){{perNSCA|Ilsley CJ}}</ref>However, there must be at least some evidence that the property does not belong to the accused.

{{Reflist|2}}

===Mischief to Data (430(1.1) and (5))===
Mischief in relation to data can underlie a charge of [[Unauthorized Use of Computer (Offence)|unauthorized use of a computer]].

Where charged in reference to the theft of data will not be valid as data cannot be stolen.<ref>
''R v Maurer'', [http://canlii.ca/t/g72b9 2014 SKPC 118] (CanLII){{perSKPC|Metivier J}}
</ref>

The deletion of a person's text messages from their phone without consent may constitute mischief to data.<ref>
''R v Charlton'', [http://canlii.ca/t/g7gq2 2014 QCCQ 4789] (CanLII){{perQCCQ|Poulin J}}
</ref>

The ''mens rea'' for mischief to data is not satisfied by mere recklessness.<Ref>
''R v Livingston'', [http://canlii.ca/t/hpw2f 2018 ONCJ 25] (CanLII){{perONCJ|Lipson J}}{{atL|hpw2f|84}} ("Attempted mischief to data requires actual intent and purpose and not just recklessness. Although s. 429(1) provides that the completed offence can be made out with recklessness, recklessness does not suffice for liability grounded in attempt. That is because s. 24 of the Criminal Code, the provision creating the offence of attempt, requires an intent to commit the offence and a purpose of carrying out that intention:...")<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==="Property" under s. 430(3.1)===

{{quotation2|
430
<br>...<br>
; Definition of property
(4.‍101) For the purposes of subsection (4.‍1) {{AnnSec4|430(4.1)}}, property means
:(a) a building or structure, or part of a building or structure, that is primarily used for religious worship — including a church, mosque, synagogue or temple —, an object associated with religious worship located in or on the grounds of such a building or structure, or a cemetery;
:(b) a building or structure, or part of a building or structure, that is primarily used by an identifiable group as defined in subsection 318(4) {{AnnSec3|318(4)}} as an educational institution — including a school, daycare centre, college or university —, or an object associated with that institution located in or on the grounds of such a building or structure;
:(c) a building or structure, or part of a building or structure, that is primarily used by an identifiable group as defined in subsection 318(4) {{AnnSec3|318(4)}} for administrative, social, cultural or sports activities or events — including a town hall, community centre, playground or arena —, or an object associated with such an activity or event located in or on the grounds of such a building or structure; or
:(d) a building or structure, or part of a building or structure, that is primarily used by an identifiable group as defined in subsection 318(4) {{AnnSec3|318(4)}} as a residence for seniors or an object associated with that residence located in or on the grounds of such a building or structure.
<br>...<br>
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|430}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|430|4.‍101}}
}}

==Defences==
{{quotation2|
430.<br>...<br>
; Saving
(6) No person commits mischief within the meaning of this section by reason only that
:(a) he stops work as a result of the failure of his employer and himself to agree on any matter relating to his employment;
:(b) he stops work as a result of the failure of his employer and a bargaining agent acting on his behalf to agree on any matter relating to his employment; or
:(c) he stops work as a result of his taking part in a combination of workmen or employees for their own reasonable protection as workmen or employees.

; Idem
(7) No person commits mischief within the meaning of this section by reason only that he attends at or near or approaches a dwelling-house or place for the purpose only of obtaining or communicating information.
<br>...<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 430; R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 57; {{LegHistory90s|1994, c. 44}}, s. 28; {{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 41}}, s. 12; {{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 40}}, s. 3; 2014, c. 9, s. 1.
|[{{CCCSec|430}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|430|6|7}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Wilfully causing event to occur
429 (1) Every one who causes the occurrence of an event by doing an act or by omitting to do an act that it is his duty to do, knowing that the act or omission will probably cause the occurrence of the event and being reckless whether the event occurs or not, shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Part {{AnnSec|Part XI}}, wilfully to have caused the occurrence of the event.
<br>
; Colour of right
(2) No person shall be convicted of an offence under sections 430 to 446 {{AnnSec4|430 to 446}} where he proves that he acted with legal justification or excuse and with colour of right.
<br>
; Interest
(3) Where it is an offence to destroy or to damage anything,
:(a) the fact that a person has a partial interest in what is destroyed or damaged does not prevent him from being guilty of the offence if he caused the destruction or damage; and
:(b) the fact that a person has a total interest in what is destroyed or damaged does not prevent him from being guilty of the offence if he caused the destruction or damage with intent to defraud.

R.S., c. C-34, s. 386.
|[{{CCCSec|429}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|429|1|2|3}}
}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS -->
|s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}},<br>s. 430(4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}}, and <br>s. 430(4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}} || || ||
|-
{{VictimEnd}}{{606Notice5Y|s. 430}}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
{{seealsoSentencingProperty}}

===Sentencing Profile===
; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}} |  {{summary}} | {{summaryconviction}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}} |  {{indictment}} | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 430(4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}} |  {{summary}} | {{summaryconviction}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 430(4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}} |  {{indictment}} | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 430(4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}} |  {{summary}} | {{summaryconviction}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 430(4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}} |  {{indictment}} | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 430(4.1), (4.11), (4.2), or (5)| '''{{Max10Years}}''' under s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}}, (4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}}, or (4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}} |'''{{summaryconviction}}''' under s. 420(4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}}, '''{{Max18Months}}''' under s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}} and (4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}}}}

; Minimum Penalties
There are no mandatory minimums, except for convictions under s. 430(4.11) which require a minimum penalty is '''$1,000 fine''' (no prior convictions) or '''14 days jail''' (second conviction), or '''30 days jail''' (third or more convictions).

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 430(4.1) {{DescrSec|430(4.1)}},<br>s. 430(4.2) {{DescrSec|430(4.2)}} || any || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
|s. 430(4.11) {{DescrSec|430(4.11)}} || any || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
{{SProfileEnd}}
{{AllDispositionsAvailable}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Principles===
Persons convicted of mischief under $5,000 who have no prior record will frequently receive a probationary period with either a suspended sentence or conditional discharge.

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Mischief}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}

{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]] |s. 430 (2), (3), (4.1), (4.11), (4.2), (5), or (5.1)|
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 430(2) {{DescrSec|430(2)}} }}
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|s. 430(3), (4.1), (4.11), (4.2), (5), (5.1)}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] |s. 430(2) {{DescrSec|430(2)}} |
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 430(2) {{DescrSec|430(2)}} }} }}

{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{RecordSuspension|s. 430 }}

==History==
{{seealso|List of Criminal Code Amendments|Table of Concordance (Criminal Code)}}

* [[History of Mischief Offences]]

==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]
{{OffencesNavBar/Property}}
{{OffencesNavBar/Violence}}