View source for Sexual Exploitation (Offence)

{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Sexual Exploitation
|OffencePage=Sexual Exploitation
|Section=153 and 153.1|Act={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection={{OBHybridElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}} 
|Bail={{OBBailAll}} 
|SummaryDisp={{OBDispMinVar}} 
|SummaryMin= {{OBTime|90 days}} (153) 
|SummaryMax= {{OBTime|18 months}} (2 years less a day) 
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDispMinVar}} 
|IndictableMin= {{OBTime|1 year}} (153) 
|IndictableMax={{OBTime|2, 14 years}} }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewV|sexual exploitation}}

The wording significantly mirrors the offence of [[Sexual Interference (Offence)|sexual interference]] under s. 151 with the addition of a requirement that an offender be in a position of authority.

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{Yes-14Years}} }}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} and 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}}}}

{{Section109Notice}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}}<br>s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}}  || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} or s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}}}}

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

:''Fingerprints and Photos''
{{IDCriminalAct|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} and 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}}}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

{{486.4PublicationBan|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} and 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}}}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} (primary) <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->
|-
|s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}} || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark-Under10}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->
{{DesignationEnd}}
{{DOPrimaryDesignation|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}}}}

{{DODesignation|s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}}}}

{{SPIODesignation|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}}}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Sexual exploitation
153 (1) Every person commits an offence who is in a position of trust or authority towards a young person, who is a person with whom the young person is in a relationship of dependency or who is in a relationship with a young person that is exploitative of the young person, and who
:(a) for a sexual purpose, touches, directly or indirectly, with a part of the body or with an object, any part of the body of the young person; or
:(b) for a sexual purpose, invites, counsels or incites a young person to touch, directly or indirectly, with a part of the body or with an object, the body of any person, including the body of the person who so invites, counsels or incites and the body of the young person.

; Punishment
(1.1) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSec1|153A}} 
:(a) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year; or
:(b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of 90 days.

{{removed|(1.2) and (2)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 153;
 R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 19 (3rd Supp.)}}, s. 1; 
{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 32}}, s. 4; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 54; 
{{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, s. 13; 
{{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 23}}, s. 4.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|153}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|153|1|1.1}}
}}


{{quotation2|
; Sexual exploitation of person with disability
153.1 (1) Every person who is in a position of trust or authority towards a person with a mental or physical disability or who is a person with whom a person with a mental or physical disability is in a relationship of dependency and who, for a sexual purpose, counsels or incites that person to touch, without that person’s consent, his or her own body, the body of the person who so counsels or incites, or the body of any other person, directly or indirectly, with a part of the body or with an object, is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

{{removed|(2), (2.1), (2.2), (3), (4), (5) and (6)}}
{{LegHistory90s|1998, c. 9}}, s. 2; 
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 10;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 52. 
|[{{CCCSec|153.1}} CCC] 
|{{NoteUp|153.1|1}}
}}


===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}

{{DraftHeader}}
|-
| 153
| 
|"..., contrary to section 153 of the ''Criminal Code''.
|-
| 153.1
| 
|"..., contrary to section 153.1 of the ''Criminal Code''.
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==
{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}
{{Proving|sexual exploitation by sexual touching|153(1)(a)}}<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Aird|fzgd4|2013 ONCA 447 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Laskin JA}}{{AtL|fzgd4|25}}<Br>
</ref>
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit engaged in prohibited sexual conduct:
## {{box}} the culprit touches something
## {{box}} the touching was of the complainant direct or indirectly 
## {{box}} the touching was for a sexual purpose
# {{box}} the complainant was a "young person" (between 16 and 17 years old) at the time of the accused's conduct
# {{box}} the culprit was in a position of trust or authority with respect to the complainant, the complainant was dependent upon the accused, or the complainant was in an exploitative relationship at the time of the accused's conduct

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|sexual exploitation by invitation to sexual touching|153(1)(b)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit engaged in prohibited sexual conduct:
## {{box}} the culprit "invites, counsels or incites" the complainant to touch something;
## {{box}} the act of touching with "a part of the body or with an object";
## {{box}} the target of the touch was "the body of any person";
## {{box}} the conduct was for a sexual purpose
# {{box}} the complainant was a "young person" (between 16 and 17 years old) at the time of the accused's conduct
# {{box}} the culprit was in a position of trust or authority with respect to the complainant, the complainant was dependent upon the accused, or the complainant was in an exploitative relationship at the time of the accused's conduct

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|sexual exploitation of a person with disability|153.1(1)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit is in "a position of trust or authority towards" the complainant ''or'' the complainant has "a relationship of dependency" with the accused;
# {{box}} the complainant has "a mental or physical disability" ;
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct is "for a sexual purpose"{{MRConduct}};
# {{box}} the culprit "counsels or incites" the complainant to touch something;
# {{box}} the complainant did not consent to the touching;
# {{box}} the target of touching is the complainant's "own body", the body of the accused, or a third party, directly or indirectly; and
# {{box}} the act of touching was "with a part of the body or with an object"

{{ElementRight}}

{{ElementEnd}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==
; Purpose
Ther purpose of s. 153 is to "make it clear that a person in a position of authority or trust towards a young person is not to engage in sexual activity with that person, even though there is apparent consent".<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|TGF|, (1992), 55 O.A.C. 355 (C.A.)}} <br>
{{CanLIIR|GB|22mm1|2009 BCCA 88 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Kirkpatrick JA}}{{atL|22mm1|27}}<br>
</ref> 
It also to "protect children"
<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hann|fsxtx|1992 CanLII 7133 (NL CA)|, (1992), 75 CCC (3d) 355 (NLCA)}}{{perNLCA|Marshall JA}} ("...our society for generations has dictated that persons of tender and youthful years require the protection from laws which assures that no excuse based upon the consent of a vulnerable mind can justify sexual invasions of their persons by adults.")
</ref> given their "position of vulnerability and weakness".<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Audet|1fr9r|1996 CanLII 198 (SCC)|, [1996] 2 SCR 171}}{{perSCC|La Forest J}}{{atsL|1fr9r|23|}}, {{atsL-np|1fr9r|36|}}<br>
</ref>

; Two Forms of Sexual Exploitation
Section 153(1)(a) is an offence of "sexual exploitation by sexual touching" and s. 153(1)(b) is an offence of "sexual exploitation by invitation to sexual touching".<ref>
{{CanLIIR|King|fptnh|2012 ABQB 57 (CanLII)}}{{perABQB|Burrows J}}
</ref>

; Mens Rea
The ''mens rea'' consists of:<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Careen|g2bkn|2013 BCCA 535 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Frankel JA}}{{atL|g2bkn|22}}<br>
</ref>
# knowingly communicating with a child for a sexual purpose; and 
# the intention that the communication be received as an invitation, etc. to physical contact, or knowledge that there was a substantial and unjustified risk the child would receive the communication as an invitation, etc. to physical contact.

{{reflist|2}}
==="Young Person"===
Under [{{CCCSec|153}} s. 153(2)], "young person" for this offence means "a person 16 years of age or more but under the age of eighteen years."

{{reflist|2}}
==="Invites, Counsels or Incites"===
The phrase "invites, counsels or incites" adopts the same interpretation from [[Invitation to Sexual Touching (Offence)#"Invites, Counsels or Incites"|Invitation to Sexual Touching (Offence)]].
 
{{reflist|2}}

===Direct or Indirect Touching===
Touching under s. 153(1)(a) requires that the accused "touches, directly or indirectly, with a part of the body or with an object, any part of the body of the young person".

While touching under s. 153(1)(b) requires a "touch, directly or indirectly, with a part of the body or with an object, the body of any person, including the body of the person who so invites, counsels or incites and the body of the young person" The phrase under s. 153 adopts the same interpretation from [[Invitation to Sexual Touching (Offence)#Direct or Indirect Touching|Invitation to Sexual Touching (Offence)]].
 
{{reflist|2}}

===Position of Trust or Authority===
"Trust" should be "interpreted in accordance with its primary meaning: ‘[c]onfidence in or reliance on some quality or attribute of a person or thing, or the truth of a statement.’”
<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Audet|1fr9r|1996 CanLII 198 (SCC)|, [1996] 2 SCR 171}}{{perSCC|La Forest J}}{{atL|1fr9r|35}}
</ref>

Where the accused runs the operation that employs the complainant and is physically larger than the complainant is not sufficient on its own to establish a position of trust or authority over the complainant.
<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Caskenette|23283|1993 CanLII 6879 (BC CA)|, (1993), 80 CCC (3d) 439}}{{perBCCA|Hollinrake JA}} - Accused testified that he was not regularly on the work site</ref>

A teacher will often be found to be in a position of trust.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|McLachlan|fs665|2012 SKCA 74 (CanLII)}}{{perSKCA|Richards JA}} - suggests absent exceptional circumstances they will be persons in authority
{{CanLIIR-N|VK|, [2001] OJ No 2317}} - music tutor found to be in position of authority
</ref>
When considering this issue, the judge should look at the age discrepancy between the victim and accused, and the evolution of their relationship.<ref>
{{supra1|VK}}
</ref>

Factors to consider include:<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Aird|fzgd4|2013 ONCA 447 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Laskin JA}}{{AtL|fzgd4|28}}<br>
{{supra1|Audet}}
</ref>
#The age difference between the accused and the young person;
#The evolution of their relationship;
#The status of the accused in relation to the young person;
#The degree of control, influence or persuasiveness exercised by the accused over the young person; and
#The expectations of the parties affected, including the accused, the young person and the young person’s parents.

; "Relationship of Dependency"
Determination of whether there existed a "relationship of dependency" will depend on the entirety of the circumstances.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Galbraith|6jzv|1994 CanLII 215 (ON CA)|, 90 CCC (3d) 76 (Ont. C.A.)}}{{perONCA|Finalyson JA}}{{atL|6jzv|18}}<br>
{{CanLIIR|Blackmore|gx9h4|2017 BCSC 192 (CanLII)}}{{perBCSC|Pearlman J}}{{atL|gx9h4|187}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==="For a Sexual Purpose"===
It is not necessary for the Crown to prove that the accused touched the victim for his own sexual gratification.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|GB|22mm1|2009 BCCA 88 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Kirkpatrick JA}}{{atsL|22mm1|27| to 29}}<br>
</ref>

Language "for a sexual purpose" is also found in [[Sexual Interference (Offence)]].

{{reflist|2}}

===Sexual Exploitation===
There is no requirement that the Crown prove that the accused actually exploited the relationship in the course of the impugned conduct.<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Audet|1fr9r|1996 CanLII 198 (SCC)|, [1996] 2 SCR 171}}{{perSCC|La Forest J}}{{atsL|1fr9r|17| to 18}}<br>
{{CanLIIR|SJB|hs4pq|2018 MBCA 62 (CanLII)}}{{perMBCA|Mainella JA}}{{atL|hs4pq|18}}<Br>
</ref>

The meaning of "exploitive relationship" is largely determined by the scope of the other types of relationships set for in ss. (1.2).<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Anderson|22hvs|2009 PECA 4 (CanLII)}}{{perPEICA|McQuaid JA}}{{atL|22hvs|67}}</ref>

Of some use is the definition of "exploitive" from Black’s Law Dictionary 8th ed. which defines it as "the act of taking unfair advantage of another for one’s own benefit."<ref> 
{{supra1|Anderson}}{{atL|22hvs|68}}</ref>

The key factor to "exploitation" is the presence of a power imbalance.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Damaso|fwb9c|2013 ABCA 79 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atsL|fwb9c|29| to 30}}<br>
</ref>

{{quotation2|
153.<br>...<br>
; Inference of sexual exploitation
(1.2) A judge may infer that a person is in a relationship with a young person that is exploitative of the young person from the nature and circumstances of the relationship, including
:(a) the age of the young person;
:(b) the age difference between the person and the young person;
:(c) the evolution of the relationship; and
:(d) the degree of control or influence by the person over the young person.

(2) In this section, young person means a person 16 years of age or more but under the age of eighteen years.
<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 153; R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 19 (3rd Supp.)}}, s. 1; {{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 32}}, s. 4; {{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 54; {{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, s. 13; {{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 23}}, s. 4.
|[{{CCCSec|153}} CCC] 
|{{NoteUp|153|1.2|2}}
}}

There is some suggestion that the "exploitive relationship" can occur by way of grooming over the internet.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Woodward|fn76l|2011 ONCA 610 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Moldaver JA}}{{atsL|fn76l|40| to 42}} - in reference to a sentencing for luring</ref>

It has been suggested that signs of exploitation include:<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|G(C)|6jzv|1994 CanLII 215 (ON CA)|, (1994), 90 CCC (3d) 76}}{{perONCA|Finlayson JA}}{{atL|6jzv|15}}
</ref>
* power imbalance or authoritative position; 
* violence or threats of violence
* coercion
* exercise of physical or psychological control or domination over the victim

The existence of some quid pro quo between the parties does not negate any exploitive relationship. It is hard to image where an exchange will not take place.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Beckers|ftx3g|2012 ONSC 6709 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Hourigan J}}{{atL|ftx3g|128}}
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}

===Consent in Relation to Young Persons===
Consent is not defence against an allegation under s. 153.<ref>
see s. 150.1<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|Audet|1fr9r|1996 CanLII 198 (SCC)|, [1996] 2 SCR 171}}{{perSCC|La Forest J}}{{atL|1fr9r|19}}<br>
{{CanLIIR|Barabash|gj33j|2015 SCC 29 (CanLII)}}{{perSCC|Karakatsanis J}}{{atL|gj33j|35}}<Br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Consent in Relation to Person with Disability===
{{seealso|Consent in Sexual Offences}}
{{quotation2|
153.1<Br>
{{removed|(1)}}
; Definition of “consent”
(2) Subject to subsection (3) {{AnnSec1|153.1(3)}}, “consent” means, for the purposes of this section, the voluntary agreement of the complainant to engage in the sexual activity in question.<br>

; Consent
(2.1) Consent must be present at the time the sexual activity in question takes place.

; Question of law
(2.2) The question of whether no consent is obtained under subsection (3) {{AnnSec1|153.1(3)}} or (4) {{AnnSec1|153.1(4)}} or 265(3) {{AnnSec2|265(3)}} is a question of law.

; When no consent obtained
(3) For the purposes of this section, no consent is obtained if
:(a) the agreement is expressed by the words or conduct of a person other than the complainant;
:(a.1) the complainant is unconscious;
:(b) the complainant is incapable of consenting to the activity for any reason other than the one referred to in paragraph (a.1);
:(c) the accused counsels or incites the complainant to engage in the activity by abusing a position of trust, power or authority;
:(d) the complainant expresses, by words or conduct, a lack of agreement to engage in the activity; or
:(e) the complainant, having consented to engage in sexual activity, expresses, by words or conduct, a lack of agreement to continue to engage in the activity.

; Subsection (3) not limiting
(4) Nothing in subsection (3) {{AnnSec1|153.1(3)}} shall be construed as limiting the circumstances in which no consent is obtained.

; When belief in consent not a defence
(5) It is not a defence to a charge under this section that the accused believed that the complainant consented to the activity that forms the subject-matter of the charge if
:(a) the accused’s belief arose from
::(i) the accused’s self-induced intoxication,
::(ii) the accused’s recklessness or wilful blindness, or
::(iii) any circumstance referred to in subsection (3) {{AnnSec1|153.1(3)}} or (4) {{AnnSec1|153.1(4)}} or 265(3) {{AnnSec2|265(3)}} in which no consent is obtained;
:(b) the accused did not take reasonable steps, in the circumstances known to the accused at the time, to ascertain that the complainant was consenting; or
:(c) there is no evidence that the complainant’s voluntary agreement to the activity was affirmatively expressed by words or actively expressed by conduct.

; Accused’s belief as to consent
(6) If an accused alleges that he or she believed that the complainant consented to the conduct that is the subject-matter of the charge, a judge, if satisfied that there is sufficient evidence and that, if believed by the jury, the evidence would constitute a defence, shall instruct the jury, when reviewing all the evidence relating to the determination of the honesty of the accused’s belief, to consider the presence or absence of reasonable grounds for that belief.
<br>
{{LegHistory90s|1998, c. 9}}, s. 2; 
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 10;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 52.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|153.1}} CCC] 
|{{NoteUp|153.1|2|2.1|2.2|3|4|5|6}}
}}

===Evidence===
{{Section274to275|s. 153 and 153.1}}
{{Section274Offences}}
{{Section275Offences}}
{{Section276to277|s. 153 and 153.1}}
{{Section276Offences}}
{{Section277Offences}}
<!--
{{Section278Offences}}
-->
{{Section278.2Offences|s. 153 and 153.1}}

===Included Offences===

Sexual assault is not an included offence. Exploitation is a specific intent offence and involves more subjective proof than sexual assault.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Nelson| (1989), 51 CCC (3d) 150}}{{perONSC|Philp J}} (Ont. H.C.)</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Complainant Privacy Rights in Sexual Offences
{{CPR-SexOffences}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS -->
|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} || || ||
|-
|s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}} || || ||
|-
{{VictimEnd}}

{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 153}}

{{606Notice5Y|s. 153.1}}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
{{seealsoSentencingSexual}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}}<br>From July 17, 2015 | {{Summary}} | 2 years less a day custody }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}}<br>November 1, 2005 to July 16, 2015 | {{Summary}} | {{Max18Months}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}}<br>Until October 31, 2005 | {{Summary}} | 6 months custody and/or $5,000 }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}}<br>From July 17, 2015 | {{Indictment}} | {{Max14Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}}<br>November 1, 2005 to July 16, 2015 | {{Indictment}} | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}}<br>Until October 31, 2005 | {{Indictment}} | {{Max5Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}} | {{Summary}} | {{Max18Months}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}} | {{Indictment}} | {{Max2Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 153 and 153.1|'''{{Max14Years}}''' under s. 153 or '''{{Max2Years}}''' under s. 153.1|'''{{Max2YearsLess}}''' under s. 153 or '''{{Max18Months}}''' under s. 153.1}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{SProfileMinHeader}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 153 [sexual exploitation]<Br> From August 9, 2012 | {{Summary}} | {{Min90Days}} | Same }} 
{{SProfileMin|s. 153 [sexual exploitation]<Br> November 1, 2005 to August 8, 2012 | {{Summary}} | {{Min14Days}}| Same }} 
{{SProfileMin|s. 153 [sexual exploitation]<Br> From August 9, 2012 | {{Indictment}} | {{Min1Year}} | Same }} 
{{SProfileMin|s. 153 [sexual exploitation]<Br> November 1, 2005 to August 8, 2012 | {{Indictment}} | {{Min45Days}} | Same }} 
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MinPenaltyHybrid|s. 153|'''{{Min1Year}}'''|'''{{Min90Days}}'''}}

{{NoMinimumPenalties1|s. 153.1}}

; Available Dispositions 
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}},<Br>s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}} || any || {{SProfileOnlyJail}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{OnlyJailAvailable|s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} and 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}}}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{ConsecutiveSexOffence}}

; Constitutionality of Mandatory Minimums
In some jurisdictions, the mandatory minimum of 1 year found in s. 153(1.1) has been found to be unconstitutional under s. 12 of the Charter for being "cruel and unusual punishment".<ref>
{{CanLIIR|EJB|hp19n|2017 ABQB 726 (CanLII)}}{{perABQB|Horner J}}<br>
{{CanLIIR|Hood|hqjvd|2018 NSCA 18 (CanLII)}}{{perNSCA|MacDonald CJNS and Beveridge JA}} - re section 153(1.1)(a)<br>
{{CanLIIR|EO|hzv9k|2019 YKCA 9 (CanLII)}}{{perYKCA|Bennett JA}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Principles===
{{YVictimPrinciple}}

; Actual Exploitation of Relationship
The presence of actual exploitation is not an essential element to the offence, however, its presence is an aggravating factor to sentence. Its absence however is not mitigating.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|SJB|hs4pq|2018 MBCA 62 (CanLII)}}{{perMBCA|Mainella JA}}{{atL|hs4pq|18}}<Br>
</ref>

; Extended and Repeated Exploitation
The proof of extended periods of exploitation, as opposed to a momentary loss of control, will be treated as aggravating.<ref>
{{ibid1|SJB}}{{atL|hs4pq|29}}<Br>
</ref>

Repeated activities cannot be seen as mere "acts of opportunity" that have mitigating value.<ref>
{{ibid1|SJB}}{{atsL|hs4pq|27| to 30}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Sexual Exploitation}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}
|-
| [[DNA Orders]]  ||s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} or 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}}||
* {{PrimDNA1|s. 153 and 153.1}}
|-
| [[SOIRA Orders]]  ||s. 153 {{DescrSec|153}} or 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}}||
* {{SOIRA1|BHybrid|s. 153}}
* {{SOIRA1|A|s. 153.1}}
|-
| [[Section 161 Orders]] ||s. 153 ||
* {{Section161|s. 153}}
|-
| [[Weapons Prohibition Orders]] ||s. 153 or 153.1 ||
* {{Section109|A|s. 153}}
* {{Section110|s. 153.1}}
|-
| [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]]||s. 153 or 153.1 ||
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 153 or 153.1}}
{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{NoRecordSuspension|s. 153 {{DescrSec|!53}} and 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}} (where victim is under 18)}}

; Victim 18 Years or Older
{{RecordSuspension|s. 153.1 {{DescrSec|153.1}} }}

==History==
{{seealso|List of Criminal Code Amendments|Table of Concordance (Criminal Code)}}
* [[History of Sexual Exploitation]]

==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Sexual}}