View source for Definition of Crown, Prosecutor and Attorney General

{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderParties}}
==Crown==
{{seealso|Role of the Crown}}
{{seealso|disclosure}}
The Crown includes victim services. However, disclosure obligations are not implicated in the records of victim services as the prosecutor does not have knowledge or control over those materials.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|HT|1xb60|2008 NLTD 63 (CanLII)}}{{perNLSC|Handrigan J}}
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

==Prosecutor==
Section 2 of the Code defines "prosecutor":
{{quotation2|
2<br>
{{Ellipsis}}
'''“prosecutor”''' means the Attorney General or, where the Attorney General does not intervene, means the person who institutes proceedings to which this Act applies, and includes counsel acting on behalf of either of them;
<br>{{Ellipsis}}
{{History-S2}}
|[{{CCCSec|2}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|2}}
}}

Reference to prosecutor under Part XXVII (Summary Convictions):
{{quotation2|
785<br>{{Ellipsis}}
'''"prosecutor"''' means the Attorney General or, where the Attorney General does not intervene, the informant, and includes counsel or an agent acting on behalf of either of them;
<br>{{Ellipsis}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 785; R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, ss. 170, 203; {{LegHistory90s|1992, c. 1}}, s. 58; {{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 22}}, s. 7, c. 39, s. 156; {{LegHistory90s|1996, c. 19}}, s. 76; {{LegHistory90s|1999, c. 25}}, s. 23(Preamble); {{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 78; {{LegHistory00s|2006, c. 14}}, s. 7; {{LegHistory10s|2013, c. 11}}, s. 4.
|[{{CCCSec|785}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|785}}
}}

; Police Officer as Prosecutor
A police officer may not act as prosecutor of a straight indictable offences.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Edmunds|1z1f5|1981 CanLII 173 (SCC)|, [1981] 1 SCR 233}}{{perSCC|McIntyre J}} (4:1)
</ref> 
A police officer may however act as agent for the Attorney General in reporting the Crown's election, including an election to proceed by indictment.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Parsons|gdcjz|1984 CanLII 3584 (NL CA)}}{{perNLCA|Mifflin JA}} (3:0)
</ref>

The prosecution of a summary offence by a police officer does not violate s. 11(d) of the Charter.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|White|g9bpr|1988 CanLII 7143 (NL CA)}}{{perNLCA|Marshall JA}} (5:0) ("{{ellipsis1}}police may prosecute summary conviction offences since this practice is sanctioned by the Code and has been found not to offend the Charter.")
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===The Crown Attorney===
The Crown Attorney is invested with the authority to conduct prosecutions on behalf of the Director of Public Prosecutions for the province or Federal government.<ref>
BC: Crown Counsel Act,  [http://canlii.org/en/bc/laws/stat/rsbc-1996-c-87/latest/rsbc-1996-c-87.html RSBC 1996, c 87]<br>
MB: Crown Attorneys Act,  [http://canlii.org/en/mb/laws/stat/ccsm-c-c330/latest/ccsm-c-c330.html CCSM c C330]<br>
ONT: Crown Attorneys Act, [http://canlii.org/en/on/laws/stat/rso-1990-c-c49/latest/rso-1990-c-c49.html RSO 1990, c C.49]<br>
QC: An Act respecting the director of Criminal and Penal Prosecutions,  [http://canlii.org/en/qc/laws/stat/rsq-c-d-9.1.1/latest/rsq-c-d-9.1.1.html RSQ, c D-9.1.1]<br>
NB: An Act Respecting the Role of the Attorney General, [http://canlii.org/en/nb/laws/stat/rsnb-2011-c-116/latest/rsnb-2011-c-116.html RSNB 2011, c 116]<br>
NS: Public Prosecutions Act, [http://canlii.org/en/ns/laws/stat/sns-1990-c-21/latest/sns-1990-c-21.html SNS 1990, c 21]<br>
FED: Director of Public Prosecutions Act, [http://canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-2006-c-9-s-121/latest/sc-2006-c-9-s-121.html SC 2006, c 9, s 121]<br>
</ref>

The choice of who is to prosecute an accused person is part of the Attorney General's core prosecutorial discretion and is not reviewable short of an abuse of process. <ref>
{{CanLIIR|Hundert|2dsrz|2010 ONSC 6759 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Kelly J}}{{AtsL|2dsrz|39| to 40}}</ref>

The Crown's role is to "assistant to the Court in the furtherance of justice, and not to act as counsel for any particular person or party".<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Boucher|1nlk7|1954 CanLII 3 (SCC)|, [1955] SCR 16}}{{perSCC|Locke J}}{{atp|25}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==The Attorney General==
The Attorney General's role is to represent the public interest in criminal prosecutions.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gabriel|1wcvp|1999 CanLII 15050 (ON SC)|, 137 CCC (3d) 1, 26 CR (5th) 364 (Ont. S.C.)}}{{perONSC|Hill J}} ("The Attorney General represents the public interest in the prosecution of crime.")
</ref>

The AG derives its power from its role as advisor to the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Krieger v Law Society of Alberta|51rs|2002 SCC 65 (CanLII)|, [2002] 3 SCR 372}}{{perSCC|Iacobucci and Major JJ}}{{atL|51rs|25}} ("This power finds its source in the Attorney General’s general role as the official legal advisor to the Crown.")
</ref> 

; Independence
Under the authority of the Constitution, the AG is expected to act independently from partisan concerns when exercising the authority over prosecutions.<ref>
{{supra1|Krieger}} (“It is a constitutional principle that the Attorneys General of this country must act independently of partisan concerns when exercising their delegated sovereign authority to initiate, continue or terminate prosecutions.”)
</ref>
One of their key roles is to start, manage and terminate prosecutions, which requires that they will act without political pressures.<ref>
{{ibid1|Kieger}}(“The gravity of the power to bring, manage and terminate prosecutions which lies at the heart of the Attorney General’s role has given rise to an expectation that he or she will be in this respect fully independent from the political pressures of the government.”)
</ref>

In the UK, the Attorney General never sits in cabinet, however, is Canada the AG will always be part of government. As a result, the independence of prosecutions is even more important than in the UK.<ref>
{{supra1|Krieger v Law Society of Alberta}}{{atL|51rs|29}} ("Membership in Cabinet makes the principle of independence in prosecutorial functions perhaps even more important in this country than in the U.K.")</ref>

; Division of Prosecutions
Only Criminal charges under the ''Criminal Code'' may be prosecuted by the Attorney General of the provincial government. Violations of other federal acts, such as the food and drug act, may be prosecuted by the Attorney general of Canada.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Wetmore|1lpdv|1983 CanLII 29 (SCC)|, [1983] 2 SCR 284}}{{perSCC|Laskin CJ}}<br>
{{CanLIIRPC|A.G. (Can.) v Can. Nat. Transportation, Ltd.|1mfmv|1983 CanLII 36 (SCC)|, [1983] 2 SCR 206}}{{perSCC|Laskin CJ}} - Federal Govt authority to prosecute under the Combines Investigation Act is constitutional
</ref>

For the purposes of all federal acts involving criminal law except those in the Criminal Code, the "Attorney General" refers to the Attorney General of Canada and their agents. The provincial attorney general is excluded from having authority over such matters.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hauser|1mktq|1979 CanLII 13 (SCC)|, [1979] 1 SCR 984}}{{perSCC|Pigeon J}}</ref>

The Attorney General of Canada may prosecute conspiracy charges under the Criminal Code. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Pelletier|g1c44|1974 CanLII 596 (ONCA)|, 18 CCC (2d) 516 (Ont. C.A.)}}{{perSCC|Estey J}}
</ref>

Where there is an absence of involvement of federal prosecutors, there can be authority for the provincial Attorney General to prosecute.<ref>
{{ibid1|Pelletier}}</ref>

{{quotation2|
2 In this Act,<br>
{{Ellipsis}}
; Attorney General
:(a) with respect to proceedings to which this Act applies, means the Attorney General or Solicitor General of the province in which those proceedings are taken and includes his or her lawful deputy or, if those proceedings are referred to in subsection 2.3(1), the Attorney General of Canada or the Attorney General or Solicitor General of the province in which those proceedings are taken and includes the lawful deputy of any of them,
:(b) means the Attorney General of Canada and includes his or her lawful deputy with respect to
::(i) Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, or
::(ii) proceedings commenced at the instance of the Government of Canada and conducted by or on behalf of that Government in respect of an offence under any Act of Parliament — other than this Act or the Canada Elections Act — or any regulation made under such an Act, and
:(c) means the Director of Public Prosecutions appointed under subsection 3(1) of the Director of Public Prosecutions Act with respect to proceedings in relation to an offence under the Canada Elections Act; (procureur général)
{{ellipsis}}
{{History-S2}}{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|2}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|2}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Concurrent jurisdiction
2.3 (1) The proceedings for the purposes of paragraph (a) of the definition Attorney General in section 2 are
:(a) proceedings in relation to an offence under subsection 7(2.01) {{AnnSec0|7(2.01)}}, (2.3){{AnnSec0|7(2.3)}} or (2.31) {{AnnSec0|7(2.31)}} or section 57 {{AnnSec0|57}}, 58 {{AnnSec0|58}}, 83.12 {{AnnSec0|83.12}}, 103 {{AnnSec1|103}}, 104 {{AnnSec1|104}}, 121.1 {{AnnSec1|121.1}}, 380 {{AnnSec3|380}}, 382 {{AnnSec3|382}}, 382.1 {{AnnSec3|382.1}}, 400 {{AnnSec4|400}}, 424.1 {{AnnSec4|424.1}}, 431.1 {{AnnSec4|431.1}}, 467.11 {{AnnSec4|467.11}} or 467.111 {{AnnSec4|467.111}} or in relation to any terrorism offence;
:(b) proceedings in relation to an offence against a member of United Nations personnel or associated personnel under section 235 {{AnnSec2|235}}, 236 {{AnnSec2|236}}, 266 to 269 {{AnnSec2|266 to 269}}, 269.1 {{AnnSec2|269.1}}, 271 to 273 {{AnnSec2|271 to 273}}, 279 {{AnnSec2|279}} or 279.1 {{AnnSec2|279.1}};
:(c) proceedings in relation to an offence referred to in subsection 7(3.71) {{AnnSec0|7(3.71)}} or in relation to an offence referred to in paragraph (a) of the definition terrorist activity in subsection 83.01(1) {{AnnSec0|83.01(1)}} if the act or omission constituting the offence was committed outside Canada and is deemed under any of subsections 7(2) {{AnnSec0|7(2)}}, (2.1) to (2.21), (3) {{AnnSec0|7(3)}}, (3.1) {{AnnSec0|7(3.1)}}, (3.72) {{AnnSec0|7(3.72)}} and (3.73) {{AnnSec0|7(3.73)}} to have been committed in Canada;
:(d) proceedings in relation to an offence if the act or omission constituting the offence is a terrorist activity referred to in paragraph (b) of the definition terrorist activity in subsection 83.01(1) and was committed outside Canada and is deemed by virtue of subsection 7(3.74) {{AnnSec0|7(3.74)}} or (3.75) {{AnnSec0|7(3.75)}} to have been committed in Canada;
:(e) a proceeding in relation to an offence under section 811 {{AnnSec8|811}} that arises out of a breach of a recognizance made under section 810.01 {{AnnSec8|810.01}} or 810.011 {{AnnSec8|810.011}}, if he or she has given consent to the information referred to in those sections; and
:(f) proceedings under section 83.13 {{AnnSec0|83.13}}, 83.14 {{AnnSec0|83.14}}, 83.222 {{AnnSec0|83.222}}, 83.223 {{AnnSec0|83.233}} or 83.3 {{AnnSec0|83.3}}.

; For greater certainty — Attorney General of Canada
(2) For greater certainty, the Attorney General of Canada or his or her lawful deputy may, in respect of an offence referred to in subsection (1) or an offence under any Act of Parliament — other than this Act or the Canada Elections Act — or any regulation made under such an Act, exercise all the powers and perform all the duties and functions assigned to the Attorney General by or under this Act, and those powers include the power to commence and to conduct
:(a) a proceeding for conspiring or attempting to commit such an offence or for being an accessory after the fact or counselling a person to be a party to such an offence;
:(b) a proceeding in relation to a criminal organization offence that arises out of conduct that relates, in whole or in part, to any offence for which he or she has the power to commence and to conduct a proceeding;
:(c) a proceeding in relation to an offence referred to in section 354 {{AnnSec3|354}}, 355.2 {{AnnSec3|355.2}}, 355.4 {{AnnSec3|355.4}} or 462.31 {{AnnSec4|462.31}} that arises out of conduct that relates, in whole or in part, to any offence for which he or she has the power to commence and to conduct a proceeding or out of any act or omission that, if it had occurred in Canada, would have constituted such an offence;
:(d) a proceeding for the breach of any court order made in the course of a proceeding commenced or conducted by him or her;
:(e) a proceeding for the failure to comply with any condition associated with the release of a person by a peace officer or other competent authority — including a condition to appear at a specified time and place — in relation to any offence for which he or she has the power to commence and to conduct a proceeding; and
:(f) any ancillary proceedings in relation to any offence for which he or she has the power to commence and to conduct a proceeding.

; For greater certainty — Director of Public Prosecutions
(3) For greater certainty, in respect of an offence under the Canada Elections Act, the Director of Public Prosecutions, subject to the Director of Public Prosecutions Act, exercises the powers and performs the duties and functions of the Attorney General of Canada referred to in subsection (2).

{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 2;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 404.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|2.3}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|2.3|1|2|3}}
}}

The Attorney General is obligated to make decisions regarding prosecutions in a "judicial manner".<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Smythe|, [1971] 2 O.R. 209}}{{atp|216}}, affd. [http://canlii.ca/t/1twrk 1970 CanLII 29] (SCC), [1971] SCR 680{{perSCC|Fauteux CJ}}<br>
{{supra1|Hauser}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Delegating Authority===
Unless prohibited by statute, the Attorney General of Canada may delegate a prosecution the provincial Attorney General and vice versa.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Luz|g1kl2|1988 CanLII 4529 (ON SC)|, (1988), 5 O.R. (3d) 52 (H.C.J.)}}{{perONSC|Campbell J}}{{Atp|59}} ("The power to prosecute is that of the Attorney General... He or she may prosecute personally or by counsel or agent. Unless prohibited by statute he may delegate any of his powers to subordinate officers or to counsel instructed on his behalf. No statutory power is necessary for such delegation. The power to delegate to counsel or agent is a functional necessity of the office, requiring no statutory authority.")<br>
see also {{CanLIIRC|Gentles v Ontario (Attorney General)|1w6jz|1996 CanLII 8166 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|Hurley J}}{{atsL|1w6jz|46| to 48}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Attorney General of Canada===

{{quotation2|
<s>
; Powers of the Attorney General of Canada
467.2 (1) Notwithstanding the definition of “Attorney General” in section 2, the Attorney General of Canada may conduct proceedings in respect of
:(a) an offence under section 467.11 [''participation in criminal organization''] or 467.111 [''recruitment of members — criminal organization'']; or
:(b) another criminal organization offence where the alleged offence arises out of conduct that in whole or in part is in relation to an alleged contravention of an Act of Parliament or a regulation made under such an Act, other than this Act or a regulation made under this Act.

For those purposes, the Attorney General of Canada may exercise all the powers and perform all the duties and functions assigned to the Attorney General by or under this Act.
<br>
; Powers of the Attorney General of a province
(2) Subsection (1) does not affect the authority of the Attorney General of a province to conduct proceedings in respect of an offence referred to in section 467.11 [''participation in criminal organization''], 467.111 [''recruitment of members — criminal organization''], 467.12 [''commission of offence for criminal organization''] or 467.13 [''instructing commission of offence for criminal organization''] or to exercise any of the powers or perform any of the duties and functions assigned to the Attorney General by or under this Act.
<br>
{{LegHistory90sL|1997, c. 23}}, s. 11; {{LegHistory00sL|2001, c. 32}}, s. 28; {{LegHistory10sL|2014, c. 17}}, s. 11.</s>
[repealed {{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 185]
|[{{CCCSec|467.2}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|467.2}}
}}