View source for Right to Additional Opportunities to Consult with Counsel

{{HeaderCounsel}}
{{LevelOne}}

==General Principles==
{{seealso|Implementation Component to Right to Counsel}}
Generally, once a detainee has finished exercising their right to counsel they have no further ability to access counsel again.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sinclair|2cvjs|2010 SCC 35 (CanLII)|[2010] 2 SCR 310}}{{perSCC|McLachlin CJ and Charron J}}<br>
</ref>
The right to counsel is "essentially a one time matter", unless it falls into one of the exceptions.<ref>
{{ibid1|Sinclair}}{{atL|2cvjs|64}}</ref>

Absent one of the exceptions, further access to counsel beyond the first consultation is entirely discretionary.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Briscoe|fqc7j|2012 ABQB 111 (CanLII)|255 CRR (2d) 37}}{{perABQB|Yamauchi J}}{{atL|fqc7j|113}}<br>
</ref> 
This applies even where the police may have promised further access.<ref>
{{ibid1|Briscoe}}{{atsL|fqc7j|114|, 119}}</ref>

The rule against additional access applies to a single period of detention and cannot extend to subsequent encounters by police concerning the same investigation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|TGH|g7rs5|2014 ONCA 460 (CanLII)|314 CCC (3d) 473}}{{perONCA|Doherty JA}} (3:0)
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}
===Exceptions===
Several exceptions exist:<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sinclair|2cvjs|2010 SCC 35 (CanLII)|[2010] 2 SCR 310}}{{perSCC|McLachlin CJ and Charron J}}{{atL|2cvjs|2}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|MacLean|fw13j|2013 ABQB 60 (CanLII)|551 AR 274}}{{perABQB| Ouellette J}}{{atL|fw13j|24}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|M(AR)|gh18d|2011 ABCA 98 (CanLII)|283 CCC (3d) 89}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|gh18d|38}} leave denied<br>
</ref>
* Where during the investigation "new or non-routine procedures involving the detainee" are being applied, the accused should be permitted counsel.<ref>
{{supra1|Sinclair}}{{atsL|2cvjs|50| to 52}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ross|1ft8b|1989 CanLII 134 (SCC)|[1989] 1 SCR 3}}{{perSCC|Lamer J}}
</ref>
* where the jeopardy increases due to new evidence rendering the offence more serious or new, more serious charges arise.<ref>
{{supra1|Sinclair}}{{atsL|2cvjs|50| to 52}}<br>
See {{CanLIIRP|Evans|1fsml|1991 CanLII 98 (SCC)|[1991] 1 SCR 869}}{{perSCC|McLachlin J}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|Black|1ft50|1989 CanLII 75 (SCC)|[1989] 2 SCR 138}}{{perSCC|Wilson J}} 
</ref>
* if it is learned that the previous waiver of rights was not done properly.<ref>
See {{CanLIIRP|Burlingham|1frk6|1995 CanLII 88 (SCC)|[1995] 2 SCR 206}}{{perSCC|Iacobucci J}}
</ref>
* the previous caution was insufficient or defective
* "change in circumstances results from new procedures involving the detainee"
* "developments in the investigation" such that they accuse must chose "whether they should ... cooperate with the investigation or not"

The categories of circumstances that require additional access to counsel is not a "closed" list.<ref>
{{supra1|Sinclair}}
</ref>

; Change in Circumstances Exception
The detainee will get an additional chance to consult with counsel where there had been a "change in circumstances" that are objectively observable that renders access "necessary to fulfill s. 10(b)’s purpose of providing the detainee with advice in the new or emergent situation".<ref>
{{supra1|Sinclair}}{{atL|2cvjs|54}}<br>
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

==Procedure==
Where new or non-routine procedures involving the detainee arise, the detainee should be permitted new access to counsel.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|ARM|gh18d|2011 ABCA 98 (CanLII)|283 CCC (3d) 89}}{{TheCourtABCA}}<Br>
</ref>

The applicable procedures will not be those that are part of "predictable police questioning".<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Briscoe|gfv1v|2015 ABCA 2 (CanLII)|593 AR 102}}{{perABCA|Watson JA}}{{atL|gfv1v|48}}<Br>
</ref>

The procedure will arise where the detainee's participation is "essential" and they have a right to decline participation or a right to understand the procedure.<ref>
{{ibid1|Biscoe}}{{atL|gfv1v|48}}<br>
</ref>

"Non-routine" procedures will include participation in a line-up or submitting to a polygraph.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sinclair|2cvjs|2010 SCC 35 (CanLII)|[2010] 2 SCR 310}}{{perSCC|McLachlin CJ and Charron J}}{{atL|2cvjs|50}}<br>
</ref>

A "re-enactment" is not considered a non-routine procedure. It is merely a "statement by conduct".<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ashmore|2fdf7|2011 BCCA 18 (CanLII)|267 CCC (3d) 108}}{{perBCCA|Frankel JA}}<br>
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

==Change of Jeopardy==
While a detainee is in custody on charges and has received access to counsel, but at some point later the circumstances of the detainment change and further charges are being investigated resulting in a change in jeopardy in the detainee, the accused must be given a further opportunity to consult with counsel on the new situation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Black|1ft50|1989 CanLII 75 (SCC)|[1989] 2 SCR 138}}{{perSCC|Wilson J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Sinclair|2cvjs|2010 SCC 35 (CanLII)|[2010] 2 SCR 310}}{{perSCC|McLachlin CJ and Charron J}}<br>
</ref>

A change in circumstances "must be objectively observable in order to trigger additional implementational duties for the police".<ref>
{{ibid1|Sinclair}}<br>
</ref>
The change in circumstances must suggest "that the choice faced by the accused has been significantly altered" requiring advice in order to fill the purposes of the charter right.<ref>
{{ibid1|Sinclair}}<br>
</ref>

There will only be a breach when "it becomes clear, as a result of changed circumstances or new developments, that the initial advice, viewed contextually, is no longer sufficient or correct".<ref>
{{ibid1|Sinclair}}<br>
</ref>

Where a person was given access to counsel on arrest, a laying of the charge on the offence for which he was arrested is not a change of circumstances.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Bhander|ftnc4|2012 BCCA 441 (CanLII)|292 CCC (3d) 545}}{{perBCCA|Saunders JA}}{{atsL|ftnc4|40| to 46}}</ref>

Police may assume that the initial legal advice received was sufficient and correct in relation to how the detainee should exercise his rights in the context of the police investigation.<ref>
{{ibid1|Sinclair}}<br>
</ref>

A change in the identity of the victim does not change the jeopardy of the detainee.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Thomas|fx63f|2013 ABQB 223 (CanLII)}}{{perABQB|Jerke J}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}