View source for Importing and Exporting Drugs (Offence)

{{Currency|January 2021}}
{{LevelZero}}
{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Importing and Exporting Drugs 
|OffencePage=Importing and Exporting Drugs 
|Section= 6(3)
|Act={{OBCDSA}} 
|CrownElection= {{OBHybridIndictableElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll-Under14}} 
|Bail={{OBBailVar}} 
|SummaryDisp= varies<!--{{OBDispAll}} {{OBDispMin}} {{OBDispMinVar}}--> 
|SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}}  
|SummaryMax= varies <!--{{OBTime|XX}} {{OBSConviction}} -->
|IndictableDisp=varies <!-- {{OBDisp14orLife}} {{OBDisp14orLifeVar}} {{OBDisp2to10}} {{OBDispMin|XX}} {{OBDispMinVar}} {{OBDispVarCSO}} {{OBDispCSO}} {{OBDisp14orMinVar}} {{OBDispSame}}--> 
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|IndictableMax= varies <!--{{OBMaxLife}} {{OBTime|XX}}--> }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewCDSA|Importing and Exporting Drugs}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}} | {{NA}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 6(3)(a.1) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a.1)CDSA}}| {{NA}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }} 
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}| {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }} 
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 6(3)(c) {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}| {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}}| {{No-Under14}} }} 
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}}}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection-Under14|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}}}

{{Section109Notice}}

; Release
{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}}}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}}}

Under s. 515(6)(d) offences under s. 6(3)(a) [Schedule I or II] are subject to a [[Reverse Onus|reverse onus]] on bail where it is "an offence punishable by imprisonment for life under any of sections 5 to 7 of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act'' or the offence of conspiring to commit such an offence".

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}} 
|- 
|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{OKMark}} 
|- 
|s. 6(3)(a.1) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a.1)CDSA}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{OKMark}} 
|- 
|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{OKMark}} 
|- 
|s. 6(3)(c) {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{XMark}} 
{{DesignationEnd}}

{{WiretapDesignation|s. 6}}

<!--repealed {{MMinNoticeCDSA}}-->

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Importing and exporting
6 (1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall import into Canada or export from Canada a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}}.

; Possession for the purpose of exporting
(2) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall possess a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}} for the purpose of exporting it from Canada.

; Punishment
(3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|6(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSecC|6(2)}}
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I [''[[CDSA Schedules#SCHEDULE I|opiates and related]]''] or II [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_II|cannaboids]]''], is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life;
:(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_III|psychedelics]]''], V [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_V|repealed]]''] or VI [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_VI|precursors]]''],
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and
:(c) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_IV|barbiturates]]''],
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

{{LegHistoryCDSA|1996, c. 19}}, s. 6; 
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 40;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 4;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2022, c. 15}}, s. 16.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CDSASec|6}} CDSA]
|{{NoteUpCDSA|6|1|2|3}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}

{{DraftHeader}}
|-
| 6 CDSA
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, contrary to section 6 of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act''.
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==

{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|importing and exporting drugs|6(1) CDSA}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit imported into Canada ''or'' exported from Canada a substance;
# {{box}} the substance was included in Schedule I, II, III, IV, V or VI.
# {{box}} it was not "authorized under the regulations";

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|possession for the purpose of importing and exporting drugs|6(2) CDSA}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit possessed a substance;
# {{box}} the substance was included in Schedule I, II, III, IV, V or VI.
# {{box}} the purpose was to export from Canada;
# {{box}} it was not "authorized under the regulations";

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation==

; When Offence Completed
The offence is not a "continuing offence".<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Anderson|jcbr1|2020 ONCA 780 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|jcbr1|1}} ("The offence of importation of a controlled substance is not a continuing offence.")
</ref>
The act of importation is completed once the accused clears customs or when it otherwise is available to the domestic recipient.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Foster|hq2wj|2018 ONCA 53 (CanLII)|360 CCC (3d)213 (ONCA)}}{{perONCA|Watt JA}}<br>
{{supra1|Anderson}} ("...an importation is not factually complete until the goods become available to the domestic recipient.")<br>
</ref>

; Duress Defence 
The defence of duress requires that the trier-of-fact consider safe avenues of escape, including the ability to seek the assistance of border services.<ref>
{{ibid1|Foster}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
<!--
{{606Notice5Y|XX}}
{{606NoticeSPIO|XX}}
-->
{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}

===Sentencing Profile===
; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(a) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}} ( | {{NA}} | {{MaxLife}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(b) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}| {{summary}} | {{Max18Months}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(b) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}| {{indictment}} | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(c) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}| {{summary}} | {{Max1Year}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(c) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}| {{indictment}} | {{Max3Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 6(3)(a)|'''{{MaxLife}}'''}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 6(3)(b) and (c)|'''{{Max10Years}}''' under s. 6(3)(b) or '''{{Max3Years}}''' under s. 6(3)(c)|'''{{Max18Months}}''' under s. 6(3)(b) or '''{{Max1Year}}''' under s. 6(3)(c)}}
<!--
; Minimum Penalties
{{SProfileMinHeader}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 6(3)(a) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}} | {{NA}} | {{Min1Year}} }}
{{SProfileMin|s. 6(3)(a.1) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(a.1)CDSA}} | {{NA}} | {{Min2Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{NoMinimumPenalties1|s. 6(3)(b) and (c)}}
-->

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}}|| {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischarge}}
|-
|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}<br>s. 6(3)(c) {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}|| any || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable1|s. 6(3)(b) and (c)}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|C|s. 6(3)(a)}}

{{NoDischargeAvailable|s. 6(3)(a)}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Principles===

; Constitutionality
There is some suggestion that s. 6(3)(a)  is overbroad for failing to distinguish between "hard" and "soft" drugs, and so conditional sentences are available.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Williams|h6hd8|2017 ONCJ 666 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Renwick J}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Importing and Exporting Drugs}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}
|-
| [[DNA Orders]] ||s. 6(3)(a), (a.1) or (b) ||
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 6(3)(a) or (a.1)}}
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|s. 6(3)(b)}}<!--- note: does NOT include s. 6(3)(c)--> 
|-
| [[Weapons Prohibition Orders]] ||s. 6(1) or (2) ||
* {{Section109|BorC|s. 6(1) or (2)}}
{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==History==

===Prior to November 17, 2022===
{{quotation2|
; Importing and exporting
6 (1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall import into Canada or export from Canada a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}}.

; Possession for the purpose of exporting
(2) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall possess a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}} for the purpose of exporting it from Canada.

; Punishment
(3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|6(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSecC|6(2)}}
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}} in an amount that is not more than one kilogram, or in Schedule II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life, and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year if
::(i) the offence is committed for the purposes of trafficking,
::(ii) the person, while committing the offence, abused a position of trust or authority, or
::(iii) the person had access to an area that is restricted to authorized persons and used that access to commit the offence;
:(a.1) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}} in an amount that is more than one kilogram, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years;
:(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}},
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and
:(c) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}},
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

{{LegHistoryCDSA|1996, c. 19}}, s. 6; 
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 40;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 4.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CDSASec|6}} CDSA]
|{{NoteUpCDSA|6|1|2|3}}
}}


==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Drugs}}



[[Category:Offences with Maximum Penalty of 3 Years]]