View source for Long-Term and Dangerous Offender Designation

{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderLTODO}}
==Introduction==
{{seealso|List of Dangerous Offender Designated Offences}}

Part XXIV of the Code, between s. 752 and 761, creates a regime to designate certain offenders as either "long-term offenders" (LTO) or "dangerous offenders" (DO). These offenders will be subject to either a long-term offender supervision order, in the case of an LTO, or an order of indeterminate detention, in the case of the DO.  

A DO order is a "preventative sentence ... in its clearest and most extreme form".<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Boutilier|hpg4c|2017 SCC 64 (CanLII)|[2017] 2 SCR 936}}{{perSCC|Côté J}}{{atL|hpg4c|33}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Sipos|g7zmr|2014 SCC 47 (CanLII)|[2014] 2 SCR 423}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}{{atL|g7zmr|19}}<br>
</ref>

; Purpose 
The Purpose of DO orders is not punitive and not rehabilitative. It is first and foremost for the purpose of segregating the offender from society.<ref>
{{supra1|Boutilier}}{{At|hpg4c|33}}
</ref>
It applies to those offenders where segregation is a "rational means" of achieving public safety.<Ref>
{{supra1|Boutilier}}{{At|hpg4c|33}}
</ref>
; Constitutionality
The LTO/DO regime was challenged as in violation of s. 7 of the Charter. It was found not to violate any of the principles of fundamental justice.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRT|Lyons||[1987] SCJ No 62}}{{perSCC-H|La Forest J}}
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

===History===
The original common law form of indefinite detention is faound in the UK Prevent of of Crime Act which imposed a period of custody, on top of the original sentence, of between 5 to 10 years as "preventative" custody.

The provisions of the Criminal Code regarding indefinite detention arose from the 1938 Archambault Report that recommended implementing a regime that separated dangerous offenders from society. In 1947 the first amendments were made creating an indefinite detention order for "habitual criminals".<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ipeelee|fqq00|2012 SCC 13 (CanLII)|[2012] 1 SCR 433}}{{perSCC|LeBel J}}{{atsL|fqq00|40| to 45}}
</ref>
Those eligible had to commit at least three indictable offences and showed a "persistent criminal life". 

In 1948, the provisions were amended by SC 1948, c. 39 s. 43, to include those offenders who were found to be "sexual psychopaths". The term was changed  in 1960, SC 1960-61, c. 43, s. 32 and 34 to "dangerous sexual offender".

The first amendment to the Criminal Code introducing the modern dangerous offender regime was in 1977.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Boutilier|grx23|2016 BCCA 235 (CanLII)|336 CCC (3d) 293}}{{perBCCA|D Smith JA}}{{atL|grx23|24}}<br>
</ref> 
This amendment created the "long term offender" designation.

The regime was later amended in 1997 and the in 2008 with the Tackling Violent Crime Act (SC 2008, c. 6).<ref>
{{ibid1|Boutilier}}{{atL|grx23|23}}<br>
see [[List of Criminal Code Amendments]]
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Topics==
* [[Remand Assessment for LTO/DO Applications]]
* [[Procedure in a LTO/DO Designation Hearing]]
* [[Appellate Review of an LTO or DO Designation]]
; LTO
* [[Requirements for a Long Term Offender Designation]]
* [[Consequences of a Long Term Offender Designation]]
; DO
* [[Requirements for a Dangerous Offender Designation]]
* [[Consequences of a Dangerous Offender Designation]]

==Digests==
* [[LTO and DO Applications (Cases)]]