View source for Trafficking in Persons (Offence)

{{Currency|January 2021}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Trafficking in Persons 
|OffencePage=Trafficking in Persons
|Section=279.01(2), 279.02(2), 279.011(2), s. 279.01(1) and 279.011(1)  
|Act={{OBCCC}}
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}}  
|Bail={{OBBailJudge}} 
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDisp14orMinVar}}
|IndictableMin= {{OBTime|5 years}} (under 18)<Br> 
{{OBTime|6 years}} (under 18 with harm)<br>
|IndictableMax=  {{OBTime|5, 10, 14 years}} or {{OBMaxLife}} }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewVIII|trafficking in persons}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 279.01(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(a)}},<br>s. 279.01(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(b)}},<br>s. 279.011(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(a)}},<br>s. 279.011(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(b)}},<br> 279.02(2) {{DescrSec|279.02(2)}}, <br> 279.03(1) {{DescrSec|279.03(1)}}, and <br> 279.03(2) {{DescrSec|279.03(2)}}| {{NA}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} }}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 279.02(1) {{DescrSec|279.02(1)}},<br> 279.03(1) {{DescrSec|279.03(1)}}, and <br> 279.03(2) {{DescrSec|279.03(2)}}| {{NA}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 279.01 {{DescrSec|279.01}}, 279.011 {{DescrSec|279.011}}, 279.02 {{DescrSec|279.02}}, and 279.03 {{DescrSec|279.03}}}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 279.01(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(a)}},<br>s. 279.01(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(b)}},<br>s. 279.011(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(a)}},<br>s. 279.011(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(b)}}, <Br>s. 279.02(2) {{DescrSec|279.02(2)}},<br> s. 279.03(2) {{DescrSec|279.03(2)}}  || {{ReleaseProfile-Indictable}} 
|-
|s. 279.02(1) {{DescrSec|279.02(1)}}, <Br> s. 279.03(1) {{DescrSec|279.03(1)}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 279.01(2) {{DescrSec|279.01(2)}}, 279.02(2) {{DescrSec|279.02(2)}}, 279.011(2) {{DescrSec|279.011(2)}}, s. 279.01(1) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)}} and 279.011(1) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)}}}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 279.02(1) {{DescrSec|279.02(1)}}, 279.03(1) {{DescrSec|279.03(1)}} }}

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

{{486.4PublicationBan|s. 279.01 {{DescrSec|279.01}}, 279.011 {{DescrSec|279.011}}, 279.02 {{DescrSec|279.02}}, and 279.03 {{DescrSec|279.03}} }}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. 279.01(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(a)}}, <br>s. 279.01(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(b)}}, <br> s. 279.011(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(a)}}, <br> s. 279.011(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(b)}},<br> s. 279.02(2) {{DescrSec|279.02(2)}},<br> s. 279.03(2) {{DescrSec|279.03(2)}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 279.02(1) {{DescrSec|279.02(1)}} and <br>s. 279.03(1) {{DescrSec|279.03(1)}} || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{XMark}}
{{DesignationEnd}}

{{WiretapDesignation|s. 279.01 {{DescrSec|279.01}}, 279.011 {{DescrSec|279.011}}, 279.02 {{DescrSec|279.02}}, and 279.03 {{DescrSec|279.03}} }}

{{DODesignation|s. 279.01, 279.011, 279.02, and 279.03}}

{{SPIODesignation|s. 279.01 and 279.011}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==

===Trafficking in Persons===
{{quotation2|
; Trafficking in persons
279.01 (1) Every person who recruits, transports, transfers, receives, holds, conceals or harbours a person, or exercises control, direction or influence over the movements of a person, for the purpose of exploiting them or facilitating their exploitation is guilty of an indictable offence and liable
:(a) to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of five years if they kidnap, commit an aggravated assault or aggravated sexual assault against, or cause death to, the victim during the commission of the offence; or
:(b) to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of four years in any other case.

; Consent
(2) No consent to the activity that forms the subject-matter of a charge under subsection (1) {{AnnSec2|279.01(1)A}} is valid.

; Presumption
(3) For the purposes of subsections (1) {{AnnSec2|279.01(1)A}} and 279.011(1) {{AnnSec2|279.011(1)A}}, evidence that a person who is not exploited lives with or is habitually in the company of a person who is exploited is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, proof that the person exercises control, direction or influence over the movements of that person for the purpose of exploiting them or facilitating their exploitation.

{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 43}}, s. 3;
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 25}}, s. 18;
{{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 16}}, s. 1.
|[{{CCCSec|279.01}} CCC (CanLII)], {{GovtCC|39}}
|{{NoteUp|279.01|1|2|3}}
}}

===Trafficking in Young Persons===
{{quotation2|
; Trafficking of a person under the age of eighteen years
279.011 (1) Every person who recruits, transports, transfers, receives, holds, conceals or harbours a person under the age of eighteen years, or exercises control, direction or influence over the movements of a person under the age of eighteen years, for the purpose of exploiting them or facilitating their exploitation is guilty of an indictable offence and liable
:(a) to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of six years if they kidnap, commit an aggravated assault or aggravated sexual assault against, or cause death to, the victim during the commission of the offence; or
:(b) to imprisonment for a term of not more than fourteen years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of five years, in any other case.

; Consent
(2) No consent to the activity that forms the subject-matter of a charge under subsection (1) {{AnnSec2|279.011(1)A}} is valid.
<br>
2010, c. 3, s. 2.
|[{{CCCSec|279.011}} CCC (CanLII)], {{GovtCC|39}}
|{{NoteUp|279.011|1|2}}
}}

===Material Benefit===
{{quotation2|
; Material benefit — trafficking
279.02 (1) Every person who receives a financial or other material benefit, knowing that it is obtained by or derived directly or indirectly from the commission of an offence under subsection 279.01(1) {{AnnSec2|279.01(1)A}}, is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Material benefit — trafficking of person under 18 years
(2) Everyone who receives a financial or other material benefit, knowing that it is obtained by or derived directly or indirectly from the commission of an offence under subsection 279.011(1) {{AnnSec2|279.011(1)A}}, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years.

{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 43}}, s. 3; 
{{LegHistory10s|2010, c. 3}}, s. 3;
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 25}}, s. 19;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 104.
|[{{CCCSec|279.02}} CCC (CanLII)], {{GovtCC|39}}
|{{NoteUp|279.02|1|2}}
}}

===Withholding or Destroying Documents===
{{quotation2|
; Withholding or destroying documents — trafficking
279.03 (1) Every person who, for the purpose of committing or facilitating an offence under subsection 279.01(1) {{AnnSec2|279.01(1)A}}, conceals, removes, withholds or destroys any travel document that belongs to another person or any document that establishes or purports to establish another person’s identity or immigration status  — whether or not the document is of Canadian origin or is authentic  —  is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Withholding or destroying documents — trafficking of person under 18 years
(2) Everyone who, for the purpose of committing or facilitating an offence under subsection 279.011(1) {{AnnSec2|279.011(1)A}}, conceals, removes, withholds or destroys any travel document that belongs to another person or any document that establishes or purports to establish another person’s identity or immigration status  — whether or not the document is of Canadian origin or is authentic  —  is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year.

{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 43}}, s. 3;
2010, c. 3, s. 3;
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 25}}, s. 19;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 105.
|[{{CCCSec|279.03}} CCC (CanLII)], {{GovtCC|39}}
|{{NoteUp|279.03|1|2}}
}}
===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}

{{DraftHeader}}
|-
| 
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, contrary to section XXX of the ''Criminal Code''.
|-
| 
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, contrary to section XXX of the ''Criminal Code''.
|-
| 
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, contrary to section XXX of the ''Criminal Code''.
|-
| 279.03(1) 
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, contrary to section 279.03(1) of the ''Criminal Code''.
|-
| 279.03(2) 
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, contrary to section 279.03(2) of the ''Criminal Code''.
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==

{{ElementHeader}}

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|trafficking in persons|279.01(1)(b)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit either:
## {{box}} recruits a person, 
## {{box}} transports a person, 
## {{box}} transfers a person, 
## {{box}} holds a person,
## {{box}} conceals a person, 
## {{box}} harbours a person; or
## {{box}} exercises control, direction or influence over the movements of a person, 
# the act is done "for the purpose of exploiting them or facilitating their exploitation"
## {{box}} the culprit caused the victim to provide or offer to provide a labour or service
## {{box}} the victim could reasonably be expected to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or service.

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|aggravated trafficking|279.01(1)(a)}}
# the underlying elements of s. 279.01;
# the culprit either:
## {{box}} kidnaps the victim, 
## {{box}} commits an aggravated assault or aggravated sexual assault against the victim, or 
## {{box}} cause death to, the victim 
# {{box}}the act occurs during the commission of the trafficking offence.


{{Proving|Trafficking in Young Persons|279.011(1)(b)}}
# {{box}} the underlying elements of s. 279.01;
# {{box}} the victim was under the age of 18 at the time of the offence;
# {{box}} the culprit knew, was reckless or willfully blind to that fact.

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|aggravated trafficking in young persons|279.011(1)(a)}}
# {{box}} the underlying elements of s. 279.01;
# {{box}} the victim was under the age of 18 at the time of the offence;
# {{box}} the culprit knew, was reckless or willfully blind to that fact.
# {{box}} the culprit either:
## {{box}} kidnaps the victim, 
## {{box}} commits an aggravated assault or aggravated sexual assault against the victim, or 
## {{box}} cause death to, the victim 
# {{box}} the act occurs during the commission of the trafficking offence.

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|materially benefiting from trafficking|279.02(1)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit receives a financial or other material benefit;
# {{box}} the culprit knew that it results from the commission of an offence under s. 279.01(1) or 279.011(1).

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|materially benefiting from trafficking a young person|279.02(2)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit receives a financial or other material benefit;
# {{box}} the culprit knew that it results from the commission of an offence under s. 279.01(1) or 279.011(1);
# {{box}} the victim was under the age of 18 at the time of the offence; and
# {{box}} the culprit knew, was reckless or willfully blind to that fact.

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|withholding or destroying documents|279.03(1)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit concealed, removed, withheld, or destroyed documents
# {{box}} the documents belonged to a person other than the accused;
# {{box}} the documents were travel documents or any document that establishes or purports to establish another person’s identity or immigration status;
# {{box}} the act was for the purpose of committing or facilitating an offence under s. 279.01 or 279.011.

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|withholding or destroying documents of a young person|279.03(2)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit concealed, removed, withheld, or destroyed documents
# {{box}} the documents belonged to a person other than the accused;
# {{box}} the documents were travel documents or any document that establishes or purports to establish another person’s identity or immigration status;
# {{box}} the act was for the purpose of committing or facilitating an offence under s. 279.01 or 279.011;
# {{box}} the victim was under the age of 18 at the time of the offence; and
# {{box}} the culprit knew, was reckless or willfully blind to that fact.

{{ElementRight}}

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==
The human trafficking provisions were implemented as part of Canada ratification of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Moazami|g90fx|2014 BCSC 1727 (CanLII)}}{{perBCSC|Bruce J}}{{atL|g90fx|373}}
</ref>

The offence of human trafficking is to be distinguished from the offence of human smuggling. The former requires a type of exploitation of the victim to compel them to participate, while the latter involves the willing participation of the person being smuggled.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ng|1mxv4|2006 BCPC 111 (CanLII)|140 CRR (2d) 224}}{{perBCPC|MacLean J}}{{AtsL|1mxv4|3| to 12}} - in context of human trafficking under IRPA<br>
</ref>

Section 279.011 was found to be constitutional. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stone|fvv7l|2013 ONSC 653 (CanLII)|276 CRR (2d) 26}}{{perONSC|Miller J}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Recruits, transports, transfers, receives, holds, conceals or harbours a person===
"Harbours" is also found in the offence of [[Abduction of a Young Person (Offence)]].

{{reflist|2}}

==="Control, Direction or Influence" Over Movement===
{{seealso|Procuring and Living on the Avails of Prostitution (Repealed Offence)#Control or Influence}}

This language is the same as found in s. 212(1)(h) for exercising control over a prostitute.<ref>
see [[Procuring and Living on the Avails of Prostitution (Repealed Offence)]]
</ref>

; Control
"Control" is said to refer to "invasive behaviour, to ascendancy which leaves little choice to the person controlled."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|RJG|1cm09|2001 CanLII 369 (SK PC)|202 Sask R 230}}{{perSKPC|Kolenick J}}{{atL|1cm09|46}}<br>
</ref>

The word "control" is not to be interpreted in an "overly narrow" manner.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Wilson|jtdtg|2022 ONCA 857 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Roberts JA}}{{atL||27}}
</ref>
It is not limited to "complete physical control" over a person and can include psychological coercion. <ref>
{{ibid1|Wilson}} (control “does not necessarily mean complete physical control over or the absence of any choice by the complainant”)<br>
{{CanLIIR|Chahinian|jnnpc|2022 QCCA 499 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCA|Cournoyer JA}}{{atL|jnnpc|74}}
</ref>

; Direction
"Direction" over the movements of a person exists where "rules or behaviours are imposed".<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Perreault|1mzm8|1996 CanLII 5641 (QC CA)|113 CCC (3d) 573}}{{TheCourtQCCA}}{{atps|575, 576}}<br>
{{supra1|RJG}}{{atL|1cm09|46}}<br>
</ref>
This does not exclude persons who are given "certain latitude or margin for initiative".<ref>
{{supra1|Perreault}}{{atps|575-576}}br>
{{supra1|RJG}}{{atL|1cm09|46}}<br>
</ref>

; Influence
Influence includes any action exercised over a person with a view to aiding, abetting, or compelling that person to act in a certain manner.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Ng|1rvs6|2007 BCPC 204 (CanLII)}}{{perBCPC|MacLean J}}<br>
{{supra1|Perreault}}{{atp|575-576}} ("Any action exercised over a person with a view to aiding, abetting or compelling that person to engage in or carry on prostitution would be considered influence")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Rodney|5r73|1999 ABPC 12 (CanLII)|241 AR 318}}{{perABPC|Fradsham J}}<br>
</ref>
It requires a "ability through position or power to bring about a particular result or effect".<ref>
{{ibid1|Rodney}}{{atL|5r73|34}}<br>
</ref>

"Influence" includes less restrictive actions from "direction" or "control".<ref>
{{supra1|Perreault}}{{atp|575-576}}<br>
</ref>

Influence will be made out where the accused uses physical, psychological, sexual, or material means to give a reasonable person the impression that non-compliance will put their safety in danger.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Urizar|fvph8|2013 QCCA 46 (CanLII)|99 CR (6th) 370}}{{TheCourtQCCA}}
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}

===Exploitation===
Language defining exploitation comes from the definition of [[Criminal Harassment (Offence)]].

{{quotation2|
; Exploitation
279.04 (1) For the purposes of sections 279.01 to 279.03 {{AnnSec2|279.01 to 279.03}}, a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide, labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or service.
<br>
; Factors
(2) In determining whether an accused exploits another person under subsection (1) {{AnnSec2|279.04(1)}}, the Court may consider, among other factors, whether the accused
:(a) used or threatened to use force or another form of coercion;
:(b) used deception; or
:(c) abused a position of trust, power or authority.

; Organ or tissue removal
(3) For the purposes of sections 279.01 to 279.03 {{AnnSec2|279.01 to 279.03}}, a person exploits another person if they cause them, by means of deception or the use or threat of force or of any other form of coercion, to have an organ or tissue removed.
<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 43}}, s. 3; {{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 15}}, s. 2.
|[{{CCCSec|279.04}} CCC]
|{{NoteUp|279.04|1|2|3}}
}}

Section 279.04 was amended on June 28, 2012 in order to clarify the factors for determining whether there is exploitation, and to include the factor of emotional and psychological harm.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Moazami|g90fx|2014 BCSC 1727 (CanLII)}}{{perBCSC|Bruce J}}{{atL|g90fx|375}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|Stone and Beford|fvv7l|2013 ONSC 653 (CanLII)|276 CRR (2d) 26}}{{perONSC|Miller J}}{{atL|fvv7l|18}}<br>
</ref>

; Threatened Safety
"Safety" can include physical, mental, psychological, or emotional safety.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ryback|1f0qj|1996 CanLII 1833 (BCCA)|105 CCC (3d) 240}}{{perBCCA|Finch JA}}{{atL|1f0qj|37}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Sillipp|1nnxd|1995 CanLII 5591 (AB QB)|99 CCC (3d) 394}}{{perABQB|Murray J}} - context of criminal harassment <br>
{{CanLIIRx|Goodwin|1dzq7|1997 CanLII 3717 (BCCA)}}{{perBCCA|Donald J}}{{atL|1dzq7|17}}<br>
</ref>

; "Reasonable belief"
A reasonable belief "requires an objective foundation, based on a reasonable person's view".<ref>
{{supra1|Sillipp}}</ref>
Age, gender and personal circumstances are also taken into account.<ref>
{{supra1|Sillipp}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Material Benefit===

The term "financial or other material benefit" is also found in s. 467.1 of the Code concerning "criminal organizations".

Whether something is of material benefit will "depend on the facts of the particular case".<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lindsay|1gmgq|2004 CanLII 16094 (ONSC)|182 CCC (3d) 301}}{{perONSC|Fuerst J}}
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

===Evidence===
{{Section278.2Offences|s. 279.01, 279.011, 279.02, or 279.03}}

{{reflist|2}}

===Jurisdiction===
Section 7(4.11) provides jurisdiction to Canadian Courts for offences of human trafficking that occur outside of Canada by persons who are citizens or permanent residents of Canada.<ref>
See [[Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction of the Courts#Human Trafficking]]
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Misc Definitions===
"Victim" is defined in [[Criminal Code and Related Definitions|s. 2]].

Section 118 of the [http://canlii.ca/t/526n1 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27] has a similar scope as human trafficking.

Trafficking in Persons (s. 279.01) and Trafficking in Persons (s. 279.011) under the Age of 18 are both [[Wiretaps|wiretap eligible offences under s. 184]].

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Complainant Privacy Rights in Sexual Offences
{{CPR-SexOffences}}
The application of these rights depends on the facts of the case. It must be an offence that "has some connection" to one or more of the s. 276 enumerated offences.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Barton|j0fqj|2019 SCC 33 (CanLII)}}{{perSCC|Moldaver J}}{{atL|j0fqj|76}} ("I am of the view that the s. 276 regime applies to any proceeding in which an offence listed in s. 276(1) has some connection to the offence charged, even if no listed offence was particularized in the charging document. ")
</ref>

It can apply to human trafficking cases in some circumstances.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRx|MD|j56d2|2020 ONSC 951 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Dennison J}}<br>
contra. {{CanLIIRP|Williams|j6mbt|2020 ONSC 206 (CanLII)|64 CR (7th) 226}}{{perONSC|Stribopoulos J}}<br> 
contra. {{CanLIIRx|Williams|jb5br|2020 ONSC 6347 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Stribopoulos J}}
</ref>

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt 
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS --> 
|s. 279.01(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(a)}},<br>s. 279.01(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(b)}},<br>s. 279.011(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(a)}},<br>s. 279.011(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(b)}},<br>s. 279.02(2) {{DescrSec|279.02(2)}},<br>s. 279.03(2) {{DescrSec|279.03(2)}} || || || 
|- 
|s. 279.02(1) {{DescrSec|279.02(1)}},<br>s. 279.03(1) {{DescrSec|279.03(1)}} || || ||
{{VictimEnd}}

{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 279.01 and 279.011}} 

{{606Notice5Y|s. 279.02 and 279.03}}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader‎}}

{{SProfileMax|s. 279.03(1) {{DescrSec|279.03(1)}}|{{NA}} |{{Max5Years}}}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 279.02(1) {{DescrSec|279.02(1)}} and<br>s. 279.03(2) {{DescrSec|279.03(2)}} | {{NA}} |{{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 279.01(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(b)}},<br>s. 279.011(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(b)}}, and <br>s. 279.02(2) {{DescrSec|279.02(2)}}| {{NA}} |{{Max14Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 279.01(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(a)}} and<br>s. 279.011(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(a)}}| {{NA}} |{{MaxLife}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 279.01(1)(a) and (b), 279.011(1)(a) and (b), 279.02(1) and (2), 279.03(1) and (2)|'''5 years '''under s. 279.03(1), '''10 years''' under s. 279.02(1) and 279.03(2), '''14 years''' under s. 279.01(1)(b), 279.02(2), and 279.011(1)(b), or '''life''' under s. 279.01(1)(a) and 279.011(1)(a)}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{SProfileMinHeader}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 279.01(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(a)}} | {{NA}} | {{Min5Years}} | Same}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 279.01(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.01(1)(b)}} | {{NA}} | {{Min4Years}} | Same}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 279.011(1)(a) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(a)}} | {{NA}} | {{Min6Years}} | Same}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 279.011(1)(b) {{DescrSec|279.011(1)(b)}} | {{NA}} | {{Min5Years}} | Same}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 279.02(2) {{DescrSec|279.02(2)}} | {{NA}} | {{Min2Years}} | Same}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 279.03(2) {{DescrSec|279.03(2)}} | {{NA}} | {{Min1Year}} | Same}}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MinPenalty|{{Min1Year}} under s. 279.03(2), {{Min2Years}} under s. 279.02(2), {{Min4Years}} under s. 279.01(1)(a), {{Min5Years}} under s. 279.01(1)(a) and 279.011(1)(b), or {{Min6Years}} under s. 279.011(1)(a)}}

For offences under s. 279.03(2) the minimum is 1 year, under s. 279.02(2) the minimum is 2 years, under s. 279.01(1)(a) the minimum is 4 years, under s. 279.01(1)(a) and 279.011(1)(b) the minimum is 5 years, or under s. 279.011(1)(a) the minimum is six years.

{{NoMinimumPenalties1|s. 279.02(1) and 279.03(1)}}

; Available Dispositions

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|s. 279.02(1) and 279.03(1) || {{Summary}} || {{SProfileAll}}
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|s. 279.01(1)(a) or (b), 279.011(1)(a) or (b), 279.02(2), and 279.03(2) || {{NA}} || {{SProfileOnlyJail}}
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{{AllDispositionsAvailable1(S)|s. 279.02(1) and 279.03(1)}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|F|279.02}}

{{OnlyJailAvailable|s. 279.01(1)(a) or (b), 279.011(1)(a) or (b), 279.02(2), and 279.03(2)}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

; Constitutionality
There is some authority that the mandatory minimum sentence of 5 years in relation to trafficking a person under the age of 18 is cruel and unusual punishment contrary to s. 12 of the Charter.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Finestone|gxfw5|2017 ONCJ 22 (CanLII)|375 CRR (2d) 311}}{{perONCJ|Greene J}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Principles===
The offence of trafficking in persons includes all forms of exploitative labour. Most typically it involves prostitution, child prostitution, and temporary foreign workers.

Where the victim has been held "as a virtual slave" or in humiliating and degrading conditions will be aggravating to sentence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Orr|ggg79|2013 BCSC 1883 (CanLII)|[2013] BCJ No. 2257}}{{perBCSC|Goepel J}} - crown failed to establish BARD of this aggravating factor for human trafficking offence under IRPA
</ref>

; Underage Victims
Capitalizing on the sexual services of children "is no less reprehensible than other forms of serious child abuse".<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Tang|2dfjd|1997 ABCA 174 (CanLII)|[1997] AJ No 460}}{{TheCourtABCA}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRx|Duguay|223k9|2009 ONCA 23 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}} citing Tang<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Trafficking in Persons}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}

{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]] |s. 279.01, 279.011, 279.02, or 279.03(1) |
* {{PrimDNA1|s. 279.011 [trafficking persons under 18], 279.02(2) [benefits of trafficking persons under 18], and 279.03(2) [withholding/destroying documents of trafficking persons under 18]}}
* {{PrimDNA2|s. 279.01, 279.02(1) and 279.03(1)}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[SOIRA Orders]] |s. 279.01, 279.011, 279.02(1), (2), 279.03(1), (2)|
* {{SOIRA1|C|s. 279.011}}
* {{SOIRA1|B|s. 279.02(2) or 279.03(2)}}
* {{SOIRA2|C|s. 279.01}}
* {{SOIRA2|B|s. 279.02(1) or 279.03(1)}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Weapons Prohibition Orders]] |s. 279.01(1)(a) and (b), 279.011(1)(a) or (b), 279.02 |
* mandatory under s. 109 for convictions under s. 279.01(1)(a) and (b), 279.011(1)(a) and (b)
* {{Section110|s. 279.02}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Section 161 Orders]] |s. 279.011, 279.02(2) or 279.03(2)|
* if convicted under s. 279.011, 279.02(2) or 279.03(2), all relating to trafficking of persons under the age of 18, there is a ''discretionary'' order }}

{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons==
; Victim Under 18
{{NoRecordSuspension|s. 279.011 [trafficking — person under 18 years], 279.02(2) [material benefit — trafficking of person under 18 years], and 279.03(2) [withholding or destroying documents — trafficking of person under 18 years]}}

; Victim 18 Years or Older
{{RecordSuspension|s. 279.01, 279.02(1), and 279.03(1)}}

==History==
{{seealso|List of Criminal Code Amendments|Table of Concordance (Criminal Code)}}

* [[History of Trafficking in Persons]]

==See Also==
; Related Offences
* [[Abduction of a Young Person (Offence)]]
* [[Kidnapping and Unlawful Confinement (Offence)]]
* [[Procuring and Living on the Avails of Prostitution (Repealed Offence)]]
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Violence}}
{{OffencesNavBar/Sexual}}