View source for Established Areas of Informational Privacy


{{Currency|July 2023}}
{{HeaderSearch}}
==General Principles==
{{seealso|Established Areas of Privacy|Reasonable Expectation of Privacy}}

===Business Records===
Business records found in the accused's place of business will be protected.<ref>
E.g. {{CanLIIRPC|Hunter v Southam|1mgc1|1984 CanLII 33 (SCC)|[1984] 2 SCR 145}}{{perSCC|Dickson CJ}}
</ref>

Telephone records detailing contact between various persons has a reduced expectation of privacy, in comparison to personal medical records<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|M(B)|1nptj|1998 CanLII 13326 (ON CA)| OR (3d) 1}}{{perONCA|Rosenberg JA}}{{atL|1nptj|62}}<br>
See also, {{CanLIIRP|Hutchings|1f07v|1996 CanLII 703 |}}{{perBCCA|McEachern JA}}{{atL|1f07v|25}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Mahmood|fnr5s|2011 ONCA 693 (CanLII)|282 CCC (3d) 314}}{{perONCA|Watt JA}}{{atL|fnr5s|98}}</ref>

Several lines of cases have developed on the issue of whether there is a reasonable expectation of privacy in subscriber information associated with business accounts, in particular IP addresses.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Graff|gjrhf|2015 ABQB 415 (CanLII)|337 CRR (2d) 77}}{{perABQB|Neilsen J}} - No REP on IP when it doe not divulge personal information<br>
</ref>Generally, they have sided on there not being privacy rights in "tombstone" information of a person since it is freely available to the public.<ref>
No REP:
{{CanLIIRP|Ward|ft0ft|2012 ONCA 660 (CanLII)|97 CR (6th) 377}}{{perONCA|Doherty JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Thomas|fx63f|2013 ABQB 223 (CanLII)}}{{perABQB|Jerke J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Caza|fqzgm|2012 BCSC 525 (CanLII)|BCJ No 725}}{{perBCSC|Powers J}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Friers|, [2008] OJ No 5646 (Ct. Jus.)}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Verge|, [2009] OJ No 6300 (Ct. Jus.)}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Vasic|23jrk|2009 CanLII 23884 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|Thorburn J}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Wilson|, [2009] OJ No 1067 (Sup. Ct.)}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Spencer|2d2hl|2009 SKQB 341 (CanLII)|[2009] S.J. No 798 (Q.B.)}}{{perSKQB|Foley J}} appealed to [http://canlii.ca/t/g7dzn 2014 SCC 43] (CanLII){{perSCC|Cromwell J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|McNeice|2d5dp|2010 BCSC 1544 (CanLII)|BCJ No 2131}}{{perBCSC|Meiklem J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Brousseau|2fcf5|2010 ONSC 6753 (CanLII)|264 CCC (3d) 562}}{{perONSC|Croll J}} <br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ballendine|fl8xf|2011 BCCA 221 (CanLII)|271 CCC (3d) 418}}{{perBCCA|Frankel JA}} <br>
Yes, REP:<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Trapp|fp3n3|2011 SKCA 143 (CanLII)|377 Sask R 246}}{{perSKCA|Cameron JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Cuttell|25z7h|2009 ONCJ 471 (CanLII)|247 CCC (3d) 424}}{{perONCJ|Pringle J}}<br>
</ref>
In certain cases, this will turn on the service contract. Where a contract is not in evidence, a court is more likely to find in favour of there being a expectation of privacy.<ref>
e.g. in {{ibid1|Cuttell}}{{atL|25z7h|57}}</ref>

Whether a person has a bank account with a particular bank does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy because that information does not reveal any core biographical information.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Quinn|1nc1t|2006 BCCA 255 (CanLII)|209 CCC (3d) 278}}{{perBCCA|Thackray J}} - police were allowed to speak to bank to find out if the accused had an account there and used that information for a search warrant.</ref>

; Employment Records
Employment records generally are considered private and confidential, containing personal information about an individual's "employment terms and conditions, performance evaluations, salary and benefits paid or payable, seniority standing, discipline, commendations or reprimands, all of which directly impact the individual’s identity or self worth."<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Musselwhite|1jpv9|2004 BCPC 443 (CanLII)}}{{perBCPC|Dhillon J}}{{atL|1jpv9|63}}<br>
</ref>

; Records Produced in Ordinary Course of Business
Those records produced during the ordinary course of business of regulated activities will have a diminished expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Jarvis|50d7|2002 SCC 73 (CanLII)|[2002] 3 SCR 757}}{{perSCC|Iacobucci and Major JJ}}{{atL|50d7|72}}<br>
e.g. {{CanLIIRPC|Thomson newspapers ltd. v Canada (Director of investigation and research, restrictive trade practices commission)|1fsz8|1990 CanLII 135 (SCC)|[1990] 1 SCR 425}}{{perSCC|La Forest J}}{{atp|507}}<br>
</ref>

; Documents Seized During a Regulatory Inspection
Documents seized during a regulatory inspection are ''not'' subject to a REP.<ref>
{{ibid1|Thomson newspapers ltd}}
</ref>

; Utility Records
Utility records specifically have been found not to hold a high degree of expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Tran|1r695|2007 ABPC 90 (CanLII)|416 AR 109}}{{perABPC|Van de Veen J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Cheung|1rg07|2007 SKCA 51 (CanLII)|219 CCC (3d) 414 }}{{TheCourtSKCA}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Service Providers===

An account holder with an internet service provider has an expectation of privacy over the Customer Name and Address (CNA) records that are associated with an assigned IP address.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Spencer|g7dzn|2014 SCC 43 (CanLII)|[2014] 2 SCR 212}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}{{atL|g7dzn|47}}<br>
</ref>

There is no expectation of privacy with the CNA records associated with a telephone or cellphone number.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Khan|gj7rj|2014 ONSC 5664 (CanLII)|OJ No 6488}}{{perONSC|Code J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|TELUS Communications Company|gjlbq|2015 ONSC 3964 (CanLII)|122 WCB (2d) 281}}{{perONSC-H|Nordheimer J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Lattif|ggmfc|2015 ONSC 1580 (CanLII)|331 CRR (2d) 72}}{{perONSC|Nordheimer J}} <br>
cf. {{CanLIIRxC|Re Subscriber Information|gkldk|2015 ABPC 178 (CanLII)}}{{perABPC|Henderson J}} - asks whether this applies only to non-internet accessible phones
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

===Personal Communications===
Generally, the private conversations, including private telephone calls, are protected by a REP.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Duarte|1fszz|1990 CanLII 150 (SCC)|[1990] 1 SCR 30}}{{perSCC|La Forest J}} - face-to-face conversations<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Shayesteh|6j4c|1996 CanLII 882 (ON CA)| OR (3d) 161}}{{perONCA|Charron JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Deacon|24nv4|2008 CanLII 78109 (ON SC)|[2008] OJ No 5756}}{{perONSC|Trafford J}}<br>
</ref>  However, there exist communications that are not protected.<ref>
e.g. see {{CanLIIRx|Moldovan|26bff|2009 CanLII 58062 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|R Clark J}}{{atL|26bff|43}}<br>
{{supra1|Duarte}}{{atL|1fszz|28}}<br>
</ref>

The court may look at the contents of the communications to determine whether there is a subjective and objective expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Marakah|hp63v|2017 SCC 59 (CanLII)|[2017] 2 SCR 608}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}} <br>
{{supra1|Moldovan}}{{atL|26bff|44}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|McIsaac|1k8bl|2005 BCSC 385 (CanLII)|[2005] BCJ No 946 (SC)}}{{perBCSC|Parrett J}}{{atL|1k8bl|67}} - re wiretaps on jail phone calls<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bartkowski|1l2wp|2004 BCSC 44 (CanLII)|[2004] BCJ No 2950 (SC)}}{{perBCSC|Macaulay J}} - re wiretaps phone calls<br>
</ref>

; Subject matter of Intrusion
In a communication by electronic means, the subject of the intrusion is ''not'' the device but rather the "conversation."<ref>
{{supra1|Marakah}}<br>
</ref>

The fact that the sender of a message in an the electronic conversation knows that there is as risk that the recipient may disclose the conversation is not the same as understanding of a risk that the state may intrude on the conversation.<ref>
{{ibid1|Marakah}}<br>
</ref>

; Control
Control as a factor in analysis of REP must be considered in relation to the subject matter of the search, which is, when talking about online communications is the "electronic conversation."<ref>
{{ibid1|Marakah}}<br>
</ref>

Control over the electronic conversation is only one factor in the analysis of expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{ibid1|Marakah}}<br>
</ref>

; Awareness of lack of privacy
Where the conversation makes many references the lack of confidence in the privacy of the conversation may be sufficient to eliminate subjective expectations of privacy.<ref>
e.g. {{supra1|Moldovan}} - many statements such as "Listen, man, we shouldn’t talk about it on the phone." <br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Social Media and Text Messages===
Telephone calls by accused in custody, often where there are signs indicating that the conversation is not private, will reduce or eliminate any subjective expectation of privacy.<ref>
e.g. see {{CanLIIRP|McIsaac|1k8bl|2005 BCSC 385 (CanLII)|[2005] BCJ No 946 (SC)}}{{perBCSC|Parrett J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bartkowski|1l2wp|2004 BCSC 44 (CanLII)|[2004] BCJ No 2950 (SC)}}{{perBCSC|Macaulay J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ballantyne|234bf|2008 BCSC 1566 (CanLII)|BCJ No 2691}}{{perBCSC|Chamberlist J}}<br>
</ref>

The text messages of the accused, present on a third-party's phone, may be subject to a reasonable expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Marakah|hp63v|2017 SCC 59 (CanLII)|[2017] 2 SCR 608}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Pelucco|gkrd1|2015 BCCA 370 (CanLII)|327 CCC (3d) 151}}{{perBCCA|Groberman JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Craig|gpbj5|2016 BCCA 154 (CanLII)|335 CCC (3d) 28}}{{perBCCA| Bennett JA}}<br>
cf. {{CanLIIRP|Lowrey|gs1vr|2016 ABPC 131 (CanLII)|357 CRR (2d) 76}}{{perABPC| Rosborough J}} - police access Facebook account of luring victim and seize text messages between victim and accused<br>
</ref>

; Protections Upon "Electronic Conversations"
The protection of the "electronic conversation" includes "existence of the conversation, the identities of the participants, the information shared, and any inferences about associations and activities that can be drawn from that information."<ref>
{{supra1|Marakah}}{{atL|hp63v|20}}<br>
</ref>

An electronic communication by Facebook messenger between romantic partners may or may not require a warrant, depending on the circumstances. Where the texts Between the complainant and accused corroborate the allegations made by the complainant, there a suggestion that there is no expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|WM|j3hqz|2019 ONSC 6535 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Davies J}}
</ref>

Depending on the "totality of circumstances", the sender of text messages that have been received by the recipient may still be able to retain privacy rights over  the content of the messages.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Marakah|hp63v|2017 SCC 59 (CanLII)|[2017] 2 SCR 608}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}{{atL|hp63v|4}} ("...depending on the totality of the circumstances, text messages that have been sent and received may in some cases be protected under s. 8 and that [the sender] had standing to argue that the text messages at issue enjoy s. 8 protection.")<br>
</ref>
This, however, does not mean that a sender ''always'' has an expectation of privacy, it will depend on the case-by-case analysis under ''Edwards''.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Vickerson|hq2r1|2018 BCCA 39 (CanLII)|358 CCC (3d) 441}}{{perBCCA|Bennett JA}}{{atL|hq2r1|54}}<br>
</ref>

The existence of a REP will be case-specific. It will include consideration of the "nature of the communication."<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|MS|j2l5s|2019 ONCJ 670 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Chapman J}}{{AtL|j2l5s|68}}
</ref>

Loss of control over the communication is not determinative of the issue.<Ref>
{{supra1|Marakah}}
</ref>

; Undercover Online Police 
It seem communications with undercover police officers online would ''not'' engage a privacy protection.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Graff|gjrhf|2015 ABQB 415 (CanLII)|337 CRR (2d) 77}}{{perABQB|Neilsen J}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Kwok|, [2008] OJ No 2414}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Caza|fqzgm|2012 BCSC 525 (CanLII)|BCJ No 725}}{{perBCSC|Powers J}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Ghotra|, [20015] OJ No 7253 (ONSC) }}{{perONSC|Durno J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Vader|gs1dj|2016 ABQB 309 (CanLII)}}{{perABQB|Thomas J}} - cell phone text messages obtained from ISP by production order after they have been sent<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Mills|gxfxd|2017 NLCA 12 (CanLII)|NJ No 55}}{{perNLCA|Welsh JA}} leave to appeal to SCC granted - involved active screen capture by the police officer<br>
</ref>

; Facebook
An open facebook profile containing broadcast communications are not protected by a reasonable expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Patterson|ht1l4|2018 ONSC 4187 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Bawden J}}{{atsL|ht1l4|6|, 8}}, {{atsL-np|ht1l4|21| and 33}}<br>
</ref> 

{{reflist|2}}

===Names and Addresses===
The address and name of person with signing authority are not subject to a reasonable expectation of privacy and are obtainable without warrant.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|PDC|jdk5w|2021 ONCA 134 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Rouleau JA}}
</ref>

The name and phone number held by a motel is not protected by privacy.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRT|Neumann||2023 ABCA 200 (CanLII)}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Other Private Communications===
The communications between a patient and a paramedic in an ambulance that is overheard by a police officer--present with the consent of the paramedic--is an intrusion upon privacy where the patient is not aware of the presence of police.<Ref>
{{CanLIIR|SS|jvt4t|2023 ONCA 130 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Paciocco JA}}<Br>
compare {{CanLIIRP|LaChappelle|1t0t6|2007 ONCA 655 (CanLII)|226 CCC (3d) 518}}{{perONCA|Rosenberg JA}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Electronic Devices==
Data found on electronic devices are generally protected by "informational privacy". However, the analysis often makes use of the metaphors with territorial privacy.<ref>
e.g. {{CanLIIRP|Marakah|hp63v|2017 SCC 59 (CanLII)|[2017] 2 SCR 608}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}{{atsL|hp63v|25| to 30}}<br>
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
===Computers===
; Generally
Any electronic device (computer, cell phone, etc) will contain information detailing a persons life that can be "deeply personal". Personal information can be found in:
<ref>
see discussion in {{CanLIIRP|Polius|24ntc|2009 CanLII 37923 (ON SC)|[2009] OJ No 3074 (Sup. Ct.)}}{{perONSC|Trafford J}}</ref>
* Contact Information (detailing names, addresses, phone numbers, e-mail addresses and similar information);
* Internet Browsing (history of websites, log-in information, passwords, form data);
* Calendars;
* Photographs and videos;
* Messages (emails, texts, voicemails);
* Phone Call Logs (dialled/received/missed calls, caller identification);

A lack of exclusive control over the control over contents of the information is not a sole basis for finding a lack of expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{supra1|Cole}}{{atL|ft969|54}}</ref>

; Home and Personal Computers
Home and personal computers are imbued with a high degree of privacy due to the frequency that it contains intimate correspondence, financial, medical, or personal information. In addition to our personal interests and tastes.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Morelli|28mrg|2010 SCC 8 (CanLII)|[2010] 1 SCR 253}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}{{atL|28mrg|105}}</ref>
According to the Morelli court, the level of privacy does not get much higher.<ref>
{{ibid1|Morelli}}{{atL|28mrg|2}}: (“It is difficult to imagine a search more intrusive, extensive, or invasive of one's privacy than the search and seizure of a personal computer.”</ref>

The high expectation exists not only due to amount of intimate personal information is stored on the devices but also because of its high capacity to store data, the existence of a significant amount of information that the user is unaware of, such as metadata and tracking history, it also stores data after its deletion and may provide access to sources outside of the device.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Vu|g1r8p|2013 SCC 60 (CanLII)|[2013] 3 SCR 657}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}{{atsL|g1r8p|42|, 43}}<br>
</ref>

Generally, all personal electronic devices similar to home computers have a high level of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Choudry|, [2009] OJ No 84 (ONSC)}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Little|2509x|2009 CanLII 41212 (ON SC)|OJ No 3278}}{{perONSC|Fuerst J}}<br>
{{supra1|Polius}}<br>
</ref>

It is suggested that the degree of privacy is lessened where a personal computer has been brought to a repair shop.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Graham|27gk6|2010 ONSC 119 (CanLII)|[2010] OJ No 146 (Sup. Ct.)}}{{perONSC|Desotti J}}: ( Defence argued a high degree of privacy in the computer at the repair shop, the judge said "I agree that in other factual situations that a court may have to consider, those other concerns [of Defence] might have a more prominent place.  I do not have those facts before me.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Winchester|27qm8|2010 ONSC 652 (CanLII)|[2010] OJ No 281 (Sup. Ct.)}}{{perONSC|Valin J}}{{atL|27qm8|36}}: (“while I am not prepared to find that the applicant had no expectation of privacy in the contents of the computer when he left it at the store, I do find that this expectation was significantly reduced.”)</ref>
In some cases, there is no expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Piette|2cr9x|2009 QCCQ 14499 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCQ|Bonin J}} a computer repairman makes copy of child abuse images found on computer onto a CD and gives it to police. The court found no REP on CD so no need for warrant<br>
</ref>

An accused loses their reasonable expectation of privacy to a household computer once they move out.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Pommer|1x6ms|2008 BCSC 423 (CanLII)| CR (6th) 319, 2008 CarswellBC 1181}}{{perBCSC|D Smith J}}</ref>

The search of a computer cannot always be precise. An investigating officer looking for a particular piece of evidence may need to diverge into several areas of the hard drive in the same way as a person searching a house would look into a number of draws of a bedroom before finding evidence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Stemberger|fpqjb|2012 ONCJ 31 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Borenstein J}}{{atsL|fpqjb|99|, 110}}</ref>

A computer seized as under plain view under s. 489 during the execution of a general residential search warrant is permissible. However, the search of its contents may require a warrant.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Little|2509x|2009 CanLII 41212 (ON SC)|OJ No 3278}}{{perONSC|Fuerst J}}
</ref>

It has been suggested that a search of a memory stick has a REP and so requires a search warrant.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Tuduce|g836g|2014 ONCA 547 (CanLII)|314 CCC (3d) 429}}{{perONSC|Gillese JA}}</ref>

; School and Workplace Computers
Workplace computers are considered to have limited expectation of privacy. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Cole|23bps|2009 CanLII 20699 (Sup. Ct.)|190 CRR (2d) 130}}{{perONSC|Kane J}} rev'd [http://canlii.ca/t/fkmxr 2011 ONCA 0218] aff'd [http://canlii.ca/t/ft969 2012 SCC 53] (CanLII){{perSCC-H|Fish J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ritter|1nvxf|2006 ABPC 162 (CanLII)| AR 249 (Prov. Ct.)}}{{perABPC|Fraser J}}<br>
</ref>
This will turn on the employer's privacy policy on whether the employees can keep personal things on work computers.<ref>
{{supra1|Cole}}</ref>

The deleted internet browsing history of a school computer will still have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Deleted files represents an intent to keep potential private information hidden. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|McNeice|fwd7w|2013 BCCA 98 (CanLII)|335 BCAC 35}}{{perBCCA|Finch JA}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Online Data===
; Online Information
Activities online, even when in a public internet forum under a pseudonym, will retain a degree of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ward|ft0ft|2012 ONCA 660 (CanLII)|97 CR (6th) 377}}{{perONCA|Doherty JA}}{{atsL|ft0ft|71|, 74}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Spencer|g7dzn|2014 SCC 43 (CanLII)|[2014] 2 SCR 212}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Peer-to-Peer Software===
Software installed on a computer that enables other persons on a network to access information and files on a computer, such as Peer-to-Peer software, is relevant to the courts usually in a child pornography cases.

US Courts have concluded that files found on a computer that are accessible and transferable over a peer-to-peer do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy due to the intention of the user.<ref>
US v Ganoe, 538 F.3d 1117 (2008) ("although as a general matter an individual has an objectively reasonable expectation of privacy in his personal computer…we fail to see how this expectation can survive Ganoe’s decision to install and use file-sharing software, thereby opening his computer to anyone one else with the same freely available program.")<br>
''State v Mahan'', 2011 WL 4600044: the police internet investigation program "simply automated the ability to search information that had been placed in the public domain")<br>
US v Sawyer, 786 F. Supp. 2d 1352 (2011) suggested that once access is given to a “friend” the owner is giving up their right to privacy over those shareable files, simply because the police are not identifying themselves does not change things
</ref>

A shared directory in a peer-to-peer network has a lower expectation of privacy than a home.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Caza|fqzgm|2012 BCSC 525 (CanLII)|BCJ No 725}}{{perBCSC|Powers J}}<br>
</ref> 
The search of shared files on peer-to-peer network does not engage s. 8 of the Charter.<ref>
{{ibid1|Caza}}{{atsL|fqzgm|90| to 97}}, {{atsL-np|fqzgm|113|}}</ref>
Equally, the text messages shared between users of the Gigatribe community are not protected either.<ref>
{{ibid1|Caza}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Contents of Cell Phones===
There is a division in the case law on the level of privacy there is for cell phones.

All cellphones, regardless of their capacity, is said to have a high expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Fearon|gflcd|2014 SCC 77 (CanLII)|[2014] 3 SCR 621}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}<br>
see also {{CanLIIRx|Sheck|fqcl3|2012 BCPC 39 (CanLII)}}{{perBCPC|Bahen J}}{{atL|fqcl3|17}} (It is like "an archive of social, family and business activities")</ref>

There should  be no distinction between cell phones and computers given the sophistication of phones.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Vu|g1r8p|2013 SCC 60 (CanLII)|[2013] 3 SCR 657}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}{{atL|g1r8p|38}}
</ref>

Where an accused suggests that he "found" a cell phone in his possession he ''cannot'' assert s. 8 Charter rights.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hebrada-Walters|fwj90|2013 SKCA 24 (CanLII)|409 Sask R 229}}{{perSKCA|Ottenbreit JA}}{{atsL|fwj90|35| to 38}}<br>
</ref>

The contents of a cell phone protected by s. 8, includes any information visible on the face of the locked screen after any button is pressed.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Millett|gwr7l|2017 ABQB 9 (CanLII)|AJ No 5}}{{perABQB|Viet J}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Closed Circuit Television ===
CCTV cameras recording public places outside do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lebeau|1vvh8|1998 CanLII 14635 (ON SC)|41 CCC (3d) 163, [1998] OJ No 51 (C. A.)}}{{perONSC|Ferrier J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Shortreed|g9c0x|1990 CanLII 10962 (ON CA)|54 CCC (3d) 292, [1990] OJ No 145 (CA)}}{{perONCA|LaCourciere JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRPC|Brown v Durham Regional Police|1vvh8|1998 CanLII 7198 (ON CA)|43 OR (3d) 223, [1998] OJ No 5274 (CA)}}{{perONSC|Ferrier J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Elzin|1pcbq|1993 CanLII 3860 (QC CA)|82 CCC (3d) 455}}{{perQCCA|Chevalier J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bryntwick|1cnm0|2002 CanLII 10941 (ON SC)|[2002] OJ No 3618 (SCJ)}}{{perONSC|Dunn J}}<br>
</ref>

Cameras found in common areas and hallways of apartment buildings are not protected by an expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Zekarias|htkjz|2018 ONSC 4752 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|MF Brown J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Law|h5p8f|2017 BCSC 1241 (CanLII)}}{{perBCSC|Law J}}{{atL|h5p8f|94}}
</ref>

CCTV footage from a commercial grocery store is not protected by an expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Merritt|hpwz3|2017 ONSC 366 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|F Dawson J}}{{AtL|hpwz3|115}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Vehicle Data Recorders===
There is some division on whether there is a warrant needed to examine the data recorders that exist within vehicles.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hamilton|g352z|2014 ONSC 447 (CanLII)|65 MVR (6th) 239}}{{perONSC|MacDougall J}} - warrant required<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Glenfield|ggnd9|2015 ONSC 1304 (CanLII)|321 CCC (3d) 483}}{{perONSC|Hambly J}} - warrant required<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Fedan|gn22f|2016 BCCA 26 (CanLII)|89 MVR (6th) 188}}{{perBCCA|D Smith J}}, leave to SCC dismissed - warrant not required<br>
</ref>

It has been suggested that a lawful seizure of a vehicle under s. 489(2) is sufficient to extinguish any subjective expectation of privacy over the contents the vehicle including on-board data.<ref>
{{ibid1|Fedan}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Other Electronics devices===

A building fob containing logs entry and exit of holder does not have an expectation of privacy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Law|h5p8f|2017 BCSC 1241 (CanLII)}}{{atL|h5p8f|94}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}