View source for Witness Screen and Closed-Circuit Video Testimony

{{Currency|January 2020}}
{{LevelZero}}
{{HeaderTestimonialAids}}
==General Principles==
{{seealso|Support Person Assisted Testimony|Statutory Hearsay Exception for Victims, Children and Disabled}}
Section 650 requires that the accused be present for all evidence heard in a trial. An exception can be made under s. 486.2 for evidence to be given where the accused does not have direct contact with the witness due to separation by a screen or closed-circuit television.

On application by a prosecutor or witness, the judge may order that their testimony be heard either behind a screen or from a different room so that the witness cannot see the accused.

; Purpose of s. 486.2
The purpose of the section is to "[enable] the young complainant to be able to recount the evidence, fully and candidly, in a more appropriate setting, given the circumstances, while facilitating the elicitation of the truth."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Levogiannis|g170c|1990 CanLII 6873 (ON CA)|62 CCC (3d) 59}}{{perONCA|Morden ACJ}}{{atps|291 to 292}}<br>
</ref>

; Concurrent Statutory and Inherent Jurisdiction
There is also a free-standing inherent jurisdiction in the superior court to permit the use of screens where there are concerns for the witnesses safety.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Letourneau|1dcgb|1994 CanLII 445 (BCCA)|87 CCC (3d) 481}}{{perBCCA|Cumming JA}}{{atps|517 to 521}}</ref>

; Impermissible Adverse Inferences
The court may not make any adverse inferences from whether or not an order for a screen or video link is made.<ref>
486.2<br>
{{removed|(1), (2), (2.1) and (3)}}
(4) No adverse inference may be drawn from the fact that an order is, or is not, made under this section.
</ref>

Anytime that a screen or video is used in a jury trial, the judge must give instructions to the jury that no negative inference should be drawn from its use.<ref>
{{supra1|Letourneau}}<br>
{{supra1|Levogiannis}}</ref>

; Onus and Standard of Proof
Under the new version of 486.2, the Crown no longer needs to adduce any evidence before it is entitled to use an aid. There is an automatic presumption that it can be used once the Crown asks for it.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Wight|fn1n8|2011 ONCJ 414 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Lalande J}}{{atL|fn1n8|21}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Etzel|gdswk|2014 YKSC 50 (CanLII)}}{{perYKSC|Gower J}}{{atL|gdswk|15}}<br>
</ref>
There is no onus on the respondent of an application to establish that the aid would interfere with the administration of justice.<ref>
{{supra1|GAP}}<br>
{{supra1|NHP}}{{atL|2frnj|16}}<br>
</ref>

; Reason to Refuse Aid
The Court "can only refuse to make an order if it is satisfied the order would interfere with the proper administration of justice."<ref>
{{supra1|NHP}}{{atL|2frnj|17}}<br>
{{supra1|GAP}}<br>
</ref>

; Form of the Accommodation
There is some debate in the case law on who is to determine the type of accommodation to be ordered. Some say that it is the applicant who chooses unless the chosen form would interfere with the proper administration of justice."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|SBT|1x4r1|2008 BCSC 711 (CanLII)|232 CCC (3d) 115}}{{perBCSC|Smart J}}{{atsL|1x4r1|41| to 42}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Etzel|gdswk|2014 YKSC 50 (CanLII)}}{{perYKSC|Gower J}}{{atL|gdswk|11}}<br>
</ref> 
Other courts see the inherent jurisdiction of the courts as authority to chose the form of accommodation from the beginning.<ref>
{{ibid1|Etzel}}{{atL|gdswk|12}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|CTL|26cp9|2009 MBQB 266 (CanLII)|246 Man R (2d) 170}}{{perMBQB|Martin J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Brown|2fn2z|2010 SKQB 420 (CanLII)|368 Sask R 69}}{{perSKQB|Gunn J}}<br>
{{supra1|Wight}}<br>
</ref> 

Some authority says that it is up to the judge to make the determination of what type of testimonial aid is the most appropriate for the witness. The Crown can only make a recommendation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|NHP|2frnj|2011 MBQB 31 (CanLII)|264 Man R (2d) 253}}{{perMBQB|Byrk J}}
</ref>

;Constitutionality
Section 486.2 does not violate s. 7.<ref>
{{supra1|Levogiannis}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Witnesses Under 18 Years or Disabled Witness===
The governing section is 486.2 which states:
{{quotation3|
; Testimony outside court room — witnesses under 18 or who have a disability
486.2 (1) Despite section 650 {{AnnSec6|650}}, in any proceedings against an accused, the judge or justice shall, on application of the prosecutor in respect of a witness who is under the age of 18 years or who is able to communicate evidence but may have difficulty doing so by reason of a mental or physical disability, or on application of such a witness, order that the witness testify outside the court room or behind a screen or other device that would allow the witness not to see the accused, unless the judge or justice is of the opinion that the order would interfere with the proper administration of justice.
<br>
{{removed|(2)}}
; Application
(2.1) An application referred to in subsection (1) {{AnnSec4|486.2(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSec4|486.2(2)}} may be made, during the proceedings, to the presiding judge or justice or, before the proceedings begin, to the judge or justice who will preside at the proceedings or, if that judge or justice has not been determined, to any judge or justice having jurisdiction in the judicial district where the proceedings will take place.
<br>
{{removed|(3) and (4)}}
; Conditions of exclusion
(5) A witness shall not testify outside the court room in accordance with an order made under subsection (1) {{AnnSec4|486.2(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSec4|486.2(2)}} unless arrangements are made for the accused, the judge or justice and the jury to watch the testimony of the witness by means of closed-circuit television or otherwise and the accused is permitted to communicate with counsel while watching the testimony.
<br>
; No adverse inference
(6) No adverse inference may be drawn from the fact that an order is, or is not, made under subsection (1) {{AnnSec4|486.2(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSec4|486.2(2)}}.
<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 32}}, s. 15; {{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 17}}, s. 12; 
{{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 13}}, s. 15, {{LegHistory10sA|2015|c. 20}}, s. 38.
|{{CCCSec2|486.2}} 
|{{NoteUp|486.2|1|2.1|5|6}}
|{{terms-
|[[Definition_of_Judicial_Officers_and_Offices#.22Justice.22|"justice" (s. 2)]]
}}
}}

; Valid Reasons
Reasons such as shyness and nervousness have been accepted as valid.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Elmer|1mvkx|2006 BCPC 81 (CanLII)}}{{perBCPC|Godfrey J}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Witnesses 18 Years-old or More and Non-Disabled===
When the witness is over the age of 17 and is not disabled, the court has discretion to order the use of a close-circuit television or a screen where it would "facilitate the giving of a full and candid account" or where it would be in the "interests of justice".

{{quotation3|
486.2<br>
{{removed|(1)}}
; Other witnesses
(2) Despite section 650 {{AnnSec6|650}}, in any proceedings against an accused, the judge or justice may, on application of the prosecutor in respect of a witness, or on application of a witness, order that the witness testify outside the court room or behind a screen or other device that would allow the witness not to see the accused if the judge or justice is of the opinion that the order would facilitate the giving of a full and candid account by the witness of the acts complained of or would otherwise be in the interest of the proper administration of justice.
<br>
{{removed|(2.1)}}
; Factors to be considered
(3) In determining whether to make an order under subsection (2) {{AnnSec4|486.2(2)}}, the judge or justice shall consider
:(a) the age of the witness;
:(b) the witness’ mental or physical disabilities, if any;
:(c) the nature of the offence;
:(d) the nature of any relationship between the witness and the accused;
:(e) whether the witness needs the order for their security or to protect them from intimidation or retaliation;
:(f) whether the order is needed to protect the identity of a peace officer who has acted, is acting or will be acting in an undercover capacity, or of a person who has acted, is acting or will be acting covertly under the direction of a peace officer;
:(f.1) whether the order is needed to protect the witness’s identity if they have had, have or will have responsibilities relating to national security or intelligence;
:(g) society’s interest in encouraging the reporting of offences and the participation of victims and witnesses in the criminal justice process; and
:(h) any other factor that the judge or justice considers relevant.
; Same procedure for determination
(4) If the judge or justice is of the opinion that it is necessary for a witness to testify in order to determine whether an order under subsection (2) {{AnnSec4|486.2(2)}} should be made in respect of that witness, the judge or justice shall order that the witness testify in accordance with that subsection.
<Br>
{{removed|(5) and (6)}}
|{{CCCSec2|486.2}} 
|{{NoteUp|486.2|2|3|4}}
|{{terms-
|[[Definition_of_Judicial_Officers_and_Offices#.22Justice.22|"justice" (s. 2)]]
}}
}}

; Onus
The onus is upon the applicant to establish on a balance of probabilities that the witness will suffer from significant "emotional distress, anxiety and possibly an anxiety attack or anxiety attacks" and that a screen will be required for a full and candid account.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Buckingham|2415l|2009 CanLII 31184 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|Turnbull J}}{{atL|2415l|27}}<br>
cf. {{CanLIIRP|GAP|1rsd7|2007 MBQB 127 (CanLII)|216 Man R (2d) 275}}{{perMBQB|Simonsen J}}{{atL|1rsd7|16}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Procedure==
The application for the testimonial aid can be made any time before or during the proceedings.<ref>
see s. 486.2(2.1) "An application ... may be made, during the proceedings, to the presiding judge or justice or, before the proceedings begin, to the judge or justice who will preside at the proceedings."</ref>

The exercise of discretion under s. 486.2(2) must have "some proper basis" arising from the record or submissions.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Hoyles|ht5qj|2018 NLCA 46 (CanLII)}}{{perNLCA|Hoegg JA}}{{atL|ht5qj|11}}
</ref>

The party applying for the screen may need to call evidence. A failure to do so may result in the court rejecting the application for the use of a video link or screen.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|MACL|21fs6|2008 BCPC 272 (CanLII)}}{{perBCPC|Woods J}}
</ref>
Despite it not being necessary, it can be a good idea however to present formal evidence by affidavit or oral evidence.<ref>
{{ibid1|Hoyles}} ("This is not to say that formal evidence is never necessary, or that it is not a good idea.  Rather, it is to say that trial judges make proper discretionary rulings day in and day out in the absence of formal evidence.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|NM|hx4vs|2019 NSCA 4 (CanLII)|370 CCC (3d) 143}}{{perNSCA|Bourgeois JA}} (3:0){{atsL|hx4vs|66|}}, {{atsL-np|hx4vs|70|}}<br>
</ref>
The Court may rely on any evidence on the record.

; Evidence 
An application for CCTV should be supported by more than submissions of counsel. It is best done by evidence of a third party or testimony of the witness themselves.<ref>
{{CanLIIRT|Grimes|jtz68|2023 NLSC 6 (CanLII)}}{{perNLSC|Khaladkar J}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Factors for Witnesses Aged 18 or More===
The court must take into account:<ref> s. 486.2(3) which cites factors in 486.1(3)<br>
see also {{CanLIIRP|SBT|1x4r1|2008 BCSC 711 (CanLII)|232 CCC (3d) 115}}{{perBCSC|Smart J}}{{atL|1x4r1|40}}<br>
</ref>
*the age of the witness, 
* whether the witness has a mental or physical disability, 
*the nature of the offence, 
* the nature of any relationship between the witness and the accused, and 
* any other circumstance that the judge or justice considers relevant.

Evidence from a victim services officer on their observations and opinions of the witness can be relevant.<ref>
e.g. {{CanLIIRx|Kerr|2fwxc|2011 ONSC 1231 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC| Matheson J}}
</ref>

Balanced against the interests of the protection of the witness, the concerns that are raised by the protection include:
<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|GAP|1rsd7|2007 MBQB 127 (CanLII)|216 Man R (2d) 275}}{{perMBQB|Simonsen J}}{{atL|1rsd7|14}}</ref>
* testimony outside of the courtroom will not "bring to bear the seriousness of the occasion in the same way as a courtroom"
* The ability of counsel and the judge to assess the witness’s testimony may be compromised;
* There is no reasonable opportunity for counsel to show documents to the witness since the witness would be in another room, and, 
* The possibility of technical malfunction, including ensuring that the witness does not hear certain exchanges occurring within the courtroom.

It is not sufficient that the witness be "embarrassed and emotionally upset about her upcoming testimony" and that the option to use a screen would be a "relief" to her.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Khreis|27dfw|2009 CanLII 74221 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC| Charbonneau J}}
</ref>

Central to the analysis of the factors is whether the accommodation "will enhance or undermine the truth-seeking function of our criminal trial process."<ref>
{{supra1|SBT}}{{atL|1x4r1|40}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Etzel|gdswk|2014 YKSC 50 (CanLII)}}{{perYKSC|Gower J}}{{atL|gdswk|19}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Children and Disabled===

{{quotation2|
486.2<br>
{{removed|(1)}}
; Other witnesses
(2) Despite section 650 {{AnnSec6|650}}, in any proceedings against an accused, the judge or justice may, on application of the prosecutor or a witness, order that the witness testify outside the court room or behind a screen or other device that would allow the witness not to see the accused if the judge or justice is of the opinion that the order is necessary to obtain a full and candid account from the witness of the acts complained of.
<br>
{{removed|(2.1), (3), (4), (5) and (6)}}
{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 32}}, s. 15.
|{{CCCSec2|486.2}} 
|{{NoteUp|486.2|2}}
}}

There is a presumption of availability of protection. The court however must be satisfied that the "testimonial aid will not interfere with the proper administration of justice."<ref>
{{supra1|GAP}}{{atL|1rsd7|16}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===History===
Section 486.2 was added to the Code on January 2, 2006, replacing a provision that was permissive in imposing a screen where necessary to "get a full and candid account" of the acts. This would often make a potentially fragile witness testify to establish grounds. The amendment was added to make it easier for child witnesses to be protected.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|GAP|1rsd7|2007 MBQB 127 (CanLII)| 216 Man R (2d) 275}}{{perMBQB|Simonsen J}}{{atL|1rsd7|16}}</ref>

The previous version of 486.2 read:
{{quotation1|
486<Br>{{ellipsis}}
(2) Despite section 650, in any proceedings against an accused, the judge or justice may, on application of the prosecutor or a witness, order that the witness testify outside the court room or behind a screen or other device that would allow the witness not to see the accused if the judge or justice is of the opinion that the order is necessary to obtain a full and candid account from the witness of the acts complained of.
|
}}

This section was amended in 2015<ref>
See ''Canadian Victims Bill of Rights Act'', S.C. {{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 13}}, s. 15.<br>
</ref>
to reflect an intention to lower the standard that existed previous.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|NM|hx4vs|2019 NSCA 4 (CanLII)|370 CCC (3d) 143}}{{perNSCA|Bourgeois JA}} (3:0)<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==See Also==
* [[Precedent - Testimonial Aids]]