View source for Child Pornography Sentencing

{{Currency2|February|2023}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderChildPorn}}
{{OffencesBoxMini|Child Pornography}}
==General Principles==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
{{seealsoSentencingSexual}} and ''[[Sentencing for Child Sexual Offences]]''

===Sentencing Profile===
{{Seealso|History of Child Pornography Offences}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader‎}}

{{SProfileMax|s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]<br>From July 17, 2015|{{NA}} |{{Max14Years}}}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br>From July 17, 2015|{{summary}}|{{Max2YearsLess}}}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br>From July 17, 2015|{{indictment}}|{{Max10Years}}}}

{{SProfileMax|s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]<br>August 9, 2012 to July 16, 2015|{{summary}} |{{Max2YearsLess}}}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]<br>November 1, 2005 to July 16, 2015|{{indictment}} |{{Max10Years}}}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br>November 1, 2005 to July 16, 2015|{{summary}}|{{Max18Months}}}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br>November 1, 2005 to July 16, 2015|{{indictment}}|{{Max5Years}}}}

{{SProfileMax|s. s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]<br>November 1, 2005 to August 8, 2012|{{summary}} |{{Max18Months}}}}

{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]|'''{{Max14Years}}'''}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]|'''{{Max10Years}}'''|'''{{Max2YearsLess}}'''}}

; Minimum Penalties

{{SProfileMinHeader‎}}

{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]<br> From July 17, 2015|{{NA}} |{{Min1Year}}| {{SProfileSame}} }}

{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br> From July 17, 2015|{{summary}}|{{Min6Months}} | {{SProfileSame}}}}

{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br> From July 17, 2015|{{indictment}} |{{Min1Year}}| {{SProfileSame}}}}

{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]<br> August 9, 2012 to July 16, 2015 |{{summary}}|{{Min6Months}}| {{SProfileSame}} }}
{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]<br> August 9, 2012 to July 16, 2015 |{{indictment}} |{{Min1Year}}| {{SProfileSame}} }}
{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br> August 9, 2012 to July 16, 2015 |{{summary}}|{{Min90Days}}| {{SProfileSame}} }}
{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br> August 9, 2012 to July 16, 2015 |{{indictment}}|{{Min6Months}}| {{SProfileSame}} }}

{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]<br> November 1, 2005 to August 8, 2012 |{{summary}}|{{Min90Days}}| {{SProfileSame}} }}
{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(2) and (3) [making, distributing]<br> November 1, 2005 to August 8, 2012 |{{indictment}} |{{Min1Year}}| {{SProfileSame}} }}
{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br> November 1, 2005 to August 8, 2012 |{{summary}}|{{Min14Days}}| {{SProfileSame}} }}
{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1) [poss'n, access]<br> November 1, 2005 to August 8, 2012 |{{indictment}}|{{Min45Days}}| {{SProfileSame}} }}

{{SProfileMin|s. 163.1(2), (3), (4) and (4.1)<br> Prior to Nov. 1, 2005 | any | None | {{SProfileSame}} }} 

{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MinPenalty|s. 163.1(2) and (3)|'''{{Min12Months}}'''}}

{{MinPenaltyHybrid|s. 163.1(4) and (4.1)|'''{{Min1Year}}'''|'''{{Min6Months}}'''}}

; Penalty Amendments
Prior to November 1, 2005 there were no mandatory minimum penalties.

On August 9, 2012, s. 163.1 was amended to increase the penalties as follows:
* Making: Summary 90 days increased to 6 months
* Distribution: Summary 90 days increased to 6 months
* Possession: Indictable 45 days increased to 6 months / Summary 14 days increased to 90 days
* Accessing: Indictable 45 days increased to 6 months / Summary 14 days increased to 90 days
* Possession: Maximum 18 months increased to 2 years less a day
* Accessing: Maximum 18 months increased to 2 years less a day

On July 17, 2015 penalties were increased. For making child pornography under s. 163.1(2) and distributing under s. 163.1(3), the maximum penalty by indictment increased from 10 years to 14 years. Both offences were hybrid and are now straight indictable. For possession under s. 163.1(4) and accessing under s. 163.1(4.1) the minimum for summary conviction increased from 90 days to 6 months and for indictable offences increased from 6 months to 1 year. The maximum for summary conviction increased from 18 months to 2 years less a day and for indictable offences increased from 5 years to 10 years.

; Available dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 163.1(2), (3), (4), (4.1)|| any || {{SProfileOnlyJail}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}


{{OnlyJailAvailable|s. 163.1}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{ConsecutiveSexOffence}}

Convictions for making child pornography should be treated as a "distinct offence which stands on its own, which addresses a separate and distinct harm to the victim and to society, and which is deserving of a consecutive sentence."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|DC|grrdn|2016 MBCA 49 (CanLII)|336 CCC (3d) 366}}{{perMBCA|Burnett JA}}{{atL|grrdn|44}} - relating to offences of sexual touching and making child porn in relation to same victim<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==General Principles==
Offences related to child pornography are a form of sex offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Dyck|1wpdg|2008 ONCA 309 (CanLII)|232 CCC (3d) 450}}{{perONCA|Blair JA}}{{atL|1wpdg|19}}</ref>
They are abhorrent and cause extreme harm to its victims.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Nisbet|2f868|2011 ONCA 26 (CanLII)|OJ No 101}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|2f868|1}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Sharpe|523f|2001 SCC 2 (CanLII)|[2001] 1 SCR 45}}{{perSCC|L’Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier and Bastarache JJA}}{{atL|523f|158}} (concurring)<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Lynch-Staunton|fps1m|2011 ONSC 218 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Ratushny J}}{{atL|fps1m|49}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Schultz|hsrsh|2018 ONCA 598 (CanLII)|142 OR (3d) 128}}{{perONCA|Brown JA}}{{atL|hsrsh|53}}<br>
</ref>
The material is "inherently harmful."<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|McSween|j8186|2020 ONCA 343 (CanLII)|388 CCC (3d) 153}}{{perONCA|Trotter JA}}{{atL|j8186|49}}
</ref>

{{YVictimPrinciple}}

Parliament's intent in s. 163.1 was the "prevention of sexual exploitation of young persons under the age of 18 years."<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Rowe|2fb4b|2011 ONCA 48 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}
</ref>

All offences involving child pornography have a greater emphasis on general deterrence and denunciation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|EO|1bxm3|2003 CanLII 2017 (ON CA)|[2003] OJ No 563, 169 OAC 110 (CA)}}{{perONCA|Cronk JA}}{{atL|1bxm3|7}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|DGF|27hgx|2010 ONCA 27 (CanLII)|98 OR (3d) 241}}{{perONCA|Feldman JA}}{{atsL|27hgx|21| to 22, 30}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Nisbet|2f868|2011 ONCA 26|[2011] OJ No 101}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|2f868|3}}<Br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Stroempl|6jn6|1995 CanLII 2283 (ON CA)|105 CCC (3d) 187}}{{perONCA|Morden ACJ}}{{AtL|6jn6|9}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|Inksetter|hs4lg|2018 ONCA 474 (CanLII)|141 OR (3d) 161}}{{perONCA|Hoy ACJ}}{{AtL|hs4lg|16}}
</ref>

The initial sentencing response to child pornography offences have been acknowledged as being too lenient.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|PJB|280cl|2010 ABCA 49 (CanLII)|474 AR 161}}{{perABCA|Watson JA}} (2:1){{atL|280cl|10}}<br>
</ref>

Child pornography is increasing and expanding as technology becomes more sophisticated.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Inksetter|hs4lg|2018 ONCA 474 (CanLII)|141 OR (3d) 161}}{{perONCA|Hoy ACJ}}{{atL|hs4lg|26}}
</ref>

Section 163.1(4.3) adds an aggravating factor:
{{quotation2|
163.1 <br>{{Removed|(1), (2), (3), (4), (4.1) and (4.2)}}
; Aggravating factor
(4.3) If a person is convicted of an offence under this section, the court that imposes the sentence shall consider as an aggravating factor the fact that the person committed the offence with intent to make a profit.
<br>{{Removed|(5), (6) and (7)}}<br>
{{LegHistory90s|1993, c. 46}}, s. 2; 
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 5; 
{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 32}}, s. 7; 
{{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, s. 17; 
{{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 23}}, s. 7.
|{{CCCSec2|163.1}}
|{{NoteUp|163.1|4.3}}
}}

; Consequence of Unconstitutional Minimums
Despite the abolition of mandatory minimums, the courts should take their existence as a signal from Parliament that the offences were not being taken as seriously in the past as they should be.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Inksetter|hs4lg|2018 ONCA 474 (CanLII)|[2018] OJ No 2702 (CA)}}{{perONCA| Hoy ACJ}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Purpose of Section 163.1 Generally===
The prohibition and criminalization of child pornography arises out of society’s interest to protect children. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sharpe|523f|2001 SCC 2 (CanLII)|[2001] 1 SCR 45}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}{{atL|523f|28}} ("This brings us to the countervailing interest at stake in this appeal: society’s interest in protecting children from the evils associated with the possession of child pornography.  Just as no one denies the importance of free expression, so no one denies that child pornography involves the exploitation of children.  The links between possession of child pornography and harm to children are arguably more attenuated than are the links between the manufacture and distribution of child pornography and harm to children.  However, possession of child pornography contributes to the market for child pornography, a market which in turn drives production involving the exploitation of children.  Possession of child pornography may facilitate the seduction and grooming of victims and may break down inhibitions or incite potential offences.  Some of these links are disputed and must be considered in greater detail in the course of the s. 1 justification analysis.  The point at this stage is simply to describe the concerns that, according to the government, justify limiting free expression by banning the possession of child pornography.")</ref> 

; Inherent Danger
Child pornography presents a "profound and present danger to children around the world."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|TLB|1ql87|2007 ABCA 61 (CanLII)|218 CCC (3d) 11}}{{perABCA|Fraser CJ}}{{atL|1ql87|27}}</ref> 
The pornography is of "enormous gravity" upon the victims public as a whole.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|EO|1bxm3|2003 CanLII 2017 (ON CA)|[2003] OJ No 563, 169 OAC 110 (CA)}}{{perONCA|Cronk JA}}{{atL|1bxm3|7}}<br>
</ref>
The "existence of child pornography ... is inherently harmful to children and society" irrespective of the risk of dissemination.<ref>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|158}} ("The very existence of child pornography, as it is defined by s. 163.1(1) of the Criminal Code, is inherently harmful to children and to society.  This harm exists independently of dissemination or any risk of dissemination and flows directly from the existence of the pornographic representations, which on their own violate the dignity and equality rights of children.  The harm of child pornography is inherent because degrading, dehumanizing, and objectifying depictions of children, by their very existence, undermine the Charter rights of children and other members of society.  Child pornography eroticises the inferior social, economic, and sexual status of children.  It preys on preexisting inequalities.")<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Pecchiarich| [2001] OJ No 3940}}{{perONSC|Hill J}} ("Possession of child pornography increasingly menaces our young people and threatens our values as a society.")
</ref>

; Effect on Child Development
The material exploits, degrades, objectifies and dehumanizes children, violates their dignity and equality rights.<ref>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|158}}<br>
</ref> 
The pornography "hinders children’s own self-fulfilment and autonomous development by eroticising their inferior social, economic and sexual status."<ref>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|158}}</ref>

; Effect on Offender's Perspectives
The exposure of child pornography "may reduce paedophiles' defences and inhibitions against sexual abuse of children" by making the "abnormal seem normal and the immoral seem acceptable."<ref>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|88}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Miller|h2x0t|2017 NLCA 22 (CanLII)|354 CCC (3d) 58}}{{perNLCA|Hoegg JA}}{{atL|h2x0t|14}}<br>
</ref>

The possession of this material "fuels fantasies", making an offender more likely to commit a hands-on offence.<ref>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|89}} ("The second alleged harm is that possession of child pornography fuels fantasies, making paedophiles more likely to offend.  The trial judge found that studies showed a link between highly erotic child pornography and offences.  However, other studies suggested that both erotic and milder pornography might provide substitute satisfaction and reduce offences.  Putting the studies together, the trial judge concluded that he could not say that the net effect was to increase harm to children (para. 23). Absent evidence as to whether the benefit from sublimation equals the harm of incitement or otherwise, this conclusion seems tenuous.  More fundamentally, the trial judge proceeded on the basis that scientific proof was required.  The lack of unanimity in scientific opinion is not fatal.  Complex human behaviour may not lend itself to precise scientific demonstration, and the courts cannot hold Parliament to a higher standard of proof than the subject matter admits of.  Some studies suggest that child pornography, like other forms of pornography, will fuel fantasies and may incite offences in the case of certain individuals.  This reasoned apprehension of harm demonstrates a rational connection between the law and the reduction of harm to children through child pornography.")<br>
</ref>

; Collection Driving the Market
The process of collecting and possessing child pornography creates a market for the production of more of these materials.<REf>
{{CanLIIRT|Stroempl|||105 CCC (3d) 187}} at p. 191
</ref>

; Tool for Grooming
These materials are tools that can be used by paedophiles to "groom" and seduce child victims.<ref>
{{supra1|Miller}}{{atL|h2x0t|14}}<br>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|91}}<br>
</ref>

; Prosecuting Possession 
By criminalizing possession of child pornography, the legislature provides a "useful tool in detecting and prosecuting the production and distribution of child pornography."<ref>
{{supra1|Miller}}{{atL|h2x0t|14}}<br>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|90}}<br>
</ref>

; Effect of Creation 
The creation of child pornography, in most cases, requires the use and abuse of children by fuelling the market of those who seek to possess the materials.<ref>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|92}}<br>
{{supra1|Miller}}{{atL|h2x0t|14}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Effect on Victims===
Child pornography contributes to the abuse of children who are photographed or filmed by exploiting their vulnerability.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sharpe|523f|2001 SCC 2 (CanLII)|[2001] 1 SCR 45}}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}{{atL|523f|169}} ("...Child pornography plays a role in the abuse of children, exploiting the extreme vulnerability of children.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Garcia|22wzf|2009 BCSC 407 (CanLII)|[2009] BCJ No 581(S.C.)}}{{perBCSC|Griffin J}}{{atsL|22wzf|14| and 15}}
</ref>  

The child is sexually exploited even where they are unaware of their role in the making of child pornography.
<ref>
{{ibid1|Garcia}}{{atsL|22wzf|14| and 15}}
</ref>

Children are recognized as one of the "most valued and most vulnerable assets." They are generally incapable of defending themselves and so are easily targeted.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|D(D)|1db6b|2002 CanLII 44915 (ON CA)|163 CCC (3d) 471}}{{perONCA|Moldaver JA}}{{atL|1db6b|35}}</ref> 
It is for this reason that courts must focus on protecting children.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Nisbet|2f868|2011 ONCA 26 (CanLII)|OJ No 101}}{{TheCourtONCA}} (Child pornography is "an abhorrent crime that victimizes the most vulnerable members of our society and hence the need for sentences to reflect denunciation and deterrence.")</ref>
As with all sexual offences, it has been recognized by courts that child victims of sexual offences suffer from long lasting damage.<ref>
{{supra1|D(D)}}{{atL|1db6b|36}} ("In this respect, while there may have been a time, years ago, when offenders like the appellant could take refuge in the fact that little was known about the nature or extent of the damage caused by sexual abuse, that time has long since passed. Today, that excuse no longer holds sway. The horrific consequences of child sexual abuse are only too well known.")</ref> 
They suffer from emotional trauma that is often permanent. As adults, they "may become incapable of forming loving relationship, always fearful of re-victimization by sexual partners. Further, the matured victim may become a sexual predator himself. It is often that an offender will report being victimized by other sexual predators as a child."<ref>
{{supra1|D(D)}}{{atsL|1db6b|37| to 38}}</ref>

Live images of children are particularly serious since it creates a permanent record of abuse.<ref>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|169}} ("Pornography that depicts real children is particularly noxious because it creates a permanent record of abuse and exploitation.")</ref>
Once an image or video is taken and distributed on the internet it will generally propagate indefinitely.<ref>
Standing Senate Committee on Human Rights{{atp|23}}</ref>
The children are re-victimized with each viewing of the materials.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Smith|21k23|2008 CanLII 59107 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|Clark J}}<br>
{{supra1|Garcia}}{{atsL|22wzf|14| and 15}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|WAE|256c3|2009 CanLII 42861 (NL PC)|890 APR 214}}{{perNLPC|Gorman J}}{{atL|256c3|30}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Prevalence===
The frequency of these offences has been expanding with technology becoming more sophisticated.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|DGF|27hgx|2010 ONCA 27 (CanLII)|250 CCC (3d) 291}}{{perONCA|Feldman JA}} {{atL|27hgx|22}}
("the incidence of this behaviour appears to be increasing and expanding as technology becomes more sophisticated, encouraging the production of child pornography and greatly facilitating its distribution.")</ref>

Perpetrators who make child pornography tend to be people known to the child, including family members and people close to the family.<ref>
The Sexual Exploitation of Children in Canada, Standing Senate Committee on Human Rights (November 2011){{atp|23}}</ref>

Those who access and possess child pornography encourage others to sexually abuse children and record it.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Bock|29z85|2010 ONSC 3117 (CanLII)|[2010] OJ No 2277 (SCJ)}}{{perONSC|Henderson J}}{{atL|29z85|31}}<br>
</ref>
Thus by deterring possession and access will reduce the abuse of children.<ref>
{{ibid1|Bock}}{{atL|29z85|31}}</ref>
 
{{reflist|2}}

===Danger of Offenders===
Some psychiatric experts suggest that collecting child pornography is an addiction.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Labre|fwhp0|2013 ONCJ 116 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Lalande J}} {{atL|fwhp0|18}}
</ref> 
It may result in the offender to becomes desensitized to the harm caused to children.<ref>
{{ibid1|Labre}}{{atL|fwhp0|18}}</ref>

An offender with a prior record of actual abuse of children, an accumulation of violent materials involving children, image access history will permit the judge to conclude the offender is a danger to the community.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|EO|1bxm3|2003 CanLII 2017 (ON CA)|[2003] OJ No 563, 169 OAC 110 (CA)}}{{perONCA|Cronk JA}}{{atL|1bxm3|7}}
</ref>

An offender will often have a great insight into his interests and their inappropriateness but will still endulge in them.<ref>
e.g. see {{CanLIIRP|Saddlemire|1q9jg|2007 ONCA 36 (CanLII)|216 CCC (3d) 119}}{{perONCA|MacFarland JA}} {{atL|1q9jg|53}}
</ref> 
When the offender has issues with substance abuse he is more likely to be a risk for future offences as the substances will reduce their inhibitions.<ref>
{{ibid1|Saddlemire}}{{atL|1q9jg|54}}</ref>

The circulation of images and videos "can create a kind of pedophile-peergroup mentality where social inhibitions against sexualization of children are lowered, potentially encouraging child sexual abuse."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Garcia|22wzf|2009 BCSC 407 (CanLII)|[2009] BCJ No 581(S.C.)}}{{perBCSC|Griffin J}}{{atsL|22wzf|14| and 15}}
</ref>

Conviction for child pornography related offences is a strong indicator for pedophilia.<ref>
http://filecache.drivetheweb.com/np2cr_nca-chapters/12784/download/Peter+Collins+Handouts.pdf
</ref>

Convictions for child pornography carry with it “stigma, public humiliation, and revulsion.”<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Schneider|1x1k2|2008 ONCJ 250 (CanLII)|77 WCB (2d) 573}}{{perONCJ| Wong J}}{{atL|1x1k2|43}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Amount of Materials===
While the number of illegal files is important to sentence, the amount of files should be not lead to “tariff sentencing” or a "strict mathematical formula."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sputnikoff|fwz48|2013 SKPC 57 (CanLII)|416 Sask R 307}}{{perSKPC|Agnew J}}{{atsL|fwz48|36| to 37}}<br>
{{CanLIIR|Walker|jl3lg|2021 ONCA 863 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|jl3lg|8}}<Br>
{{CanLIIR|McCaw|jtsmq|2023 ONCA 8 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Trotter JA}}{{atL|jtsmq|32}}<br>
</ref>
The difference between file counts are less important as the overall magnitude.<ref> 
e.g. {{ibid1|Sputninoff}}{{atL|fwz48|37}}<br>
</ref>
It is necessary that the sentencing judge not overlook the "importance of the content of the materials and other relevant considerations" such as the frequency of accessing and use of the materials.<ref>
{{supra1|Walker}}{{atL|jl3lg|8}}<br>
{{supra1|McCaw}}{{atL|jtsmq|32}}
</ref>

The amount of files should not be considered the "most aggravating" factor since it is possible to download hundreds or even thousands of files within 24 hours of internet use.<ref>
{{CanLIIRxC|R c Von Gunten|1mq2g|2006 QCCA 286 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCA|Pelletier JA}}{{atL|1mq2g|19}}<br>
</ref>

It is permissible to treat as aggravating the number of images found in association with a single count. There is no "bulk discount" of sentence for the quantity of images.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Andrukonis|frc71|2012 ABCA 148 (CanLII)|545 WAC 306}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atsL|frc71|24| to 26}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Classification of Materials===
The nature of the materials is an important factor to sentencing.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|LaGue|fw3t9|2013 MBQB 32 (CanLII)|287 Man R (2d) 204}}{{perMBQB|Perlmutter J}}{{atL|fw3t9|19}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Brooks|2f62k|2010 MBPC 61 (CanLII)|263 Man R (2d) 186}}{{perMBPC|Lerner J}}<br>
</ref> 
It is  evidence suggesting the types of fantasies engaged in by the offender. It could be argued that the more explicit the sexual activity depicted, the more fixated the offender is upon that type of behaviour.

The comparison of nature of the materials found in each case is necessary but should not minimize the "great concern that all child pornography justifiably attracts."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Yau|2fs0d|2011 ONSC 1009 (CanLII)|OJ No 720}}{{perONSC|MacDonnell J}}
</ref>

Depictions of child pornography can be categorized into one of five categories, from least serious to most serious: <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Missions|1knrn|2005 NSCA 82 (CanLII)|196 CCC (3d) 253}}{{perNSCA|Roscoe JA}}{{atL|1knrn|14}}<br>
{{supra1|LaGue}}{{atL|fw3t9|19}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Basov|ggk21|2015 MBCA 22 (CanLII)|315 Man R (2d) 222}}{{perMBCA|Beard JA}}
</ref>
#images depicting erotic posing with no sexual activity;
#sexual activity between children, or solo masturbation by a child;
#non-penetrative sexual activity between adults and children;
#penetrative sexual activity between children and adults; and
#sadism or bestiality.

The types of content of the files becomes less relevant for larger collection.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stupnikoff|fwz48|2013 SKPC 57 (CanLII)|416 Sask R 307}}{{perSKPC|Agnew J}} {{atL|fwz48|35}}
</ref>

; Non-CP Materials
Courts will often take into account the amount of child exploitative materials are found on the computer as well.<ref>
e.g.  {{CanLIIRP|CGL|fx451|2013 ABCA 140 (CanLII)|544 AR 360}}{{TheCourtABCA}} -- concerning collection of child modelling images
</ref>

; Investigative "Categories"
An investigator who reviews imagery for child pornography will generally categorize the images into two or more categories:<Ref>
{{CanLIIRT|Harvey-Pike|hwqq2|2018 ABPC 266 (CanLII)}}{{perABPC|Collinson J}}{{atsL|hwqq2|6| to 10}}
</ref>
# '''Category 1''': "those depicting children under the age of eighteen years and the focus of the image or video is primarily on the genitals or anus or the child is involved in a sexually explicit act."<Ref>
{{ibid1|Harvey-Pike}} at para 8
</ref>
# '''Category 2''': "those depicting children under the age of eighteen who are naked, and although the focus of the image or video is not primarily on the genitals or anus, the image or video appears to be for a sexual purpose"<ref>
{{ibid1|Harvey-Pike}} at para 10
</ref>

; Drawings and Written CP
Imagery that does not contain live children, such as anime can reduce the harmfulness of the offence, albeit the offence will still being abhorrent.<Ref>
{{CanLIIR|AR|hv2lk|2018 ONCJ 613 (CanLII)}}{{atL|hv2lk|21}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Intersection With Other Sex Offences===
There is a close relationship between child pornography offences and those involving hands-on abuse of children. The court must consider each offence in light of its connections with the others.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|LM|1x21j|2008 SCC 31 (CanLII)|[2008] 2 SCR 163}}{{perSCC|LeBel J}}{{atL|1x21j|31}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Possession and Accessing Sentencing Principles==
Possession is a "very important contributing element in the general problem of child pornography."<ref>
{{supra1|Stroempl}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|WC|, [2004] OJ No 5985 (SCJ)}}{{ats-|20-22}}</ref>
It is a "short step" away from being a distributor.<ref>
{{ibid1|WC}}{{ats-|20-26}}<br>
{{supra1|Stroempl}}{{atp|191}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Lisk|6gvs|1998 CanLII 4737 (ON CA)|[1998] OJ No 1456 (CA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|6gvs|1}}<br>
</ref>

The distinction between a charge of accessing or possessing appears to make little difference in the duration of penalty.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Bejasa|2c48z|2010 ABPC 249 (CanLII)}}{{perABPC|Fradsham J}}{{atsL|2c48z|33| to 34}}<br>
</ref>
The offence of accessing should not be considered any less serious an offence as possession.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hammond|270hl|2009 ABCA 415 (CanLII)|249 CCC (3d) 340}}{{perABCA|Watson JA}}{{atL|270hl|6}}
</ref>

Some have stated that the collector bears responsibility for the growth of these materials along with its creators.<REf>
{{CanLIIRx|Murty|jg0v0|2021 ONSC 2801 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Kelly J}}{{atL|jg0v0|36}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|Kwok|1qgkd|2007 CanLII 2942 (ON SC)|72 WCB (2d) 533}}{{perONSC|Molloy J}}{{ATL|1qgkd|49}}<br>
</ref>

; Objectives of Sentencing 
The primary objective for sentencing in possession of child pornography is denunciation and general deterrence. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stroempl|6jn6|1995 CanLII 2283 (ON CA)|105 CCC (3d) 187}}{{perONCA|Morden ACJ}}{{atp|191}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Hewlett|5kz5|2002 ABCA 179 (CanLII)|167 CCC (3d) 425}}{{perABCA|Fraser CJ}}{{atp|432}} (ABCA)<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Hunt|1tfxh|2002 ABCA 155 (CanLII)|[2002] AJ No 831}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|1tfxh|41}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Missions|1knrn|2005 NSCA 82 (CanLII)|196 CCC (3d) 253}}{{perNSCA|Roscoe JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Cohen|1fbrt|2001 CanLII 3862 (ON CA)|49 WCB (2d) 555}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
</ref>

; Purpose
There are four identified dangers created by the possession of child pornography:<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Fisher|jqcrr|2022 SKCA 78 (CanLII)}}{{perSKCA| J}}{{atL|jqcrr|39}}
</ref>
# promotes cognitive distortions;
# fuels fantasies that incite offenders to offend;<Ref>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atsL|523f|85| to 94}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Steadman|h2rb5|2001 ABQB 1004 (CanLII)|[2001] AJ No 1563}}{{perABQB|Gallant J}}{{atsL|h2rb5|21| and 22}}<br>
</ref>
# use to groom and seduce victims;
# children are abused in the production of child pornography involving real children.

There is some recognition of a fifth purpose wherein it contributes to the market for child pornography which drives the production of the materials.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sharpe|523f|2001 SCC 2 (CanLII)|[2001] 1 SCR 45}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}{{atL|523f|28}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Fisher|1r84m|2007 NBPC 15 (CanLII)|[2007] NBJ No 129}}{{perNBPC|Cumming J}}{{atL|1r84m|16}}<br>
{{supra1|Stroempl}}{{atp|191}}
</ref> 

Possession also breaks down inhibitions, and creates cognitive distortions that abuse is not harmful. It normalizes the material, numbing the offender's conscience, and making the immoralities acceptable.<ref>
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atsL|523f|85| to 94}}</ref> 

The materials encourage potential offenders to groom and seduce children for the purpose of making child pornography.<ref> 
{{supra1|Sharpe}}{{atL|523f|93}} ("The ability to possess child pornography makes it available for the grooming and seduction of children by the possessor and others.  Mr. Sharpe does not deny that some child pornography can play an important role in the seduction of children.  Criminalizing the possession of child pornography is likely to help reduce the grooming and seduction of children.")</ref>

The sentence for possession of child pornography recognizes the link between possession of the materials and the sexual abuse of children beyond the images themselves.<ref>
e.g. {{CanLIIRx|Durnford|1pscf|2006 CanLII 34694 (NL PC)}}{{perNLPC|Gorman J}}{{atL|1pscf|77}}</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}
===Ranges===

; Pre-Friesen
In Alberta, the range for possession of child pornography is around 12 months. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hilderman|2b7gp|2010 ABPC 183 (CanLII)|AWLD 4452}}{{perABPC|Fraser J}}{{atL|2b7gp|15}}</ref>

In Saskatchewan, it has been suggested that for a first time offender for possession should receive anywhere from the minimum to 2 years incarceration.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Kroeker|g739w|2014 SKQB 137 (CanLII)|456 Sask R 41}}{{perSKQB|Keene J}}{{atL|g739w|51}}<br>
</ref>

In BC, the range for a first-time offender accessing CP would be between 4 months and 2 years.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Petne|jb7pt|2020 BCPC 200 (CanLII)}}{{perBCPC|Gouge J}}{{atL|jb7pt|11}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Alexander|hzbjt|2019 BCCA 100 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|MacKenzie JA}}{{atsL|hzbjt|37| to 38}}<Br>
</ref>
With sympathetic circumstances and a relatively small collection, the range would be between 45 days to 9 months.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Walker|h523c|2017 BCSC 1301 (CanLII)|386 CRR (2d) 222}}{{perBCSC|Brown J}}{{AtL|h523c|43}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Making Child Pornography Principles==
The charge of making can apply the same principles as sexual assault or interference offences against children where the accused is effectively a party to the sexual acts committed against the child.

The prohibition's objective includes preventing offenders from sending a message that "sex with children can and should be pursued."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Beattie|1k3qf|2005 CanLII 10273 (ON CA)|201 CCC (3d) 533}}{{perONCA-H|Laskin JA}} <Br>
{{CanLIIR|Levin|gjc2h|2015 ONCJ 290 (CanLII)|122 WCB (2d) 179}}{{perONCJ|McArthur J}}{{AtL|gjc2h|100}}<br>
</ref>
It also seeks to prevent the "normalization" of child sexual abuse and prevent dissemination of the idea that children are sex objects to be abused.<Ref>
{{ibid1|Beattie}}
</ref>

; Gravity
The offence can range from "recording reprehensible non-consensual sexual acts to pure voyeurism."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gryba|gr50j|2016 SKQB 123 (CanLII)|SJ No 218}}{{perSKQB|Popescul CJ}}{{atL|gr50j|63}}<br>
</ref> 
While all are forms of abuse, "surreptitious recording" of change rooms is on the lower end of the scale.<ref>
{{ibid1|Gryba}}{{atp|63}}<br>
</ref>

The gravity of the making of child pornography is different from the possession and access, as making usually involves the direct abuse of children.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Rhode|hxb9c|2019 SKCA 17 (CanLII)|372 CCC (3d) 442}}{{perSKCA|Caldwell JA}}{{atL|hxb9c|89}} ("...the gravamen of conduct giving rise to the objective offence of making child pornography differs from the gravamen of the offences of accessing and possessing child pornography. It differs because it usually involves the direct abuse of a child as opposed to the promotion of the abuse of a child. ")
</ref>


Consideration of how many images are made is secondary for the purpose of sentencing to the question of "how" the material was made.<ref>
{{ibid1|Rhode}}{{atL|hxb9c|89}}
</ref>

There is a "very strong" link between production and harm. There is a "devastating impact" where the child is "traumatized by being used as a sexual object" which lasts with them for their whole life.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sharpe|523f|2001 SCC 2 (CanLII)|[2001] 1 SCR 45}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}{{atL|523f|92}} ("The link between the production of child pornography and harm to children is very strong.  The abuse is broad in extent and devastating in impact.  The child is traumatized by being used as a sexual object in the course of making the pornography.  The child may be sexually abused and degraded.  The trauma and violation of dignity may stay with the child as long as he or she lives.")
</ref>

Victims are harmed "not only by the initial production of child pornography but also perpetually if the materials is made available or distributed." The internet makes it impossible to ever remove the material in circulation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|GJM|glx87|2015 MBCA 103 (CanLII)|126 WCB (2d) 117}}{{perMBCA|Mainella JA}}{{atL|glx87|14}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Factors===
It is aggravating if the accused was in a position of trust to the subject of the created child pornography.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gryba|gr50j|2016 SKQB 123 (CanLII)|SJ No 218}}{{perSKQB|Popescul CJ}}{{atL|gr50j|64}}, also citing s. 718.01 and 718.2(a)(ii.1) and (iii)<br>
</ref>

It is ''not'' a mitigating factor that the materials were not made available online for sharing. It simply suggests that creation was for personal use.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|GJM|glx87|2015 MBCA 103 (CanLII)|126 WCB (2d) 117}}{{perMBCA|Mainella JA}}{{atL|glx87|15}}<br>
</ref>

The creation of child pornography through pasting faces on previously downloaded images of child pornography is not a lesser form of creation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Rhode|hxb9c|2019 SKCA 17 (CanLII)|372 CCC (3d) 442}}{{perSKCA|Caldwell JA}}{{atL|hxb9c|89}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Ranges===

In Manitoba, the making of child pornography where there is evidence of sharing or making available will result in a sentence in the range of "mid to upper single digits."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|GJM|glx87|2015 MBCA 103 (CanLII)|126 WCB (2d) 117}}{{perMBCA|Mainella JA}}{{atL|glx87|15}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Distribution and Making Available Sentencing Principles==
The offence of distribution is more serious than possession becuase it creates a "broader market" and puts more material in circulation. The more that it circulates the greater the abuse becomes on the child.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Bock|29z85|2010 ONSC 3117 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Henderson J}}{{atL|29z85|32}} ("...offence of making available child pornography is incrementally more serious than simple possession as the distribution of child pornography creates a broader market and puts more images in circulation. Each possession, viewing, sharing, downloading, or uploading can be seen as a repetition of the initial hands-on abuse.  The more pornographic images that are in circulation and the greater the distribution, the more significant the abuse of the child becomes.")
</ref>

The primary principles for distribution offences are denunciation and deterrence.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|B(TL)|1ql87|2007 ABCA 61 (CanLII)|218 CCC (3d) 11}}{{perABCA|Fraser CJ}} leave to SCC refused</ref>

Distribution through the internet is particularly despicable as "it is unbounded once the materials are sent out to one person."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Weber|604t|2003 CanLII 28579 (ON CA)|[2003] OJ No 3306 (CA)}}{{perONCA|Feldman JA}}{{atL|604t|16}}<br>
</ref>
Files made available online for circulation will allow the "virtual abuse" to "go on forever."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Kwok|1qgkd|2007 CanLII 2942 (ON SC)|72 WCB (2d) 533}}{{perONSC|Molloy J}}{{atL|1qgkd|51}}<br>
</ref>

Even the possibility that distribution "might occur” create harm as to the victim's "have ongoing fear and uncertainty" that the files will remain accessible on the Internet and will re-victimize them. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|DGF|27hgx|2010 ONCA 27 (CanLII)|250 CCC (3d) 291}}{{perONCA|Feldman JA}}{{atL|27hgx|25}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Factors===
Aggravating factors include: <ref>
''R v Saddler'', [http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWCCA/2009/83.html 2009 NSWCCA 83] (AustLII) also referred to ''Regina v Oliver'', Hartrey and Baldwin [2004] UKHL 43; [2003] 1 Cr App R 28<br>  
{{CanLIIRP|WAE|256c3|2009 CanLII 42861 (NL PC)|890 APR 214}}{{perNLPC|Gorman J}}{{atL|256c3|76}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Smith|21k23|2008 CanLII 59107 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|Clark J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Kwok|1qgkd|2007 CanLII 2942 (ON SC)|72 WCB (2d) 533}}{{perONSC|Molloy J}}<br>
See also: {{CanLIIRP|Mallett|1llxt|2005 CanLII 32927 (ON SC)|[2005] OJ No 3868}}{{perONSC|Hill J}}<br>
</ref>
#Where the images were shown or distributed to a child.
#the amount of images or videos collected<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Donnelly|2d48r|2010 BCSC 1523 (CanLII)}}{{perBCSC|Schultes J}}{{atL|2d48r|36}} Judge discusses the importance of the number of images to the range of sentence</ref>
#the level of sophistication of the collection. This is determined by way of how it was organized on a computer. It will sometimes indicate the level of trading or level of personal interest in the material. On the low end would include images viewed but not stored on the computer. 
#Whether images or videos were posted on public areas of the internet, “or distributed in a way making it more likely they will be found accidentally by computer users not looking for pornographic material”
#where the offender is responsible for the original production of the images, in particular where the victims were members of the offender’s family, or drawn from particularly vulnerable groups, or if the offender has abused a position of trust, as in the case of a teacher, friend of the family, social worker, or youth group leader.
#The age of the children depicted. The younger the child, the greater the psychological harm, including fear and distress, and the greater likelihood of physical injury. <ref>
{{supra1|Mallett}}{{atL|1llxt|15}}<br></ref>
# the degree of intrusion and repulsivity of any sexual acts depicted. This is in part captured by the categories in Missions<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Missions|1knrn|2005 NSCA 82 (CanLII)|196 CCC (3d) 253}}{{perNSCA| Roscoe JA}}<br>
see also {{supra1|Mallett}}{{atL|1llxt|15}}<br></ref>
# the manner in which the images were obtained : simple downloading through file-sharing programs, other non-commerical means versus purchases on websites or international connections.<ref>
{{supra1|Mallett}}{{atL|1llxt|15}}<br></ref>
# signs on potential distribution or production.
# related criminal record;
#evidence that the offender has pedophilic tendencies or diagnosis of paedophilia;
# the predatory nature of the offence;<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Innes|1wfbt|2008 ABCA 129 (CanLII)|231 CCC (3d) 48}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|1wfbt|12}}</ref>

Mitigating factors considered:<ref>
{{supra1|Kwok}}<br> 
{{CanLIIR-N|Parise|, [2002] OJ No 2513 (ONCJ) }}<br>
{{supra1|Mallett}}{{atsL|1llxt|15| to 16}} (ONSC)<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Smith|21k23|2008 CanLII 59107 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|Clark J}}<br>
</ref>
#the youthful age of the offender;
#the otherwise good character of the offender;
#the extent to which the offender has shown insight into his problem;
#whether he has demonstrated genuine remorse;
#whether the offender is willing to submit to treatment and counseling or has already undertaken such treatment;
#the existence of a guilty plea; and
#the extent to which the offender has already suffered for his crime.

The lack of a profit motive is not a mitigating factor. Most traders are not doing it for money.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|B(TL)|1ql87|2007 ABCA 61 (CanLII)|218 CCC (3d) 11}}{{perABCA|Fraser CJ}} leave to SCC refused{{atL|1ql87|28}}</ref>

In sentencing for making available, there is only minor mitigation if the speed of the connection is set at the lowest setting.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stupnikoff|fwz48|2013 SKPC 57 (CanLII)|416 Sask R 307}}{{perSKPC|Agnew J}} {{atL|fwz48|27}}<br>
</ref>

A previous conviction for a child pornography related offence is the "most aggravating" of factors.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Schneider|1x1k2|2008 ONCJ 250 (CanLII)|77 WCB (2d) 573}}{{perONCJ|Wong J}}{{atL|1x1k2|43}}<br>
</ref>

Aggravating to sentence would include evidence of any precautions to avoid detection by police.<ref>
{{CanLIIRxC|R c Bertrand|g7vgt|2014 QCCQ 5233 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCQ|Boyer J}}{{atL|g7vgt|39}}<br>
{{CanLIIRxC|R c Von Gunten|1mq2g|2006 QCCA 286 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCA|Gendreau J}}<br>
</ref>
However, the presence of hardware "wiping" software alone may not sufficient by itself to suggest that there was more child pornography than discovered.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Bejasa|2c48z|2010 ABPC 249 (CanLII)}}{{perABPC|Fradsham J}}{{atsL|2c48z|16| and 17}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Range===
{{Seealso|Child Pornography (Sentencing Cases)}}
In Alberta, there is typically a general range of sentence between 3 and 18 months followed by one to three years probation for distribution of child pornography. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Shelton|1nlqc|2006 ABCA 190 (CanLII)| AR 177}}{{perABCA| Fruman JA}} {{atL|1nlqc|12}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Other Issues==
Probationary terms added as part of sentences for child pornography will often include conditions prohibiting or limiting use of "Computer Systems" as defined in [http://www.canlii.ca/t/7vf2#sec342.1 s. 342.1]

See [[Real Evidence#Child Pornographic Images and Video]]

===Conditional Sentence===
{{Seealso|Mandatory_Minimum_Penalties#Consequence_of_Unconstitutional_Minimums|Conditional Sentence Orders}}

In most jurisdictions, the mandatory minimums associated with child pornography have been found to be unconstitutional.<REf>
see [[Mandatory_Minimum_Penalties#Consequence_of_Unconstitutional_Minimums]]
</reF>
Consequently, conditional sentences are available in most provinces.

One judge suggested weighing the strength of the urges to access child pornography against the deterrence effect of staying home for a year or so.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Kwok|1qgkd|2007 CanLII 2942 (ON SC)|[2007] OJ No. 457}}{{AtL|1qgkd|57}} 
</ref>

; Exceptional Circumstances
In several jurisdictions, the accused must show that he has "exceptional circumstances" to warrant a conditional sentence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Alexander|hzbjt|2019 BCCA 100 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|MacKenzie JA}}{{atL|hzbjt|39}} ("At sentencing, the appellant asserted a CSO was a fit sentence for him as the facts of this case are analogous to those in Swaby BCSC. However, the judge accurately distinguished Mr. Swaby’s circumstances from those of the appellant. Moreover, recent authorities say incarceration will be necessary in all cases of possession of child pornography, except in exceptional cases, to appropriately emphasize the principles of denunciation and deterrence. I do not consider the present case to be exceptional.")
{{CanLIIR|Mathiesen|k0cvh|2023 NSSC 314 (CanLII)}}{{perNSSC|Hoskins J}}{{atL|k0cvh|193}}<br>
{{CanLIIR|Rozell|k05zx|2023 ABKB 527 (CanLII)}}{{perABKB|Michalyshyn J}}{{AtsL|k05zx|37| to 41}}
</ref>

Sentences of incarceration will "ordinarily follow" convictions for child sexual offences. A conditional sentence will "rarely be appropriate" and limited to "exceptional circumstances" where incarceration give rise to hardships that "could not adequately be addressed within the correctional facility."<ref> 
{{CanLIIR|MM|jpl6k|2022 ONCA 441 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{AtsL|jpl6k|14| and 15}} ("Conditional sentences for sexual offences against children will only rarely be appropriate. Their availability must be limited to exceptional circumstances that render incarceration inappropriate – for example, where it gives rise to a medical hardship that could not adequately be addressed within the correctional facility. It would not be appropriate to enumerate exceptional circumstances here and we make no attempt to do so. Suffice it to say that no exceptional circumstances are present in this case. A sentence of imprisonment should have been imposed.")
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Kienapple===
Possession and making can be the subject of the [[Kienapple Principle]].
<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Brunton|g64bd|2014 ONCJ 120 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Harris J}}{{atL|g64bd|28}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}
{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]]  |s. 163.1 |
* {{PrimDNA1|s. 163.1}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[SOIRA Orders]] |s. 163.1 |
* {{SOIRA1|B|s. 163.1(2) or (3)}}
* {{SOIRA1|BHybrid|s. 163.1(4) or (4.1)}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Section 161 Orders]] |s. 163.1 |
* {{Section161|s. 163.1}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Delayed_Parole_Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] |s. 163.1 |
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 163.1}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Forfeiture of Computer-related Property|Forfeiture Order&mdash;Computer-related]] (s.164.2) | s. 163.1 |
* must be "used" or "owned" by the offender in relation to a conviction of child pornography, child luring or arrange sex offence against a child.
* application to '''superior court''' of the province only. }}

{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{NoRecordSuspension|s. 163.1 [child pornography]}}

==See Also==
* [[Child Pornography (Offence)]]
{{OffencesNavBar/Sexual}}