View source for Drug Production (Offence)

{{Currency2|January|2023}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Drug Production
|OffencePage=Drug Production
|Section=7(2)(a), (a.1), (b), (c) or (d)
|Act={{OBCDSA}} 
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} (Sch I, II)<br> {{OBHybridElection}} (Sch III, IV) |Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}}  
|Bail= {{OBBailVar}} 
|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}}  
|SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|SummaryMax={{OBTime|18 months}} (Sch III) <br> {{OBTime|1 year}} (Sch IV)  
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDisp14orLifeVar}}
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}}
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|7 years}} (Sch I, Mj)<br>
{{OBTime|10 years}} (Sch III)<br>
{{OBTime|3 years}} (Sch IV) <br>
{{OBMaxLife}} (Sch I, II except Mj)
}}

==Overview==
{{OverviewCDSA|drug production}}

; Pleadings

{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 7(2)(a) CDSA {{DescrSec|7(2)(a)CDSA}} or<br> s. 7(2)(a.1) CDSA {{DescrSec|7(2)(a.1)CDSA}} | {{NA}}  | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 7(2)(c) {{DescrSec|7(2)(c)CDSA}} or<br> s. 7(2)(d) {{DescrSec|7(2)(d)}} | {{yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}}  | {{No-Under14}}  }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 7(2)(a) or (a.1)}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection|s. 7(2)(c) or (d)}}

{{Section109Notice}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|-
|s. 7(2)(a) CDSA {{DescrSec|7(2)(a)CDSA}} or<br> s. 7(2)(a.1) CDSA {{DescrSec|7(2)(a.1)CDSA}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Indictable}} 
|-
|s. 7(2)(c) {{DescrSec|7(2)(c)CDSA}} or<br> s. 7(2)(d) {{DescrSec|7(2)(d)CDSA}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 7(2)(a), (a.1) or (b)}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 7(2)(c) or (d)}}

Under s. 515(6)(d) offences under s. 7(2)(a) [Schedule I] or (a.1) [Schedule II, non-cannabis] are subject to a [[Reverse Onus|reverse onus]] on bail where it is "an offence punishable by imprisonment for life under any of sections 5 to 7 of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act'' or the offence of conspiring to commit such an offence".

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. 7(2)(a) {{DescrSec|7(2)(a)CDSA}} || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 7(2)(a.1) {{DescrSec|7(2)(a.1)CDSA}} || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 7(2)(c) {{DescrSec|7(2)(c)CDSA}} || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark-Indict}}
|-
|s. 7(2)(d) {{DescrSec|7(2)(d)CDSA}} || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{XMark}}
{{DesignationEnd}}
{{WiretapDesignation|7}}

<!--{{MMinNoticeCDSA}}-->

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Production of substance
7 (1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall produce a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}}.

; Punishment
(2) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|7(1)}}
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I [''[[CDSA Schedules#SCHEDULE I|opiates and related]]''] or II [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_II|cannaboids]]''], is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life;
:(b) [Repealed, {{LegHistoryCDSA|2018, c. 16}}, s. 197]
:(c) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_III|psychedelics]]''] or V [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_V|repealed]]''],
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and
:(d) where the subject-matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_IV|barbiturates]]''],
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

(3) [Repealed, {{LegHistoryCDSA|2022, c. 15}}, s. 17]

{{LegHistoryCDSA|1996, c. 19}}, s. 7;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 41;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 5;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2018, c. 16}}, s. 197;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2022, c. 15}}, s. 17.
|[{{CDSASec|7}} CDSA]
|{{NoteUpCDSA|7|1|2|3}}
}}


{{quotation2|
; Possession, sale, etc., for use in production of or trafficking in substance
7.1 (1) No person shall possess, produce, sell, import or transport anything intending that it will be used
:(a) to produce a controlled substance, unless the production of the controlled substance is lawfully authorized; or
:(b) to traffic in a controlled substance.

; Punishment
(2) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|7.1(1)}}
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I [''[[CDSA Schedules#SCHEDULE I|opiates and related]]''], II [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_II|cannaboids]]''], III [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_III|psychedelics]]''] or V [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_V|repealed]]''],
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 18 months; and
:(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_IV|barbiturates]]''],
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than three years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than one year.

{{LegHistoryCDSA|2011, c. 14}}, s. 1;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 6.
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CDSASec|7}} CDSA]
|{{NoteUpCDSA|7.1|1|2}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
| 7(1)
| production of substance
|"{{ellipsis1}}, produced or offered to produce [type of substance], a controlled substance, without authorization{{ToWit-Particulars}} contrary to section 7(1) of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act''."
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==
{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|drug production|7 CDSA}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit produces a substance;
# {{box}} the substance is a Controlled Substance under the CDSA;
# {{box}} the culprit knows the criminal nature of the substance.

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==

The gravamen of the offence is the "active participation in the growing of prohibited plants."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ngo|244x8|2009 BCCA 301 (CanLII)|273 BCAC 174}}{{perBCCA|Rowles JA}}{{atsL|244x8|3|}}, {{atsL-np|244x8|52|}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Powell|23m19|1983 CanLII 246 (BC CA)|9 CCC (3d) 442}}{{perBCCA|Esson JA}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Production Defined===
{{quotation2|
; Definitions
2 (1) In this Act,<br>
{{Ellipsis}}
'''"produce"''' means, in respect of a substance included in any of Schedules I to IV, to obtain the substance by any method or process including
:(a) manufacturing, synthesizing or using any means of altering the chemical or physical properties of the substance, or
:(b) cultivating, propagating or harvesting the substance or any living thing from which the substance may be extracted or otherwise obtained, and includes offer to produce;
{{Ellipsis}}
{{removed|(2) and (3)}}
{{LegHistory90s|1996, c. 8}}, s. 35, {{LegHistory90sA|1996|c. 19}}, s. 2;
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 32}}, s. 47;
{{LegHistory10s|2017, c. 7}}, s. 1;
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 16}}, s. 194.
|[{{CDSASec|2}} CDSA]
|{{NoteUpCDSA|2}}
}}

===Lesser Included Offence===
The offence of possession of drugs is not an included offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Powell|23m19|1983 CanLII 246 (BC CA)|9 CCC (3d) 442}}{{perBCCA|Esson JA}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS --> 
|s. 7 CDSA  || || || 
|- 
{{VictimEnd}}
<!--
{{606Notice5Y|XX}}
{{606NoticeSPIO|XX}}
-->
{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
{{seealsoSentencingDrugs}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 7(2)(a) [Sch I], (a.1), and (b)|'''{{MaxLife}}''' [s. 7(2)(a) or non-cannabis 7(2)(a.1)] or '''{{Max14Years}}''' [s. 7(2)(b)]}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 7(2)(c) [Sch III] and (d) [Sch IV]|'''{{Max10Years}}''' [Sch III] or '''3 years incarceration''' [Sch IV]| '''{{Max18Months}}''' [Sch III] or '''{{Max12Months}}''' [Sch IV]}}
<!--
; Minimum Penalties
{{MinPenalty|s. 7(2)(a) [Sch I], (a.1), and (b)|See table}}
-->
; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 7(2)(a) [Sch I], (a.1), and (b) || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischarge}}
|-
|s. 7(2)(c) [Sch III], (d)  || any || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{OnlyJailAvailable|s. 7(2)(a) [Sch I], (a.1), and (b)}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable1|s. 7(2)(c) [Sch III], (d) [Sch IV]}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Principles===
Non-commercial operations are considered the least serious manifestations of this offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Koenders|1s378|2007 BCCA 378 (CanLII)|221 CCC (3d) 225}}{{perBCCA|Ryan JA}}
</ref>

; Constitutionality
The mandatory minimums found under s. 7(2)(b)(iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) are unconstitutional as they violate s. 12 of the Charter and cannot be justified under s. 1 of the Charter.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Serov|hphc8|2017 BCCA 456 (CanLII)|358 CCC (3d) 203}}{{perBCCA|Stromberg-Stein JA}} <br>
{{CanLIIRx|McGee|hphc9|2017 BCCA 457 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Stromberg-Stein JA}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Factors===
* size of the enterprise 
* level of sophistication 
* evidence of fortification
* presence of weapons
* presence of children
* threats to health and safety
* theft of utilities
* degree of participation (crop-sitter, worker or owner) 
* intended use of drugs (personal vs commercial)

===Ranges===
{{SeealsoRanges|Drug Production}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}
| [[DNA Orders]]||s. 7(2)(a), (a.1), (b), or (c) ||
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 7(2)(a), (a.1), (b), or (c)}} <!-- must be prosecuted by indictment-->
|-
| [[Weapons Prohibition Orders]]  ||s. 7(1) ||
* {{Section109|BorC|s. 7(1)}}
{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{RecordSuspension|s. 7(1) or (2) }}

==History==

===Prior to November 17, 2022===
{{quotation2|
; Production of substance
7 (1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall produce a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}}.

; Punishment
(2) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|7(1)}}
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of three years if any of the factors set out in subsection (3) {{AnnSecC|7(3)}} apply and for a term of two years in any other case;
:(a.1) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life, and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment
::(i) for a term of one year if the production is for the purpose of trafficking, or
::(ii) for a term of 18 months if the production is for the purpose of trafficking and any of the factors set out in subsection (3) {{AnnSecC|7(3)}} apply;
:(b) [Repealed, {{LegHistoryCDSA|2018, c. 16}}, s. 197]
:(c) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III {{AnnSecC|S-III}} or V {{AnnSecC|S-V}},
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and
:(d) where the subject-matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}},
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

; Factors
(3) The following factors must be taken into account in applying paragraphs (2)(a) {{AnnSecC|7(2)(a)}} and (a.1) {{AnnSecC|7(2)(a.1)}}:
:(a) the person used real property that belongs to a third party in committing the offence;
:(b) the production constituted a potential security, health or safety hazard to persons under the age of 18 years who were in the location where the offence was committed or in the immediate area;
:(c) the production constituted a potential public safety hazard in a residential area; or
:(d) the person set or placed a trap, device or other thing that is likely to cause death or bodily harm to another person in the location where the offence was committed or in the immediate area, or permitted such a trap, device or other thing to remain or be placed in that location or area.

{{LegHistoryCDSA|1996, c. 19}}, s. 7;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 41;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 5;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2018, c. 16}}, s. 197.
|[{{CDSASec|7}} CDSA]
|{{NoteUpCDSA|7|1|2|3}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Notice
8 The court is not required to impose a minimum punishment unless it is satisfied that the offender, before entering a plea, was notified of the possible imposition of a minimum punishment for the offence in question and of the Attorney General’s intention to prove any factors in relation to the offence that would lead to the imposition of a minimum punishment.
<br>
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 42.
|[{{CDSASec|8}} CDSA]
|{{NoteUpCDSA|8}}
}}

==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Drugs}}