View source for Kidnapping and Unlawful Confinement (Offence)

{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Kidnapping and Unlawful Confinement 
|OffencePage=Kidnapping and Unlawful Confinement 
|Section=279(1.1), (2)
|Act={{OBCCC}}
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} (279(1.1)), {{OBHybridElection}} (279(2))
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll-Under14}} 
|Bail={{OBBailVar}} 
|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}} 
|SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|SummaryMax= {{OBTime|18 months}} 
| IndictableDisp=  <!--{{OBDispMinVar}}--> {{OBDisp14orMinVar}} 
|IndictableMin= {{OBTime|4, 5, 7 years}} (kipnap w/ firearm) 
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|10 years}} (confine)<br> {{OBMaxLife}} (kidnap) }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewVIII|kidnapping and unlawful confinement}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N| s. 279(1.1) {{DescrSec|279(1.1)}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 279(2) {{DescrSec|279(2)}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsIndictElection-Under14|s. 279(1.1) {{DescrSec|279(1.1)}}}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection-Under14|s. 279(2) {{DescrSec|279(2)}}}}

Notice is required if prior convictions are being relied upon to seek an [[Notice of Increased Penalty|increased penalty]] under s. 279(1.1)(a)(ii). {{Section109Notice}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 279(1.1) {{DescrSec|279(1.1)}}|| {{ReleaseProfile-Indictable}} 
|-
|s. 279(2) {{DescrSec|279(2)}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 279(1.1) {{DescrSec|279(1.1)}}}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 279(2) {{DescrSec|279(2)}}}}

Under s. 515(6)(a)(vii), offences charged under s. 279(1.1) have a [[Reverse Onus|reverse onus]] on bail where it has "been committed with a firearm".

:''<u>Renversement du fardeau de la preuve</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

:''Fingerprints and Photos''
{{IDCriminalAct|s. 279}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. 279(1.1) {{DescrSec|279(1.1)}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} (primary) <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 279(2) {{DescrSec|279(2)}}|| {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}
{{DesignationEnd}}

{{WiretapDesignation|s. 279(1.1) {{DescrSec|279(1.1)}}}}

{{DOPrimaryDesignation|s. 279(1.1) {{DescrSec|279(1.1)}}}}

{{DODesignation|s. 279(2) {{DescrSec|279(2)}}}}

{{SPIODesignation|A|s. 279(1.1) or (2)}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Kidnapping
279 (1) Every person commits an offence who kidnaps a person with intent
:(a) to cause the person to be confined or imprisoned against the person’s will;
:(b) to cause the person to be unlawfully sent or transported out of Canada against the person’s will; or
:(c) to hold the person for ransom or to service against the person’s will.<br>

; Punishment
(1.1) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSec2|279(1)A}} is guilty of an indictable offence and liable
:(a) if a restricted firearm or prohibited firearm is used in the commission of the offence or if any firearm is used in the commission of the offence and the offence is committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organization, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of
::(i) in the case of a first offence, five years, and
::(ii) in the case of a second or subsequent offence, seven years;
:(a.1) in any other case where a firearm is used in the commission of the offence, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of four years;
:(a.2) if the person referred to in paragraph (1)(a) {{AnnSec2|279(1)(a)}}, (b) {{AnnSec2|279(1)(b)}} or (c) {{AnnSec2|279(1)(c)}} is under 16 years of age, to imprisonment for life and, unless the person who commits the offence is a parent, guardian or person having the lawful care or charge of the person referred to in that paragraph, to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of five years; and
:(b) in any other case, to imprisonment for life.

{{Removed|(1.2), (1.21), and (1.3)}}
; Forcible confinement
(2) Every one who, without lawful authority, confines, imprisons or forcibly seizes another person is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

(3) [Repealed, {{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 26]

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 279 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 39;
{{LegHistory10s|1995, c. 39}}, s. 147;
{{LegHistory10s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 14;
{{LegHistory10s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 30;
{{LegHistory10s|2009, c. 22}}, s. 12;
{{LegHistory10s|2013, c. 32}}, s. 1; 
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 26;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 103.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|279}}
|{{NoteUp|279|1|1.1|2}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
| 279(1.1)(a.1)
| kidnapping with a firearm
|"{{ellipsis1}}, kidnap [complainant] using a firearm, with intent to confine [complainant] against his/her will, contrary to section 279(1.1)(a.1){{CCC}}.
|-
| 279(2) 
| forceable confinement
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did without lawful authority confine, imprison or forcibly seize [complainant], contrary to section 279(2){{CCC}}.
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==
{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|kidnapping|279(1.1)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit moved or took a person from one place to another<ref>e.g. see {{CanLIIRP|Oakley|fp3fp|1977 ALTASCAD 118 (CanLII)|36 CCC (2d) 436 (ABCA)}}{{perABCA|Morrow JA}}</ref>
# {{box}} the victim did not consent
# {{box}} the culprit had no lawful authority to do so
# the culprit intended to 
## {{box}} confine or imprison the victim
## {{box}} cause the person to be sent in or out of the country
## {{box}} holding the person for ransom or service

<!--
Kidnapping
279 (1) Every person commits an offence who kidnaps a person with intent
(a) to cause the person to be confined or imprisoned against the person’s will;
(b) to cause the person to be unlawfully sent or transported out of Canada against the person’s will; or
(c) to hold the person for ransom or to service against the person’s will.
Punishment
(1.1) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable
(a) if a restricted firearm or prohibited firearm is used in the commission of the offence or if any firearm is used in the commission of the offence and the offence is committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organization, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of
(i) in the case of a first offence, five years, and
(ii) in the case of a second or subsequent offence, seven years;
(a.1) in any other case where a firearm is used in the commission of the offence, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of four years;
(a.2) if the person referred to in paragraph (1)(a), (b) or (c) is under 16 years of age, to imprisonment for life and, unless the person who commits the offence is a parent, guardian or person having the lawful care or charge of the person referred to in that paragraph, to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of five years; and
-->
{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|Forcible Confinement|279(2)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "confines, imprisons or forcibly seizes" another person
# {{box}} the other person did not consent to the confinement
# {{box}} the culprit had no "lawful authority" to confine the complainant
# {{box}} the culprit intended to confine the victim
# {{box}} the culprit used force or threat of force
{{ElementEnd}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==

; Kidnapping vs Confinement
For the offence of kidnapping, the crown must prove that the accused took the victim from one place to another without consent. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Oakley|fp3fp|1977 ALTASCAD 118 (CanLII)|4 AR 103, 36 CCC (2d) 436 (Alta SCAD)}}{{perABCA|Morrow JA}}</ref>
This is the key distinction between confinement and kidnapping. Confinement is the deprivation of a person's liberty to move, while kidnapping is the moving of a person. All kidnappings are confinements but not all confinements are kidnapping.<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Tremblay|1nf70|1997 CanLII 10526 (QC CA)|117 CCC (3d) 86}}{{TheCourt}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Niedermier|1jk9g|2005 BCCA 15 (CanLII)|193 CCC (3d) 199}}{{TheCourtBCCA}}<br>
</ref>

Kidnapping is considered "an aggravated form of unlawful confinement, which continues until the victim is freed."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Vu|fs54k|2012 SCC 40 (CanLII)|[2012] 2 SCR 411}}{{perSCC-H|Moldaver JA}}{{atL|fs54k|40}}<br>
</ref>

; Kienapple
See [[Kienapple Principle]]
{{reflist|2}}
===Confinement===
The essence of the offence is "forcible deprivation of another person's physical liberty or freedom."<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Fagg|gl88d|2014 BCSC 2632 (CanLII)}}{{perBCSC|Saunders J}}{{atL|gl88d|38}}<br>
</ref>
It's guiding principle is "illegal domination of one person by another."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Luxton|1fssl|1990 CanLII 83 (SCC)|[1990] 2 SCR 711}}{{perSCC|Lamer CJ}}<br>
</ref>

; Meaning of Confinement
Unlawful confinement is made out by "physical restraint" that is "contrary to the wishes of the person restrained"  resulting in a deprivation of "liberty to move from one place to another."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gratton|gbprd|1985 CanLII 3549 (ON CA)|18 CCC (3d) 462}}{{perONCA|Cory JA}}{{atL|gbprd|29}}<br>
{{supra1|Fagg}}{{atL|gl88d|38}}<br>
</ref>

"Confinement" means "the state or condition of being confined, restriction or limitation."<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|EB|, [2006] OJ 1864}}{{perONSC|Watt J}}{{at-|115}}<br>
</ref>
It is to "keep that person in a place, within or to limits, or a defined area, to restrict or secure that person."<ref>
{{ibid1|EB}}{{at-|115}}<br>
</ref>

Confinement includes "restraining another person's liberty, though not necessarily the other person's ability to escape."<ref>
{{ibid1|EB}}{{Ats-|115 and 116}}
</ref>

There is no requirement for "physical application of bindings."<ref>
{{supra1|Gratton}}{{atL|gbprd|29}}
</ref>
The restraint can be by "psychological means, such as threats, intimidation or the imposition of fear."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Kematch|28cmh|2010 MBCA 18 (CanLII)|252 CCC (3d) 349}}{{perMBCA|Monnin JA}}{{atL|28cmh|55}}<br>
{{supra1|Fagg}}{{atL|gl88d|41}}<br>
</ref>
There must either be "actual physical restraint" or "coercive restraint."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Pritchard|21b1w|2008 SCC 59 (CanLII)|[2008] 3 SCR 195}}{{perSCC|Binne J}}
</ref>

The victim must be "fully restrained" so that they cannot "move about from place to place."<ref>
{{ibid1|EB}}{{at-|119}}<br>
</ref>

The duration of confinement must be "significant."<ref>
{{supra1|Gratton}}{{atL|gbprd|29}}<br>
{{supra1|EB}}{{at-|119}}<br>
</ref>
However, the Crown does not need to prove that the confinement happened throughout the "entire period specified in the count."<ref>
{{supra1|EB}}{{at-|119}}<br>
</ref>

A person who voluntarily enters into a car, but is then denied the ability to leave will usually make out the offence.<ref> 
see for example {{supra1|Tremblay}}</ref>

Where consent was obtained by fraud, deceit, or trickery, then the consent is not valid.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Metcalfe|23m1c|1983 CanLII 248 (BCCA)|10 CCC (3d) 114}}{{perBCCA|Nemetz CJ}}{{atsL|23m1c|9|, 11, 12}}<br> 
{{CanLIIR-N|Johnson|, (1984), 65 NSR (2d) 54 (NSSCAD)}}, leave denied [1985] SCCA No 263<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Brown|htzzt|1972 CanLII 1353 (ON CA)|8 CCC (2d) 13 (Ont CA)}}{{perONCA|MacKay JA}}</ref>

; ''Actus Reus''
There must be proven that there was at least a minimal deprivation of the victim's freedom. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|B(SJ)|5k1v|2002 ABCA 143 (CanLII)|312 AR 313}}{{perABCA|Berger JA}}</ref>

The duration of the confinement does not need to be lengthy. A "significant" period of time where the victim is "coercively restrained or directed contrary to her wishes, so that she could not move about according to her own inclination and desire" will be sufficient.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Pritchard|21b1w|2008 SCC 59 (CanLII)|[2008] 3 SCR 195}}{{perSCC-H|Binnie J}} (7:0){{atL|21b1w|24}} ("The authorities establish that if for any significant period of time [the victim] was coercively restrained or directed contrary to her wishes, so that she could not move about according to her own inclination and desire, there was unlawful confinement")</ref>

A child confined by a lawful guardian can be considered lawful confinement.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Whalen|, 2001 NWTSC 63}}</ref>

An arrest by a peace officer or private citizen can be unlawful confinement. For example, where an officer takes a lawfully arrested man out to a remote area to abandon him in freezing weather makes out the offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Munson|5cj9|2003 SKCA 28 (CanLII)|172 CCC (3d) 515}}{{TheCourtSKCA}}</ref>

Confinement refers to the "physical restraint, contrary to the wishes of the person restrained, ...thereby depriving the person of his or her liberty to move from one place to another."<ref>
{{supra1|Gratton}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Neidermier|1jk9g|2005 BCCA 15 (CanLII)|193 CCC (3d) 199}}{{TheCourtBCCA}}</ref>

There is no need for physical application of bindings.<ref>
{{supra1|Gratton}}</ref>

; ''Mens Rea''
Confinement is a general intent offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|B(SJ)|5k1v|2002 ABCA 143 (CanLII)|166 CCC (3d) 537}}{{perABCA|Berger JA}}</ref>

The offence requires an "intent to effect deprivation of freedom of movement"<ref>
{{ibid1|B(SJ)}}{{atL|5k1v|41}}
</ref>

A person who knowingly becomes involved with the confinement of a person known to them to have been kidnapped can be found to be a party to the initial offence of kidnapping.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Vu|fs54k|2012 SCC 40 (CanLII)|288 CCC (3d) 405}}{{perSCC-H|Moldaver J}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Defences==
{{seealso|Defences}}
* [[Consent|Consent]]
* [[Consent|Mistaken Belief of Consent]]
* [[Self-Defence and Defence of Another|Self-Defence or Defence of Another]]
* [[Defence of Property|Defence of Property]]


==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS -->
|s. x {{DescrSec|x}} || || ||
|-
{{VictimEnd}}{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 279(1.1) or (2)}}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 279(1.1) [kidnapping]| {{NA}} |{{MaxLife}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 279(2) [confinement]| {{Summary}} | 18 months custody }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 279(2) | {{Indictment}} | {{Max10Years}}}}
{{SProfileEnd}}
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 279(1.1)|life incarceration}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 279(2)| 10 years incarceration| 18 months}}

; Minimum Penalties
Where the aggravating factors in s. 279(1.1)(a) are established, there is a mandatory minimum of '''5 years''' incarceration or '''7 years''' incarceration with prior convictions.
Where the aggravating factor in s. 279(1.1)(a.1) are established, there is a mandatory minimum of '''4 years''' incarceration. 
Where the aggravating factor in s. 279(1.1)(a.2) are established, there is a mandatory minimum of '''5 years''' incarceration. 

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 279(1.1) || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
|-
| s. 279(2) || {{NA}} || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
|s. 279(1.1) <br> with aggravating factors || {{NA}} || {{SProfileOnlyFedJail}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|F|s. 279(1)}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Subsequent Offences===

{{quotation2|
279 <br>
{{removed|(1) and (1.1)}}
; Subsequent offences
(1.2) In determining, for the purpose of paragraph (1.1)(a) {{AnnSec2|279(1.1)(a)}}, whether a convicted person has committed a second or subsequent offence, if the person was earlier convicted of any of the following offences, that offence is to be considered as an earlier offence:
:(a) an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSec2|279(1)}};
:(b) an offence under subsection 85(1) {{AnnSec0|85(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSec0|85(2)}} or section 244 {{AnnSec2|244}} or 244.2 {{AnnSec2|244.2}}; or
:(c) an offence under section 220 {{AnnSec2|220}}, 236 {{AnnSec2|236}}, 239 {{AnnSec2|239}}, 272 {{AnnSec2|272}}, 273 {{AnnSec2|273}}, 279.1 {{AnnSec2|279.1}}, 344 {{AnnSec3|344}} or 346 {{AnnSec3|346}} if a firearm was used in the commission of the offence.
However, an earlier offence shall not be taken into account if 10 years have elapsed between the day on which the person was convicted of the earlier offence and the day on which the person was convicted of the offence for which sentence is being imposed, not taking into account any time in custody.
<br>
; Factors to consider
(1.21) In imposing a sentence under paragraph (1.1)(a.2) {{AnnSec2|279(1.1)(a.2)}}, the court shall take into account the age and vulnerability of the victim.
<br>
; Sequence of convictions only
(1.3) For the purposes of subsection (1.2) {{AnnSec2|279(1.2)}}, the only question to be considered is the sequence of convictions and no consideration shall be given to the sequence of commission of offences or whether any offence occurred before or after any conviction.
<br>
{{removed|(2) and (3)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 279; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 39; 
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 39}}, s. 147; 
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 14; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 30; 
{{LegHistory00s|2009, c. 22}}, s. 12; 
{{LegHistory10s|2013, c. 32}}, s. 1; 
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 26.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|279}}
|{{NoteUp|279|1.2|1.21|1.3}}
}}

===Principles===

To determine the gravity of the offence of kidnapping should consider factors including:<ref>
{{CanLIIR|Brar|g6s9j|2014 BCCA 175 (CanLII)}}{{atL|g6s9j|23}}<Br>
{{CanLIIR|Okito|jw27p|2023 ONSC 1514 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Forestall J}}{{atL|jw27p|26}}
</ref>
* the purpose of the kidnapping, specifically whether it is carried out for ransom or as a means of extorting a payment or repayment from the victim;
* the extent to which there is planning and premeditation;
* the length and conditions of the confinement;
* the extent to which there is violence, torture or significant physical injuries;
* whether third parties are threatened;
* whether guns are used;
* whether there is gang involvement;
* whether the kidnapping occurs in the course of the commission of another offence; and
* the circumstances in which the kidnapping ends.

{{reflist|2}}

===Ranges===
The range of sentence should not be narrow given the variable range of circumstances of kidnapping.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Deo and Mangat|1v968|2007 BCCA 626 (CanLII)|249 BCAC 167}}{{perBCCA|Finch JA}}
</ref>

One category of kidnapping, described as "the classic form of kidnapping" should be in a range of 10 years to life.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Brar|g6s9j|2014 BCCA 175 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Willcock JA}} (3:0){{atL|g6s9j|19}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Mills|1wmdv|1998 CanLII 15020 (BC CA)|129 CCC (3d) 313}}{{perBCCA|Donald JA}}{{AtL|1wmdv|17}} ("The classic form of kidnapping, that which attracts penalties in the 10 years to life range, usually involves a carefully planned scheme for ransom with a period of confinement much longer than several hours and where the victim is bound, gagged, and sometimes blindfolded.")
</ref>
Another category is a "technical" kidnapping, usually where there was a "relatively short period of confinement", which should range between 4 to 6 years.<ref>
{{ibid1|Brar}}{{atL|g6s9j|19}}
</ref>

Hostage-taking has been interpreted as a form of terrorism.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Maltby|g9k0j|1986 CanLII 4644 (ON CA)|30 CCC (3d) 317, 17 OAC 363 (CA)}}{{perONCA|Grange JA}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Order==
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}

{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]]  |s. 279 {{DescrSec|279}} |
* {{PrimDNA1|s. 279 {{DescrSec|279}}}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Weapons Prohibition Orders|Weapons Prohibition Orders]] |s. 279 {{DescrSec|279}} |
* {{Section109|A|s. 279 {{DescrSec|279}}}}
* {{Section110|s. 279 {{DescrSec|279}} [summary election] }} }}

{{AOrder1| [[SOIRA Orders|SOIRA Order]] |s. 279(1.1), (2) |
** {{SOIRA2|C|s. 279(1.1)}}
** {{SOIRA2|B|s. 279(2)}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] |s. 279 {{DescrSec|279}} |
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 279 {{DescrSec|279}}}} }}

{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons==

==History==
* [[History of Kidnapping and Unlawful Confinement]]

==See Also==
; Related Offences
* [[Abduction of a Young Person (Offence)]]
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Violence}}