View source for Arson (Offence)

{{Currency2|January|2020}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Arson 
|OffencePage=Arson 
|Section=433, 434, and 436 
|Act={{OBCCC}}  
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}} 
|Bail={{OBBailJudge}}    
|IndictableDisp={{OBDisp14orLifeVar}} 
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}}
|IndictableMax=  {{OBTime|5 years}} (negl.), {{OBTime|14 years}} (prop.), {{OBMaxLife}} (disreg.) }}
==Overview==
{{OverviewXI|arson}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 433 {{DescrSec|433}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}}| {{Yes-Life}} }}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 434 {{DescrSec|434}}<br>s. 434.1 {{DescrSec|434.1}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}}| {{Yes-14Years}} }}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 435 {{DescrSec|435}}<br>s. 436 {{DescrSec|436}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}}| {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsIndictElection|ss. 433 {{DescrSec|433}}, 434 {{DescrSec|434}}, and 434.1 {{DescrSec|434.1}}}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection|ss. 435 {{DescrSec|435}}, and 436 {{DescrSec|436}}}}

{{Section109Notice}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 433 {{DescrSec|433}}, <br> s. 434 {{DescrSec|434}}, and <br> s. 434.1 {{DescrSec|434.1}}  || {{ReleaseProfile-Indictable}} 
|-
|s. 435 {{DescrSec|435}} and <br> s. 436 {{DescrSec|436}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|ss. 433 {{DescrSec|433}}, 434 {{DescrSec|434}}, and 434.1 {{DescrSec|434.1}} }}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|ss. 435 {{DescrSec|435}}, 436 {{DescrSec|436}}}}

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

:''Fingerprints and Photos''
{{IDCriminalAct|ss. 433, 434, 434.1, 435, or 436}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations 
{{DesignationHeader}}
|s. 433 {{DescrSec|433}},<br>s. 434 {{DescrSec|434}},<br>s. 434.1 {{DescrSec|434.1}} and<br>s. 435 {{DescrSec|435}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 436 {{DescrSec|436}} || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark-Under10}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{XMark}}
|-
{{DesignationEnd}}

{{WiretapDesignation|ss. 433, 434, 434.1, 435 and 436}}

{{SPIODesignation|A|ss. 433, 434, 434.1, 435 and 436}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Arson — disregard for human life
433 Every person who intentionally or recklessly causes damage by fire or explosion to property, whether or not that person owns the property, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life where
:(a) the person knows that or is reckless with respect to whether the property is inhabited or occupied; or
:(b) the fire or explosion causes bodily harm to another person.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 433; {{LegHistory90s|1990, c. 15}}, s. 1.
|{{CCCSec2|433}}
|{{NoteUp|433}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Arson — damage to property
434 Every person who intentionally or recklessly causes damage by fire or explosion to property that is not wholly owned by that person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 434; {{LegHistory90s|1990, c. 15}}, s. 1.
|{{CCCSec2|434}}
|{{NoteUp|434}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Arson — own property
434.1 Every person who intentionally or recklessly causes damage by fire or explosion to property that is owned, in whole or in part, by that person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years, where the fire or explosion seriously threatens the health, safety or property of another person.
<br>
{{LegHistory90s|1990, c. 15}}, s. 1.
|{{CCCSec2|434.1}}
|{{NoteUp|434.1}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Arson for fraudulent purpose
435 (1) Every person who, with intent to defraud any other person, causes damage by fire or explosion to property, whether or not that person owns, in whole or in part, the property, is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Holder or beneficiary of fire insurance policy
(2) Where a person is charged with an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSec4|435(1)A}}, the fact that the person was the holder of or was named as a beneficiary under a policy of fire insurance relating to the property in respect of which the offence is alleged to have been committed is a fact from which intent to defraud may be inferred by the court.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 435; 
{{LegHistory00s|1990, c. 15}}, s. 1;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 163.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|435}}
|{{NoteUp|435}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Arson by negligence
436 (1) Every person who owns, in whole or in part, or controls property and who, as a result of a marked departure from the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would use to prevent or control the spread of fires or to prevent explosions, is a cause of a fire or explosion in that property that causes bodily harm to another person or damage to property is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Non-compliance with prevention laws
(2) Where a person is charged with an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSec4|436(1)A}}, the fact that the person has failed to comply with any law respecting the prevention or control of fires or explosions in the property is a fact from which a marked departure from the standard of care referred to in that subsection may be inferred by the court.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 436;
{{LegHistory90s|1990, c. 15}}, s. 1;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 164.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|436}}
|{{NoteUp|436|1|2}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
|433(a)
| Arson with disregard for human life
|"{{ellipsis1}}, who intentionally or recklessly did cause damage by fire or explosion to property [describe the property, including address], knowing or being reckless of the fact that the property was inhabited or occupied, {{contrary|433(a)}}."
|-
|433(b)
| Arson causing bodily harm
|"{{ellipsis1}}, who intentionally or recklessly did cause damage by fire or explosion to property [describe the property, including address] where the fire or explosion causes bodily harm to [name1]{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|433(b)}}."
|-
|434
| Arson with damage to property
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did intentionally or recklessly cause damage by fire or explosion to property not wholly owned by him{{toWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|434}}."
|-
|434.1
| Arson with damage to property
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did intentionally or recklessly cause damage by fire or explosion to property [describe the property, including address], owned in whole or in part by him or her, not wholly owned by him thereby threatening the health, safety or property of [name1]{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|434.1}}."
|-
|435(1)
| Arson for fraudulent purpose
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did with intent or recklessly cause damage by fire or explosion to property not wholly owned by him{{toWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|435(1)}}."
|-
|436(1)
| Arson for fraudulent purpose
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did intentionally or recklessly cause damage by fire or explosion to property not wholly owned by him{{toWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|436(1)}}."
|-
|436.1
| Poss'n of incendiary material
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did have in his or her possession incendiary material, incendiary device or an explosive substance for the purpose of committing an offence under s. 433, 434, 435, or 436 {{toWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|436.1}}."

{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==

{{ElementHeader}}

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|Arson — disregard for human life|433}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit did anything{{ARConduct}}; 
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was done "intentionally or recklessly";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct caused "damage by fire or explosion to property"; and
# the culprit either:
## {{box}} knew or was reckless with respect to whether the property was inhabited or occupied; or
## {{box}} the fire or explosion causes bodily harm to another person.

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|Arson — damage to property|434}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit did anything{{ARConduct}}; 
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was done "intentionally or recklessly";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct caused "damage by fire or explosion to property"; and 
# {{box}} the property was "not wholly owned" by the culprit.

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|Arson — own property|434.1}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit did anything{{ARConduct}}; 
# {{box}} the culprit causes a fire or explosion;
# {{box}} the fire or explosion damages a thing;
# {{box}} the thing is property owned in whole or part by the accused; and 
# {{box}} the fire or explosion threatened the health, safety or prorpety of another person.

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|Arson — fraudulent purpose|435}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit did anything{{ARConduct}};
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was done "with intent to defraud any other person"; and 
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct caused "causes damage by fire or explosion to property".

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|Arson by negligence|436}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit does anything;
# {{box}} the culprit owns or controls a property;
# {{box}} there was a "marked departure from the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would use to prevent or control the spread of fires or to prevent explosions";
# {{box}} the prohibited act caused a fire or explosion in the property;
# {{box}} the fire or explosion caused bodily harm to another or damage property.

{{ElementRight}}

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==

For any general intent arson offences where recklessness is the minimum standard, the Crown must prove that "accused actually knew that damage by fire to the property specified was the probable consequence of the actions the accused proposed to take, and the accused proceeded to take the actions in the face of the risk."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|SDD|4vb1|2002 NFCA 18 (CanLII)|164 CCC (3d) 1}}{{perNLCA|Well CJ}}{{atL|4vb1|25}}
</ref>  

{{reflist|2}}
===Arson, Damage to Property (434 and 434.1)===
; Actus Reus
Arson under s. 434 requires the proof of an act that damages property by fire.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Tatton|gjcjj|2015 SCC 33 (CanLII)|[2015] 2 SCR 574}}{{perSCC-H|Moldaver J}}<br>
</ref> 
Fire is "simply the mechanism by which the damage must be caused."<ref>
{{ibid1|Tatton}}
</ref>

"Damages" requires that there be physical harm or reduction in value to property.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|MV|6gph|1998 CanLII 4374 (ON CA)|123 CCC (3d) 138}}{{perONCA|Goudge JA}}
</ref>

Section 434.1 requires causing damage to property by fire or explosion. It does not require that anyone be harmed or endangered.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Ludwig|hvx82|2018 ONCA 885 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}{{AtL|hvx82|35}} ("Section 434 creates the offence of intentionally or recklessly causing damage to property by fire. The provision creates a pure property offence that contains no additional mens rea requirement. The section does not require proof that anyone was harmed or endangered by the fire. Section 434 does not, however, apply if the person causing the damage by fire wholly owns the damaged property. A person who intentionally or recklessly causes damage by fire to property that he wholly owns does not commit an offence under s. 434.")
</ref> 
All that is required is that the fire or explosion "seriously threatens the health, safety or property of another person". This will include police, firefighters and other first responders.<ref>
{{ibid1|Ludwig}}
</ref>

For s. 434.1, the property must be owned in whole or in part by the accused.<ref>
{{ibid1|Ludwig}}
</ref>

; Mens Rea
Section 434 arson is a general intent offence.<ref>
{{supra1|Tatton}}<br>
</ref>
It is made out if the accused intentionally or recklessly performs the illegal act that causes damage to the property.<Ref>
{{supra1|Tatton}}
</ref>

Intoxication short of automatism does not negate the mens rea.<ref>
{{supra1|Tatton}}
</ref>

When considering mens rea, the court may consider all the circumstances, including the manner in which the fire started. This is an important but not essential consideration.<ref>
{{supra1|Tatton}}
</ref>

The necessary ''mens rea'' under s. 434.1 is intentionally or recklessly causing damage.<Ref>
{{supra1|Ludwig}}{{AtL|hvx82|35}} ("Section 434 creates the offence of intentionally or recklessly causing damage to property by fire. The provision creates a pure property offence that contains no additional mens rea requirement. The section does not require proof that anyone was harmed or endangered by the fire. Section 434 does not, however, apply if the person causing the damage by fire wholly owns the damaged property. A person who intentionally or recklessly causes damage by fire to property that he wholly owns does not commit an offence under s. 434.")
</ref>
It is not necessary that the accuseds ''knew'' that the fire threatened the health, safety or property of another person.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Bastien|h42qp|2017 BCCA 210 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Lowry JA}} (3:0)
</ref>

The ''mens rea'' requirements does not include the need to prove a subjective foresight of the consequences of the act of starting the fire.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Peters|1d8ll|1991 CanLII 257 (BC CA)|69 CCC (3d) 461}}{{perBCCA| McEachern CJ}}</ref> 
However, the crown does need to prove the "probable consequences" of starting the fire was known to the accused.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|SDD|4vb1|2002 NFCA 18 (CanLII)|164 CCC (3d) 1}}{{perNLCA|Well CJ}}<br>
cf. {{CanLIIRP|Buttar|22kl5|1986 CanLII 1163 (BC CA)|28 CCC (3d) 84}}{{perBCCA|Esson JA}} (2:1){{perBCCADissent|Lambert JA}}</ref>
The minimal ''mens rea'' standard is one of recklessness.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Brain|56x1|2003 BCCA 70 (CanLII)|172 CCC (3d) 203}}{{perBCCA|Finch CJ}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Venn|1cqxk|1991 CanLII 914 (BC SC)}}{{perBCSC|Bouck J}}</ref>

; "fraudulent purpose"
For the purpose of an offence under s. 435, the requirement of fraud requires that there be "dishonesty in accord with community standards."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|D(RN)|1dd6z|1994 CanLII 403 (BC CA)|89 CCC (3d) 449}}{{perBCCA|Hollinrake JA}}{{atL|1dd6z|35}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Evidence===
Most cases of arson are circumstantial. To support conviction, "the circumstances must be sufficient to exclude every reasonable hypothesis other than a wilful and intentional burning in order to rebut the presumption that the burning was of accidental or natural origin."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Monteleone|1ftl9|1987 CanLII 16 (SCC)|[1987] 2 SCR 154}}{{perSCC-H|McIntyre J}}<br>
See also {{CanLIIRP|Jonkman|fvfwq|2012 SKQB 511 (CanLII)|410 Sask R 171}}{{perSKQB|Schwann J}}
</ref>

It is not always necessary to establish an incendiary source of the fire. Circumstantial evidence such as motive, opportunity, financial difficulty, the possibility of gain, inculpatory utterances and other inculpatory circumstances, may be used to make the case.<ref>
{{supra1|Monteleone}}<br>
{{supra1|Jonkman}}{{AtsL|fvfwq|90| to 94}}<br>
</ref>

; "property"
"Property" is defined under s. 428.

; "explosive substance" 
"Explosive substance" is defined by s. 2.

{{reflist|2}}
===Causation===
It is often expected that Crown expert evidence will be required to establish the cause of the fire as being from the accused.<ref>
e.g. {{CanLIIRx|Eng|1f24d|1996 CanLII 1598 (BC SC)}}{{perBCSC|Bouck J}}</ref>

; Causal connection &ndash; arson by negligence 
The Crown must prove there is a causal connection between (1) the breach of the standard of care, (2) the fire and its spread, and (3) the resulting harm or damage.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Harricharan|6jjr|1995 CanLII 445 (ON CA)|98 CCC (3d) 145}}{{perONCA|Abella JA}} (3:0)
</ref>

It is ''not'' necessary that the Crown prove that the accused actions were the cause of the damage.<Ref>
{{ibid1|Harricharan}}{{perONCA|Morden ACJ and Catzman JA}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Expert Evidence===
When weighing the evidence of an arson expert, the Court should consider:<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Vieira|1lzt2|2005 CanLII 41367 (ON CA)}}{{perONCA| Goudge JA}}<br>
E.g. See {{CanLIIRP|Jonkman|fvfwq|2012 SKQB 511 (CanLII)|410 Sask R 171}}{{perSKQB|Schwann J}}</ref>
* whether the expert visited the scene of the fire 
* whether he was present in court for relevant eyewitness evidence
* whether the defence expert had a flawed understanding of the Crown expert evidence
* the plausibility of the alternative explanations of the fire

{{reflist|2}}

===Defences===
The statutory defence of [[Duress|duress]] is excluded by s. 17 from applying to offences of arson.

; Wilful Intent and Colour of Right
{{quotation3|
; Wilfully causing event to occur
429 (1) Every one who causes the occurrence of an event by doing an act or by omitting to do an act that it is his duty to do, knowing that the act or omission will probably cause the occurrence of the event and being reckless whether the event occurs or not, shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Part {{AnnSec|Part XI}}, wilfully to have caused the occurrence of the event.
<br>
; Colour of right
(2) No person shall be convicted of an offence under sections 430 to 446 {{AnnSec4|430 to 446}} where he proves that he acted with legal justification or excuse and with colour of right.
<br>
; Interest
(3) Where it is an offence to destroy or to damage anything,
:(a) the fact that a person has a partial interest in what is destroyed or damaged does not prevent him from being guilty of the offence if he caused the destruction or damage; and
:(b) the fact that a person has a total interest in what is destroyed or damaged does not prevent him from being guilty of the offence if he caused the destruction or damage with intent to defraud.

R.S., c. C-34, s. 386.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|429}}
|{{NoteUp|429|1|2|3}}
|{{terms-
|"person" (s. 2)
}}
}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS --> 
|s. 433, 434 and 436 || || || |- 
{{VictimEnd}} 

{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 433, 434 and 436}}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 433 {{DescrSec|433}} | {{NA}} | {{MaxLife}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 434 {{DescrSec|434}}<br> s. 434.1 {{DescrSec|434.1}}  | {{NA}} | {{Max14Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 435 {{DescrSec|435}} | {{NA}} | {{Max10Years}}}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 436 {{DescrSec|436}} | {{NA}} | {{Max5Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 433, 434 and 436|'''{{MaxLife}}''' under s. 433 {{DescrSec|433}}, '''{{Max14Years}}''' under s. 434 {{DescrSec|434}}, '''{{Max10Years}}''' under s. 435 {{DescrSec|435}} and '''{{Max5Years}}''' under s. 436 {{DescrSec|436}}}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{NoMinimumPenalties}}

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 433 {{DescrSec|433}}|| {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
|-
|s. 434 {{DescrSec|434}}, 436 {{DescrSec|436}} || {{NA}} || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
|s. 435 {{DescrSec|435}} || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoCSO}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable1|s. 434 {{DescrSec|434}} and 436 {{DescrSec|436}}}}

{{NoDischargeAvailable|s. 433 {{DescrSec|433}}}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|C|s. 433 {{DescrSec|433}}}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|F|s. 435 {{DescrSec|435}}}}

; Conditional Sentences
The general gravity of the offence is usually serious enough to find that conditional sentences to be inappropriate.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Mirzahkalili|274n3|2009 ONCA 905 (CanLII)|257 OAC 27}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bos|gs015|2016 ONCA 443 (CanLII)|131 OR (3d) 755}}{{perONCA|Tulloch JA}}{{atL|gs015|127}}<br>
</ref>

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

{{reflist|2}}
===Principles===

; Gravity
There are four categories of arson offences: <ref>
See Ruby, Sentencing (5th Ed) at 744 to 780</ref>
# Mental illness (e.g. pyromania)
# Insurance fraud
# Revenge
# Vandalism / random mischief
 
Those with motivation of revenge or financial gain are the most morally blameworthy.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Fournier|5hpf|2002 NBCA 71 (CanLII)|[2002] 173 CCC (3d) 566}}{{perNBCA|Larlee JA}} at 25 (NBCA)<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Fewer|, [2004] NJ No 433}}{{at-|37}}<br>
</ref>

; Dispositions
Not every instance of arson under s. 434 constitutes a SPIO. It must be determined on the facts. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|CPM|22qt7|2009 ABPC 58 (CanLII)|465 AR 385}}{{perABPC|Allen J}}{{atL|22qt7|30}}</ref>

It is not "uncommon" to order lengthy periods of probation as part of the sentencing where there are concerns of rehabilitation and protection of the public.
<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Keber|1m12m|2005 BCCA 543 (CanLII)|218 BCAC 125}}{{perBCCA|Rowles JA}}{{atL|1m12m|7}}</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

===Factors===
It is not a mitigating factor that it was good luck that no one was hurt or killed in relation to an offence under s. 433(a).<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|KH|, (1994) 146 NBR (2d) 372 (NBCA)}}{{at-|6}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Morningstar|gwvct|2017 NBQB 7 (CanLII)}}{{perNBQB|Walsh J}}{{atL|gwvct|32}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Arson}}

In British Columbia, the range of sentence for arsons is between 9 months and 3 years.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|MacKendrick|1qjmm|2007 BCPC 35 (CanLII)| [2007] BCJ No 306}}{{perBCPC|Ball J}}{{atL|1qjmm|43}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Keber|1m12m|2005 BCCA 543 (CanLII)|[2005] BCJ No 2475 (BCCA)}}{{perBCCA|Rowles JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Shore|54jn|1999 BCCA 227 (CanLII)|WCB (2d) 99 (BCCA)}}{{perBCCA|Southin JA}} <br>
{{CanLIIRP|Allard|548x|1999 BCCA 481 (CanLII)|[1999] BCJ No 1912 (BCCA)}}{{perBCCA|Finch JA}}<br>
</ref>

In New Brunswick and Newfoundland, it has been stated that the sentence for arson with disregard for human life will "rarely be for a period of less than two years."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Combdon|1wn8p|2008 NLTD 71 (CanLII)|842 APR 259}}{{perNLSC| Goodridge J}}{{atL|1wn8p|44}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Morningstar|gwvct|2017 NBQB 7 (CanLII)}}{{perNBQB|Walsh J}}{{atL|gwvct|34}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}

{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]] | s. 433, 434, 434.1, 435, and 436 |
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 433, 434, 434.1, 435, and 436}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Weapons Prohibition Orders]]| s. 433, 434, 434.1 and 436 |
* {{Section109|A|s. 433, 434, 434.1 , and 436}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] | s. 433, 434.1, and 436 |
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 433, 434.1 or 436}} }}

{{AOrderEnd}}
; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 

{{RecordSuspension|s. 433 {{DescrSec|433}}, 434 {{DescrSec|434}}, 434.1 {{DescrSec|434.1}}, 435 {{DescrSec|435}}, and 436 {{DescrSec|436}} }}

==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

'''Related'''
* [[Possession of Incendiary Materials (Offence)]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Property}}