View source for Counterfeiting (Offence)

[[Fr:Contrefaçon_(infraction)]]
{{Currency2|January|2019}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Counterfeiting
|OffencePage=Counterfeiting 
|Section=449, 450, and 452
|Act={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}}
|Bail={{OBBailJudge}} 
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDisp14orLife}} 
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|IndictableMax=  {{OBTime|14 years}} }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewXII|counterfeiting}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}}, <br>450 {{DescrSec|450}}, and <br>452 {{DescrSec|452}} | {{NA}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-14Years}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsIndictElection-14Above|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}}, <br>450 {{DescrSec|450}}, and <br>452 {{DescrSec|452}}}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}} , <br>s. 450 {{DescrSec|450}}, or<br> s. 452 {{DescrSec|452}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Indictable}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}}, 450 {{DescrSec|450}}, or 452 {{DescrSec|452}}}}

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

:''Fingerprints and Photos''
{{IDCriminalAct|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}}, 450 {{DescrSec|450}}, or 452 {{DescrSec|452}}}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}}, 450 {{DescrSec|450}}, and 452 {{DescrSec|452}}  || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark-14Years}}
{{DesignationEnd}}
{{WiretapDesignation|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}}, 450 {{DescrSec|450}}, and 452 {{DescrSec|452}}}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Making
449 Every one who makes or begins to make counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
<br>
R.S., c. C-34, s. 407.
|{{CCCSec2|449}}
|{{NoteUp|449}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Possession, etc., of counterfeit money
450 Every person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years who, without lawful justification or excuse,
:(a) buys, receives or offers to buy or receive counterfeit money;
:(b) has in their custody or possession counterfeit money; or
:(c) introduces counterfeit money into Canada.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 450; {{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 55.
|{{CCCSec2|450}}
|{{NoteUp|450}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Uttering, etc., counterfeit money
452 Every person is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years who, without lawful justification or excuse,
:(a) utters or offers to utter counterfeit money or uses counterfeit money as if it were genuine, or
:(b) exports, sends or takes counterfeit money out of Canada.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 452; {{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 57.
|{{CCCSec2|452}}
|{{NoteUp|452}}
}}
	
===Draft Form of Charges===	
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
|449
| making counterfeit money
|"{{ellipsis1}} did make or begin to make counterfeit money{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{Contrary|449}}."	
|-
|450(a)
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}} without lawful justification or excuse, did buy, receive, offer to buy or offer to receive counterfeit money{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|450(a)}}."	
|-
|450(b)
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}} without lawful justification or excuse, did have in his or her custody or possession counterfeit money{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|450(b)}}."	
|-
|450(c)
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}} without lawful justification or excuse, did introduce into Canada counterfeit money{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|450(c)}}."	
|-
|452(a)
| uttering counterfeit money
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did utter, offer to utter or use as if it were genuine counterfeit money{{ToWit-Particulars}} {{contrary|452(a)}}."
|-
|452(b)
| exporting counterfeit money
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did export, send or take counterfeit money out of Canada{{ToWit-Particulars}} {{contrary|452(b)}}."
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==

{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}
{{Proving|making counterfeit money|449}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit made or began to make counterfeit money
# {{box}} the culprit knew the money was counterfeit

{{Proving|possession counterfeit money|450}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} Either:
##  {{box}} buys, receives or offers to buy or receive counterfeit
##  {{box}} possesses counterfeit or
## {{box}} brings counterfeit money into the country
# {{box}} the culprit knew the money was counterfeit

{{ElementRight}}
{{Proving|uttering counterfeit money|452}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} Either:
## {{box}} uses counterfeit as real money
## {{box}} export, send, or take counterfeit out of the country
# {{box}} the culprit knew the money was counterfeit

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==

; Intention to Spend
A lack of intention to spend the money is not a defence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Duane|2dggn|1984 ABCA 115 (CanLII)|12 CCC (3d) 368}}{{perABCA|Kerans JA}}{{atL|2dggn|4}} ("mere lack of intention not to use it as currency does not legitimate possession of counterfeit money.")
</ref> 

An intention "not intend to use [coins] as currency" but rather to "hold" coins "for the purpose of selling them as numismatic curiosities" is not a valid defence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Robinson|1twwc|1973 CanLII 22 (SCC)|[1974] SCR 573}}{{perSCC|Ritchie J}}
</ref>

; Nature of Currency
The Crown must prove that the accused knew of the counterfeit character of the currency.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Freng|1dbrk|1993 CanLII 913 (BC CA)|86 CCC (3d) 91}}{{AtL|1dbrk|21}} (" We conclude the proper construction of ss. 450 and 452 requires the Crown to prove beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential elements of the charges in question and that knowledge of the character of the counterfeit money is an essential element.")
</ref>

It is a defence to raise a doubt that the accused knew of the "counterfeit nature" of the money.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Burge|210pg|1986 CanLII 806 (BC CA)|32 CCC (3d) 389}}{{perBCCA|Carrothers JA}}{{atL|210pg|9}}<br>
</ref>

; "lawful justification" or "excuse"
It is not a defence to the offence to establish a lack of intent to use the money to purchase anything.<ref>
{{supra1|Duane}}
</ref>
The intention to sell a counterfeit coin "as numismatic curiosities" is not an excuse for the offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Robinson v R|1twwc|1973 CanLII 22 (SCC)|[1974] SCR 573}}
</ref>

; Constitutionality
The reverse onus found in s. 450, 451, 452, and 454 do not violate s. 11(d) of the Charter.<ref>
{{ibid1|Burge}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Making===

{{quotation2|
; Definitions
448 In this Part {{AnnSec|Part XII}},<br>
'''"counterfeit money"''' includes
:(a) a false coin or false paper money that resembles or is apparently intended to resemble or pass for a current coin or current paper money,
:(b) a forged bank-note or forged blank bank-note, whether complete or incomplete,
:(c) a genuine coin or genuine paper money that is prepared or altered to resemble or pass for a current coin or current paper money of a higher denomination,
:(d) a current coin from which the milling is removed by filing or cutting the edges and on which new milling is made to restore its appearance,
:(e) a coin cased with gold, silver or nickel, as the case may be, that is intended to resemble or pass for a current gold, silver or nickel coin, and
:(f) a coin or a piece of metal or mixed metals that is washed or coloured by any means with a wash or material capable of producing the appearance of gold, silver or nickel and that is intended to resemble or pass for a current gold, silver or nickel coin;

{{ellipsis}}
R.S., c. C-34, s. 406.
|{{CCCSec2|448}}
|{{NoteUp|448}}
}}

{{reflist|2}}
===Possession===

The Crown must prove that the accused had knowledge that the bill was counterfeit at the time it was in his possession.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Santeramo|hv0xb|1976 CanLII 1456|32 CCC (2d) 35}}{{perONCA|Brooke JA}}{{Atp|44}} (Crown appeal dismissed)<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Caccamo|1vllz|1973 CanLII 46 (ON CA)|[1973] 2 OR 367 (CA)}}{{perONCA|Gale CJ}}{{atps|369-370}} aff’d (1975), 21 CCC (2d) 257 (SCC), [1976] 1 SCR 786, [http://canlii.ca/t/1mzj4 1975 CanLII 11] (SCC){{perSCC|De Grandpre J}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Frenge|1dbrk|1993 CanLII 913 |}}{{TheCourtBCCA}}{{atps|95-6}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Uttering and Use===
The sale of counterfeit money ''as'' counterfeit money, without any deception, is not a defence against the criminalization of the use of counterfeit money.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Kelly|gd14l|1979 CanLII 2903 (ON CA)|48 CCC (2d) 560}}{{perONCA-H|Martin JA}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Proof of Counterfeit Character===
{{quotation2|
; Special Provisions as to Proof
; When counterfeit complete
461 (1) Every offence relating to counterfeit money or counterfeit tokens of value shall be deemed to be complete notwithstanding that the money or tokens of value in respect of which the proceedings are taken are not finished or perfected or do not copy exactly the money or tokens of value that they are apparently intended to resemble or for which they are apparently intended to pass.
<br>
; Certificate of examiner of counterfeit
(2) In any proceedings under this Part {{AnnSec|Part XII}}, a certificate signed by a person designated as an examiner of counterfeit by the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, stating that any coin, paper money or bank-note described therein is counterfeit money or that any coin, paper money or bank-note described therein is genuine and is or is not, as the case may be, current in Canada or elsewhere, is evidence of the statements contained in the certificate without proof of the signature or official character of the person appearing to have signed the certificate.
<br>
; Cross-examination and notice
(3) Subsections 258(6) {{AnnSec2|258(6)}} and (7) {{AnnSec2|258(7)}} apply, with such modifications as the circumstances require, in respect of a certificate described in subsection (2) {{AnnSec4|461(2)}}.
<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 461;
{{LegHistory90s|1992, c. 1}}, s. 58;
{{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 10}}, s. 34.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|461}}
|{{NoteUp|461|1|2|3}}
}}

A place officer qualified as an expert under s. 461 may give evidence on whether the bill was counterfeit. The evidence may be by certificate.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Serratore|gckvk|1980 CanLII 2833 (ON CA)|53 CCC (2d) 106}}{{perONCA|MacKinnon ACJ}}
</ref>
The offence may also testify as to what is "lawfully current" money in Canada.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|MacIntosh|g1dw2|1971 CanLII 465 (ON CA)|1 OR 512}}{{perONCA|Schroeder JA}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Misc Definitions===
Section 448 defines "current" as "lawfully current in Canada or elsewhere by virtue of a law, proclamation or regulation in force in Canada or elsewhere as the case may be;"

Section 448 states that  “utter” "includes sell, pay, tender and put off."

[[Criminal Code and Related Definitions|Section 2]] defines "bank-note".

==Digests==
* [[Counterfeiting (Offence Cases)]]

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt 
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS --> 
|s. s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}},<br>s. 450 {{DescrSec|450}} and <br>s.452 {{DescrSec|452}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || || 
|- 
{{VictimEnd}}

<!--
{{606Notice5Y|XX}}
{{606NoticeSPIO|XX}}
-->
{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}},<br>s. 450 {{DescrSec|450}} and <br>s.452 {{DescrSec|452}}| {{NA}} | {{Max14Years}}}}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}}, 450 {{DescrSec|450}} and 452 {{DescrSec|452}}|'''{{Max14Years}}'''}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{NoMinimumPenalties}}

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}}, 450  {{DescrSec|450}}, 452  {{DescrSec|452}} || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{NoDischargeAvailable|s. 449, 450 or 452}}
{{NoCSOAvailable|C|these sections}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Principles===
Counterfeiting is seen as a deliberate and sophisticated crime. The main motivator is typically greed.

In circumstances of major offences, the Crown has presented evidence of the prevalence and effect of counterfeiting in Canada and the World.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Flynn|fspw0|2012 BCPC 313 (CanLII)}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Counterfeiting}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}

{{quotation2|
; Forfeiture
; Ownership
462 (1) Counterfeit money, counterfeit tokens of value and anything that is used or is intended to be used to make counterfeit money or counterfeit tokens of value belong to Her Majesty.
<br>
; Seizure
(2) A peace officer may seize and detain
:(a) counterfeit money,
:(b) counterfeit tokens of value, and
:(c) machines, engines, tools, instruments, materials or things that have been used or that have been adapted and are intended for use in making counterfeit money or counterfeit tokens of value,

and anything seized shall be sent to the Minister of Finance to be disposed of or dealt with as he may direct, but anything that is required as evidence in any proceedings shall not be sent to the Minister until it is no longer required in those proceedings.
<br>
R.S., c. C-34, s. 420.
|{{CCCSec2|462}}
|{{NoteUp|462|1|2}}
}}


===Orders===	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}
|-
| [[DNA Orders]] ||s. 449, 450 or 452 ||
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 449, 450, and 452}}
|-
| Forfeiture or Seized Counterfeit Items (s. 463) || ||
{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{RecordSuspension|s. 449 {{DescrSec|449}}, 450 {{DescrSec|450}} or 452 {{DescrSec|452}} }}

==History==

{{quotation1|
; Possession, etc., of counterfeit money
450 Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,
:(a) buys, receives or offers to buy or receive,
:(b) has in his custody or possession, or
:(c) introduces into Canada,

counterfeit money is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
<br>
R.S., c. C-34, s. 408.
|{{CCCSec2|449}}
|{{NoteUp|}}
}}

{{quotation1|
; Uttering, etc., counterfeit money
452 Every one who, without lawful justification or excuse, the proof of which lies on him,
:(a) utters or offers to utter counterfeit money or uses counterfeit money as if it were genuine, or
:(b) exports, sends or takes counterfeit money out of Canada,

is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
<br>
R.S., c. C-34, s. 410.
|{{CCCSec2|449}}
|{{NoteUp|}}
}}

==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Property}}