View source for Right of Appeal by Crown of Verdicts or Sentences for Indictable Offences

[[fr:Droit_d%27appel_d%27une_décision_d%27appel_d%27une_déclaration_de_culpabilité_sommaire]]
{{Currency2|January|2022}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderAppeals}}
==General Principles==
{{seealso|Right of Appeal of Verdicts or Sentences for Summary Offences| Right of Appeal by Accused of Verdicts or Sentences for Indictable Offences}}

The crown may appeal on indictable matters for the situations set out in section 676: 
{{quotation2|
; Right of Attorney General to appeal
676 (1) The Attorney General or counsel instructed by him for the purpose may appeal to the court of appeal
:(a) against a judgment or verdict of acquittal or a verdict of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder of a trial court in proceedings by indictment on any ground of appeal that involves a question of law alone;
:{{removed|(b), (c) and (d)}}
{{removed|(1.1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 676; R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 139, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 18(F); {{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 43}}, s. 9; {{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 22}}, s. 10, c. 42, s. 74; {{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 93; {{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 65; {{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 18}}, s. 28; 2011, c. 5, s. 3.
|{{CCCSec2|676}}
|{{NoteUp|676|1}}
}}

So long as the "trial judge took a legally correct approach to the evidence, the Crown cannot argue that the verdict is unreasonable."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Rudge|fpbnx|2011 ONCA 791 (CanLII)|283 CCC (3d) 3, 108 O.R. (3d) 161}}{{perONCA|Epstein JA}}{{atL|fpbnx|35}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Curry|g609v|2014 ONCA 174 (CanLII)|317 O.A.C. 329}}{{atL|g609v|37}}<BR>
{{CanLIIRx|Palmer|jg2bq|2021 ONCA 348 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Tulloch JA}}{{AtL|jg2bq|60}}<Br>
</ref>

Before the Crown can successfully obtain a new trial, they must "establish that the error of law might reasonably have had a material bearing on the acquittal."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Vaillancourt|j26vs|2019 ABCA 317 (CanLII)|93 Alta LR (6th) 98}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|j26vs|14}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Graveline|1n3bs|2006 SCC 16 (CanLII)|[2006] 1 SCR 609}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}{{AtL|1n3bs|14}}<br>
</ref>
The threshold relies on a  “reasonable degree of certainty”.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|George|h4p6t|2017 SCC 38 (CanLII)|[2017] 1 SCR 1021}}{{perSCC|Gascon J}}{{AtL|h4p6t|27}}<br>
</ref> 
It is not a question of "abstract or purely hypothetical possibility", nor is it one that is "necessarily" material.<ref>
{{ibid1|George}}{{at|27}}
</ref>

This section provides the Crown with a right of appeal to an acquittal or NCR verdict on a question of law alone (676(1)(a)), a court order to quash an indictment (676(1)(b), 676(1)(c)),  an order for a stay of proceedings (676(1)(c)).<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Chapman|gpq3b|2016 ONCA 310 (CanLII)|337 CCC (3d) 269}}{{perONCA|Cronk JA}}{{atL|gpq3b|13}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Question of Law===
{{seealso| Appeal of an Error of Law}}
The Crown has a right of appeal an acquittal only on a question of law.<ref>see s. 676(1)(a)</ref> 

Crown appeals on questions of law include:<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Trachy|j1lbl|2019 ONCA 622 (CanLII)|379 CCC (3d) 51}}{{perONCA|Benotto JA}}{{atL|j1lbl|68}}
</ref>
# misinterpretation or misapplication of salient legal standards, including the elements of the offences; 
# assessing evidence based on erroneous legal principles; 
# making findings of fact not based on the evidence; 
# failing to give legal effect to findings of fact or of undisputed facts; 
# failing to consider all the evidence bearing on guilt or innocence; 
# failing to properly admit evidence; and, 
# failing to provide adequate reasons

The meaning of "question of law alone" is no different than "question of law."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Biniaris|5260|2000 SCC 15 (CanLII)|[2000] 1 SCR 381}}{{perSCC-H|Arbour J}}{{atL|5260|31}}<Br>
</ref>

Acquittals based on matters of credibility cannot be appealed.

; Burden
The Crown has a "heavy onus" to overturn an acquittal, particularly on jury verdicts.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Samuels (J.K.)|256z8|2009 ONCA 614 (CanLII)|265 OAC 214}}{{perONCA|Laskin J}}{{atL|256z8|19}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Evans|1fs19|1993 CanLII 102 (SCC)|[1993] 2 SCR 629}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atp|645}} referring to a “very heavy onus”<br>
</ref>
Acquittals are not lightly overturned.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sutton|5244|2000 SCC 50 (CanLII)|[2000] 2 SCR 595}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}{{atL|5244|2}}
</ref>

; Connection Between Error and Acquittal
Even where there is a question of law alone, the Crown must still establish a connection between the error in law and the acquittal. The error must be "directly and concretely" related to the acquittal.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|RGB|fprvr|2012 MBCA 5 (CanLII)|275 Man.R. (2d) 119, 287 CCC (3d) 463}}{{perMBCA|Freedman and Chartier JJA}}{{atL|fprvr|19}}</ref>

; Categories
There are at least four categories of cases where assessments of evidence amount to an error of law:<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|JMH|fnbb2|2011 SCC 45 (CanLII)|[2011] 3 SCR 197}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}{{atsL|fnbb2|25| to 32}}<br>
</ref>
# it is an error of law to make a finding of fact for which there is no supporting evidence. However, a conclusion that the trier of fact has a reasonable doubt is not a finding of fact for the purposes of this rule. Rather, it is a conclusion that the standard of persuasion beyond a reasonable doubt has not been met;
# the legal effect of findings of fact or of undisputed facts may give rise to an error of law;
# an assessment of the evidence based on a misapprehension or misdirection concerning a legal principle is an error of law; and
# a failure to consider all the evidence in relation to the ultimate issue of guilt or innocence is also an error of law.

; Unreasonable Verdict or Miscarriage of Justice
The Crown is prohibited from appealing a verdict on the basis that it is simply "unreasonable". Thee must be an error of law that leads to it.<ref>
{{supra1|Biniaris}}{{atL|5260|32}}<br>
</ref>

Cases of "unreasonable verdict" or "miscarriage of justice" have little relevance to crown appeals under s. 676(1)(a) for error of law.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|JMH|fnbb2|2011 SCC 45 (CanLII)|[2011] 3 SCR 197}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}{{atL|fnbb2|35}}</ref>

The Courts must "avoid seizing on perceived deficiencies in a trial judge's reasons for acquittal to create a ground of unreasonable acquittal."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Walker|1x492|2008 SCC 34 (CanLII)|[2008] 2 SCR 245}}{{perSCC-H|Binnie J}}{{atL|1x492|2}}
</ref>

; Acquittal Verdict Includes Offences Where Other Charges Convicted
{{quotation2|
676<br>
{{removed|(1) and (1.1)}}
; Acquittal
(2) For the purposes of this section, a judgment or verdict of acquittal includes an acquittal in respect of an offence specifically charged where the accused has, on the trial thereof, been convicted or discharged under section 730 {{AnnSec7|730}} of any other offence.<Br>
{{removed|(3), (4), (5) and (6)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 676; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 139, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 18(F); 
{{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 43}}, s. 9; 
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 22}}, s. 10, {{LegHistory90sA|1995|c. 42}}, s. 74; 
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 93; 
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 65; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 18}}, s. 28; 
{{LegHistory10s|2011, c. 5}}, s. 3.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|676}}
|{{NoteUp|676|2}}
}}
{{reflist|2}}

===Crown Appeal on Specific Types of Charges===

; Decision on Mental Health
{{quotation2|
676 <Br>
{{removed|(1), (1.1) and (2)}}
; Appeal against verdict of unfit to stand trial
(3) The Attorney General or counsel instructed by the Attorney General for the purpose may appeal to the court of appeal against a verdict that an accused is unfit to stand trial, on any ground of appeal that involves a question of law alone.
<Br>
{{removed|(4), (5) and (6)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 676; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 139, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 18(F); 
{{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 43}}, s. 9; 
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 22}}, s. 10, {{LegHistory90sA|1995|c. 42}}, s. 74; 
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 93; 
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 65; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 18}}, s. 28; 
{{LegHistory10s|2011, c. 5}}, s. 3.
|{{CCCSec2|676}}
|{{NoteUp|676|3}}
}}

; Stay of Proceedings or Quashing of Indictment
* See [[Appeals Other Than Verdicts or Sentences#Crown Appeal of a Stay of Proceedings or Quashing of Charges]]

==Crown Appeal of Sentence==
Crown appeals of sentence for indictable offences must have leave of the court of appeal.<ref>
see s 676 (1)(d) ("with leave of the court of appeal or a judge thereof, against the sentence passed by a trial court in proceedings by indictment, unless that sentence is one fixed by law.")</ref>

The crown may appeal on indictable matters for the situations set out in section 676: 
{{quotation2|
; Right of Attorney General to appeal
676 (1) The Attorney General or counsel instructed by him for the purpose may appeal to the court of appeal
:{{removed1|(a), (b) and (c)}}or
:(d) with leave of the court of appeal or a judge thereof, against the sentence passed by a trial court in proceedings by indictment, unless that sentence is one fixed by law.
{{removed|(1.1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 676; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 139, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 18(F); 
{{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 43}}, s. 9; 
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 22}}, s. 10, {{LegHistory90sA|1995|c. 42}}, s. 74; 
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 93; 
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 65; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 18}}, s. 28; 
{{LegHistory10s|2011, c. 5}}, s. 3.
|{{CCCSec2|676}}
|{{NoteUp|676|1}}
}}

{{reflist|2}}

===Crown Appeal of Parole Ineligibility===
; Decision on Parole Ineligibility for Murder
{{quotation2|
676 <Br>
{{removed|(1), (1.1), (2) and (3)}}
; Appeal against ineligible parole period
(4) The Attorney General or counsel instructed by him for the purpose may appeal to the court of appeal in respect of a conviction for second degree murder, against the number of years of imprisonment without eligibility for parole, being less than twenty-five, that has been imposed as a result of that conviction.<br>
{{removed|(5) and (6)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 676; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 139, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 18(F); 
{{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 43}}, s. 9; 
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 22}}, s. 10, {{LegHistory90sA|1995|c. 42}}, s. 74; 
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 93; 
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 65; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 18}}, s. 28; 
{{LegHistory10s|2011, c. 5}}, s. 3.
|{{CCCSec2|676}}
|{{NoteUp|676|4}}
}}

; Decision on Delayed Parole Under s. 743.6 or 745.51
{{quotation2|
676 <Br>
{{removed|(1), (1.1), (2), (3) and (4)}}
; Appeal against decision not to make section 743.6 order
(5) The Attorney General or counsel instructed by the Attorney General for the purpose may appeal to the court of appeal against the decision of the court not to make an order under section 743.6 {{AnnSec7|743.6}}.
<Br>
; Appeal against decision not to make s. 745.51(1) order
(6) The Attorney General or counsel instructed by the Attorney General for the purpose may appeal to the court of appeal against the decision of the court not to make an order under subsection 745.51(1) {{AnnSec7|745.51(1)}}.
<Br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 676; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 139, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 18(F); 
{{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 43}}, s. 9; 
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 22}}, s. 10, {{LegHistory90sA|1995|c. 42}}, s. 74; 
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 93; 
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 65; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 18}}, s. 28; 
{{LegHistory10s|2011, c. 5}}, s. 3.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|676}}
|{{NoteUp|676|5|6}}
}}

{{reflist|2}}