View source for Access to Records Relating to Youth Prosecutions

[[Fr:Accès_aux_dossiers_relatifs_aux_poursuites_judiciaires_contre_les_jeunes]]
{{Currency2|January|2020}}
{{LevelZero}}
{{HeaderYouthSentencing}}

==General Principles==
Part 6 of the YCJA, comprising s. 110 to 129, governs keeping and disclosing of records related to young offenders.  These sections set a window of time in which relevant parties, such as courts, police, and counsel, can access the files. Once the window expires, the records are inaccessible without a s. 123 YCJA Order of the court.

; Purpose of Access Regime
The purpose of the restrictions on access to records relating to youth prosecutions found in Part 6 is to "avoid the premature labeling of young offenders as outlaws" which would harm rehabilitation and re-integration.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|SL v NB|1k54r|2005 CanLII 11391 (ON CA)|195 CCC (3d) 481}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}{{atL|1k54r|35}} ("the Act seeks to avoid the premature labeling of young offenders as outlaws and to thereby facilitate their rehabilitation and their reintegration into the law-abiding community")<br>
See also {{CanLIIRPC|Toronto Star Newspaper Ltd. v Ontario|fppr9|2012 ONCJ 27 (CanLII)|289 CCC (3d) 549}}{{perONCJ|Cohen J}}{{atL|fppr9|40| and 41}}<br>
</ref>

; History
The predecessor Youth Offender Act similarly had a purpose that included protecting the privacy of the young offenders.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sheik-Qasim|1v3jm|2007 CanLII 52983 (ON SC)|230 CCC (3d) 531}}{{perONSC|Molloy J}}{{atL|1v3jm|15}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Records and Record-holders==
; Definition of Records
Section 2 of the YCJA defines "Record" as:
{{quotation3|
2 (1) The definitions in this subsection apply in this Act.<br>{{ellipsis}}
'''"record"''' includes any thing containing information, regardless of its physical form or characteristics, including microform, sound recording, videotape, machine-readable record, and any copy of any of those things, that is created or kept for the purposes of this Act or for the investigation of an offence that is or could be prosecuted under this Act. (dossier)
<br>{{ellipsis}}
|{{YCJASec2|2}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|2}}
|{{Terms-
|"Act" (s. 35 IA)
|"offence" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"record" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

Search warrant materials are considered "court records", not police or government records.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Telegraph Journal v QCT|2bbvd|2010 NBPC 29 (CanLII)|934 APR 164}}{{perNBPC|LeMesurier J}}{{atL|2bbvd|22}}<br>
</ref>

; Designated Record-holder
Sections 114 to 116 designate which entities may possess YCJA records:<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|SL v NB|1k54r|2005 CanLII 11391 (ON CA)|195 CCC (3d) 481}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}{{atL|1k54r|37}}<br>
</ref>
{{quotation3|
; Records That May Be Kept
; Youth justice court, review board and other courts
114 A youth justice court, review board or any court dealing with matters arising out of proceedings under this Act may keep a record of any case that comes before it arising under this Act.
|{{YCJASec2|114}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|114}}

|{{Terms-
|"Act" (s. 35 IA)
|"youth justice court" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}

}}

; Police Records
{{quotation3|
; Police records
115 (1) A record relating to any offence alleged to have been committed by a young person, including the original or a copy of any fingerprints or photographs of the young person, may be kept by any police force responsible for or participating in the investigation of the offence.
<br>
; Extrajudicial measures
(1.1) The police force shall keep a record of any extrajudicial measures that they use to deal with young persons.
<br>
; Police records
(2) When a young person is charged with having committed an offence in respect of which an adult may be subjected to any measurement, process or operation referred to in the ''Identification of Criminals Act'', the police force responsible for the investigation of the offence may provide a record relating to the offence to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. If the young person is found guilty of the offence, the police force shall provide the record.
<br>
; Records held by R.C.M.P.
(3) The Royal Canadian Mounted Police shall keep the records provided under subsection (2) {{AnnSecY|115(2)}} in the central repository that the Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police may, from time to time, designate for the purpose of keeping criminal history files or records of offenders or keeping records for the identification of offenders.
<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 1}}, s. 115; {{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, s. 190.
|{{YCJASec2|115}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|115|1|1.1|2|3}}
|{{Terms-
|"offence" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"record" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

; Government Records
{{quotation3|
; Government records
116 (1) A department or an agency of any government in Canada may keep records containing information obtained by the department or agency
:(a) for the purposes of an investigation of an offence alleged to have been committed by a young person;
:(b) for use in proceedings against a young person under this Act;
:(c) for the purpose of administering a youth sentence or an order of the youth justice court;
:(d) for the purpose of considering whether to use extrajudicial measures to deal with a young person; or
:(e) as a result of the use of extrajudicial measures to deal with a young person.

; Other records
(2) A person or organization may keep records containing information obtained by the person or organization
:(a) as a result of the use of extrajudicial measures to deal with a young person; or
:(b) for the purpose of administering or participating in the administration of a youth sentence.
|{{YCJASec2|116}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|116|1|2}}
|{{terms-
|"Act" (s. 35 IA)
|"Canada" (s. 35 IA)
|"extrajudicial measures" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"records" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"youth justice court" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"youth sentence" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Prohibited Access to Records==
Section 118(1) requires that no person be permitted access certain types of records unless authorized by the YCJA:
{{quotation2|
; No access unless authorized
118 (1) Except as authorized or required by this Act, no person shall be given access to a record kept under sections 114 to 116 {{AnnSecY|114 to 116}}, and no information contained in it may be given to any person, where to do so would identify the young person to whom it relates as a young person dealt with under this Act.
<br>
; Exception for employees
(2) No person who is employed in keeping or maintaining records referred to in subsection (1) {{AnnSecY|118(1)}} is restricted from doing anything prohibited under subsection (1) {{AnnSecY|118(1)}} with respect to any other person so employed.
|{{YCJASec2|118}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|118|1|2}}
}}

The prohibition only applies to those records that fall into s. 114 to 116.

; Where Regime Does Not Apply
Restrictions under s. 118 of the YCJA do not apply to youth offenders we are subject to an adult sentence:
{{quotation2|
; Exception — adult sentence
117 Sections 118 to 129 {{AnnSecY|118 to 129}} do not apply to records kept in respect of an offence for which an adult sentence has been imposed once the time allowed for the taking of an appeal has expired or, if an appeal is taken, all proceedings in respect of the appeal have been completed and the appeal court has upheld an adult sentence. The record shall be dealt with as a record of an adult and, for the purposes of the  ''Criminal Records Act'', the finding of guilt in respect of the offence for which the record is kept is deemed to be a conviction.
|{{YCJASec2|117}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|117}}
}}

{{Reflist|2}}
===Criminal Records===
Where the youth sentence is not a discharge, this record "in effect" converts to an adult record where there is a conviction for an adult offence within the "access period."<ref>
see s. 119(9) <br>
{{CanLIIRP|PJS|21rmr|2008 NSCA 111 (CanLII)|240 CCC (3d) 204}}{{perNSCA|Roscoe JA}}{{atL|21rmr|15}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Persons Able to Access Records==
{{quotation3|
; Persons having access to records
119 (1) Subject to subsections (4) to (6) {{AnnSecY|119(4) to (6)}}, from the date that a record is created until the end of the applicable period set out in subsection (2) {{AnnSecY|119(2)}}, the following persons, on request, shall be given access to a record kept under section 114 {{AnnSecY|114}}, and may be given access to a record kept under sections 115 {{AnnSecY|115}} and 116 {{AnnSecY|116}}:
:(a) the young person to whom the record relates;
:(b) the young person’s counsel, or any representative of that counsel;
:(c) the Attorney General;
:(d) the victim of the offence or alleged offence to which the record relates;
:(e) the parents of the young person, during the course of any proceedings relating to the offence or alleged offence to which the record relates or during the term of any youth sentence made in respect of the offence;
:(f) any adult assisting the young person under subsection 25(7) {{AnnSecY|25(7)}}, during the course of any proceedings relating to the offence or alleged offence to which the record relates or during the term of any youth sentence made in respect of the offence;
:(g) any peace officer for
::(i) law enforcement purposes, or
::(ii) any purpose related to the administration of the case to which the record relates, during the course of proceedings against the young person or the term of the youth sentence;
:(h) a judge, court or review board, for any purpose relating to proceedings against the young person, or proceedings against the person after he or she becomes an adult, in respect of offences committed or alleged to have been committed by that person;
:(i) the provincial director, or the director of the provincial correctional facility for adults or the penitentiary at which the young person is serving a sentence;
:(j) a person participating in a conference or in the administration of extrajudicial measures, if required for the administration of the case to which the record relates;
:(k) a person acting as ombudsman, privacy commissioner or information commissioner, whatever his or her official designation might be, who in the course of his or her duties under an Act of Parliament or the legislature of a province is investigating a complaint to which the record relates;
:(l) a coroner or a person acting as a child advocate, whatever his or her official designation might be, who is acting in the course of his or her duties under an Act of Parliament or the legislature of a province;
:(m) a person acting under the ''Firearms Act'';
:(n) a member of a department or agency of a government in Canada, or of an organization that is an agent of, or under contract with, the department or agency, who is
::(i) acting in the exercise of his or her duties under this Act,
::(ii) engaged in the supervision or care of the young person, whether as a young person or an adult, or in an investigation related to the young person under an Act of the legislature of a province respecting child welfare,
::(iii) considering an application for conditional release, or for a record suspension under the  ''Criminal Records Act'', made by the young person, whether as a young person or an adult,
::(iv) administering a prohibition order made under an Act of Parliament or the legislature of a province, or
::(v) administering a youth sentence, if the young person has been committed to custody and is serving the custody in a provincial correctional facility for adults or a penitentiary;
:(o) a person, for the purpose of carrying out a criminal record check required by the Government of Canada or the government of a province or a municipality for purposes of employment or the performance of services, with or without remuneration;
:(p) an employee or agent of the Government of Canada, for statistical purposes under the ''Statistics Act'';
:(q) an accused or his or her counsel who swears an affidavit to the effect that access to the record is necessary to make a full answer and defence;
:(r) a person or a member of a class of persons designated by order of the Governor in Council, or the lieutenant governor in council of the appropriate province, for a purpose and to the extent specified in the order; and
:(s) any person or member of a class of persons that a youth justice court judge considers has a valid interest in the record, to the extent directed by the judge, if the judge is satisfied that access to the record is
::(i) desirable in the public interest for research or statistical purposes, or
::(ii) desirable in the interest of the proper administration of justice.
|{{YCJASec2|119}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|119|1}}
|{{terms-
|"Attorney General" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"Canada" (s. 35 IA)
|"extrajudicial measures" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"person" (s. 35 IA)
|"record" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"youth sentence" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

{{quotation3|
; Disclosure of information and copies of record
122 A person who is required or authorized to be given access to a record under section 119 {{AnnSecY|119}}, 120 {{AnnSecY|120}}, 123 {{AnnSecY|123}} or 124 {{AnnSecY|124}} may be given any information contained in the record and may be given a copy of any part of the record.
|{{YCJASec2|122}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|122}}
|{{terms-
|"person" (s. 35 IA)
|"record" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

{{quotation3|
; Access to record by young person
124 A young person to whom a record relates and his or her counsel may have access to the record at any time.
|{{YCJASec2|124}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|124}}
|{{terms-
|"young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"record" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

{{reflist|2}}
===Access for the Administration of Justice===
Section 119(s)(ii) permits access by anyone where it is "desirable in the interests of the proper administration of justice".

This will often be how members of the media will attempt to gain access to records.<ref>
e.g. see {{CanLIIRPC|Toronto Star Newspaper Ltd. v Ontario|fppr9|2012 ONCJ 27 (CanLII)|289 CCC (3d) 549}}{{perONCJ|Cohen J}} - access refused<br>
{{CanLIIRP|AYD|fn91k|2011 ABQB 590 (CanLII)|527 AR 242}}{{perABQB|Gill J}} - access post-stay of proceedings granted<br>
{{CanLIIRxC|Halifax Herald Limited v Sparks|2bw7d|1995 CanLII 9320 (NS SC)}}{{perNSSC|Palmeter ACJ}} - found media have valid interest in access<br>
</ref>

Access under s. 119(s)(ii) is a discretionary decision on the part of the judge and so should comply with the Mentuck/Dagenais requirements for restrictions on the open court principles.<ref>
{{ibid1|Toronto Star v Ontario}}{{atL|fppr9|8}}
</ref>
However, given the context of the YCJA, the application of the Mentuck/Dagenais is to be applied differently.<ref>
{{supra1|AYD}}{{atL|fn91k|23}}<br>
</ref>

There is no presumption of access to youth records.<ref>
{{ibid1|AYD}}{{atL|fn91k|25}}<br>
</ref>

; Manner of Access
A party who is permitted to access under s. 119(1)(s) the phrase "the extent directed by the judge" permits the judge to set limitations on the form and manner of access.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|NY|1wzl2|2008 CanLII 23498 (ON SC)}}{{atL|1wzl2|9}}<br>
</ref>
This can include restrictions such as:<ref>
{{ibid1|NY}}{{atL|1wzl2|9}}<br>
</ref>
* permitting inspection of the record to allow note-taking;
* providing a copy of the record and requiring it be returned to the Court or destroyed at a particular time; 
* providing a copy of the record without imposing any discretionary conditions;

{{reflist|2}}

==Duration of Accessing Records==
The access period depends on the disposition, stating under s. 119(2):
{{quotation3|
119<br>
{{removed|(1)}}
; Period of access
(2) The period of access referred to in subsection (1) {{AnnSecY|119(1)}} is
:(a) if an extrajudicial sanction is used to deal with the young person, the period ending two years after the young person consents to be subject to the sanction in accordance with paragraph 10(2)(c) {{AnnSecY|10(2)(c)}};
:(b) if the young person is acquitted of the offence otherwise than by reason of a verdict of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder, the period ending two months after the expiry of the time allowed for the taking of an appeal or, if an appeal is taken, the period ending three months after all proceedings in respect of the appeal have been completed;
:(c) if the charge against the young person is dismissed for any reason other than acquittal, the charge is withdrawn, or the young person is found guilty of the offence and a reprimand is given, the period ending two months after the dismissal, withdrawal, or finding of guilt;
:(d) if the charge against the young person is stayed, with no proceedings being taken against the young person for a period of one year, at the end of that period;
:(e) if the young person is found guilty of the offence and the youth sentence is an absolute discharge, the period ending one year after the young person is found guilty;
:(f) if the young person is found guilty of the offence and the youth sentence is a conditional discharge, the period ending three years after the young person is found guilty;
:(g) subject to paragraphs (i) {{AnnSecY|119(2)(i)}} and (j) {{AnnSecY|119(2)(j)}} and subsection (9) {{AnnSecY|119(9)}}, if the young person is found guilty of the offence and it is a summary conviction offence, the period ending three years after the youth sentence imposed in respect of the offence has been completed;
:(h) subject to paragraphs (i) {{AnnSecY|119(2)(i)}} and (j) {{AnnSecY|119(2)(j)}} and subsection (9) {{AnnSecY|119(9)}}, if the young person is found guilty of the offence and it is an indictable offence, the period ending five years after the youth sentence imposed in respect of the offence has been completed;
:(i) subject to subsection (9) {{AnnSecY|119(9)}}, if, during the period calculated in accordance with paragraph (g) or (h), the young person is found guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction committed when he or she was a young person, the latest of
::(i) the period calculated in accordance with paragraph (g) {{AnnSecY|119(2)(g)}} or (h) {{AnnSecY|119(2)(h)}}, as the case may be, and
::(ii) the period ending three years after the youth sentence imposed for that offence has been completed; and
:(j) subject to subsection (9) {{AnnSecY|119(9)}}, if, during the period calculated in accordance with paragraph (g) {{AnnSecY|119(2)(g)}} or (h) {{AnnSecY|119(2)(h)}}, the young person is found guilty of an indictable offence committed when he or she was a young person, the period ending five years after the sentence imposed for that indictable offence has been completed.

{{removed|(3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10)}}
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 1}}, s. 119; {{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, ss. 157, 191(F).
|{{YCJASec2|119}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|119|2}}
|{{terms-
|"extrajudicial sanction" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"offence" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"youth sentence" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Duration of Access
! Clock Starting Time
! Section
|-
|2 years 
| When the offender consents to extrajudicial sanctions
|119(2)(a)
|-
|2 months 
|on acquittal, after appeal period expires
|119(2)(b)
|-
|3 months 
|on acquittal, after appeal proceedings are complete
|119(2)(b)
|-
|2 months
|withdrawn or reprimand after finding of guilt
|119(2)(c)
|-
|1 year
|charges are stayed
|119(2)(d)
|-
|1 year
|on finding of guilt, absolute discharge
|119(2)(e)
|-
|3 years
|on finding of guilt, conditional discharge
|119(2)(f)
|-
|3 years
|on completion of sentence for a summary conviction offence
|119(2)(g)
|-
|5 years
|on completion of sentence for a indictable conviction offence
|119(2)(h)
|-
|3 to 5 years
|on completion of sentence for a ''subsequent'' summary conviction offence
|119(2)(i)
|-
|5 years
|on completion of sentence for a ''subsequent'' indictable conviction offence
|119(2)(j)
|-
|}

; Effect of Expiration
Where a period of access has expired, the records may still be accessed by order of a youth justice.<ref>
See [http://canlii.ca/t/7vx2 s. 123(1) of the YCJA]<br>
Also {{CanLIIRC-N|F(K) v Peel Region Police Services Board|, 2008 ONCJ 382}}{{at-|20}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|JK|26ps5|2009 ONCJ 534 (CanLII)|[2009] OJ No 4884}}{{perONCJ|Weinper J}}<br>
</ref>

; Deemed Election
Under s. 119 and 120, where no election has been made, the election will be deemed to have been summary conviction:
{{quotation3|
; Deemed election
121 For the purposes of sections 119 {{AnnSecY|119}} and 120 {{AnnSecY|120}}, if no election is made in respect of an offence that may be prosecuted by indictment or proceeded with by way of summary conviction, the Attorney General is deemed to have elected to proceed with the offence as an offence punishable on summary conviction.
|{{YCJASec2|121}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|121}}
|{{terms-
|"Attorney General" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"offence" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

{{Reflist|2}}
===Subsequent Adult Conviction===
A youth conviction (not including youth discharges) will effectively be converted to a permanent criminal record and not be subject to access restrictions of the YCJA, if a subsequent adult offence is committed during the access period under s. 119(9).<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|PJS|21rmr|2008 NSCA 111 (CanLII)|240 CCC (3d) 204}}{{perNSCA|Roscoe JA}}{{atL|21rm|15}}
</ref>

{{quotation3|
119<br>
{{removed|(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8)}}
; Application of usual rules
(9) If, during the period of access to a record under any of paragraphs (2)(g) to (j) {{AnnSecY|119(2)(g) to (j)}}, the young person is convicted of an offence committed when he or she is an adult,
:(a) section 82 (effect of absolute discharge or termination of youth sentence) does not apply to the young person in respect of the offence for which the record is kept under sections 114 to 116 {{AnnSecY|114 to 116}};
:(b) this Part no longer applies to the record and the record shall be dealt with as a record of an adult; and
:(c) for the purposes of the  ''Criminal Records Act'', the finding of guilt in respect of the offence for which the record is kept is deemed to be a conviction.
<br>
{{removed|(10)}}

|{{YCJASec2|119}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|119|9}}
|{{terms-
|"offence" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"record" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

; Adult Discharges
Where the adult offender receives a conditional discharge, the effects of s. 119(9) will not apply.<ref>
e.g. see {{CanLIIRx|BS|hwvj8|2018 ONCJ 904 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Wheeler J}}
</ref>
A judge may grant a discharge in light of the "counterproductive" effects that 119(9) would have on the offender's rehabilitation.<ref>
{{ibid1|BS}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Access to Records After Expiration Period===
{{quotation3|
; Where records may be made available
123 (1) A youth justice court judge may, on application by a person after the end of the applicable period set out in subsection 119(2) {{AnnSecY|119(2)}}, order that the person be given access to all or part of a record kept under sections 114 to 116 {{AnnSecY|114 to 116}} or that a copy of the record or part be given to that person,
:(a) if the youth justice court judge is satisfied that
::(i) the person has a valid and substantial interest in the record or part,
::(ii) it is necessary for access to be given to the record or part in the interest of the proper administration of justice, and
::(iii) disclosure of the record or part or the information in it is not prohibited under any other Act of Parliament or the legislature of a province; or
:(b) if the youth court judge is satisfied that access to the record or part is desirable in the public interest for research or statistical purposes.
; Restriction for paragraph (1)(a)
(2) Paragraph (1)(a) {{AnnSecY|123(1)(a)}} applies in respect of a record relating to a particular young person or to a record relating to a class of young persons only if the identity of young persons in the class at the time of the making of the application referred to in that paragraph cannot reasonably be ascertained and the disclosure of the record is necessary for the purpose of investigating any offence that a person is suspected on reasonable grounds of having committed against a young person while the young person is, or was, serving a sentence.
; Notice
(3) Subject to subsection (4) {{AnnSecY|123(4)}}, an application for an order under paragraph (1)(a) {{AnnSecY|123(1)(a)}} in respect of a record shall not be heard unless the person who makes the application has given the young person to whom the record relates and the person or body that has possession of the record at least five days notice in writing of the application, and the young person and the person or body that has possession have had a reasonable opportunity to be heard.
; Where notice not required
(4) A youth justice court judge may waive the requirement in subsection (3) {{AnnSecY|123(3)}} to give notice to a young person when the judge is of the opinion that
:(a) to insist on the giving of the notice would frustrate the application; or
:(b) reasonable efforts have not been successful in finding the young person.
; Use of record
(5) In any order under subsection (1) {{AnnSecY|123(1)}}, the youth justice court judge shall set out the purposes for which the record may be used.
; Disclosure for research or statistical purposes
(6) When access to a record is given to any person under paragraph (1)(b) {{AnnSecY|123(1)(b)}}, that person may subsequently disclose information contained in the record, but shall not disclose the information in any form that would reasonably be expected to identify the young person to whom it relates.

|{{YCJASec2|123}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|123|1|2|3|4|5|6}}
|{{terms-
|"Act" (s. 35 IA)
|"person" (s. 35 IA)
|"young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"youth justice court judge" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

==Disclosure of Records==
{{quotation3|
; Disclosure by peace officer during investigation
125 (1) A peace officer may disclose to any person any information in a record kept under section 114 (court records) or 115 (police records) that it is necessary to disclose in the conduct of the investigation of an offence.

; Disclosure by Attorney General
(2) The Attorney General may, in the course of a proceeding under this Act or any other Act of Parliament, disclose the following information in a record kept under section 114 (court reports) or 115 (police records):
:(a) to a person who is a co-accused with the young person in respect of the offence for which the record is kept, any information contained in the record; and
:(b) to an accused in a proceeding, if the record is in respect of a witness in the proceeding, information that identifies the witness as a young person who has been dealt with under this Act.

; Information that may be disclosed to a foreign state
(3) The Attorney General or a peace officer may disclose to the Minister of Justice of Canada information in a record that is kept under section 114 (court records) or 115 (police records) to the extent that it is necessary to deal with a request to or by a foreign state under the ''Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act'', or for the purposes of any extradition matter under the ''Extradition Act''. The Minister of Justice of Canada may disclose the information to the foreign state in respect of which the request was made, or to which the extradition matter relates, as the case may be.
<br>
; Disclosure to insurance company
(4) A peace officer may disclose to an insurance company information in a record that is kept under section 114 (court records) or 115 (police records) for the purpose of investigating a claim arising out of an offence committed or alleged to have been committed by the young person to whom the record relates.
<br>
; Preparation of reports
(5) The provincial director or a youth worker may disclose information contained in a record if the disclosure is necessary for procuring information that relates to the preparation of a report required by this Act.
<br>
; Schools and others
(6) The provincial director, a youth worker, the Attorney General, a peace officer or any other person engaged in the provision of services to young persons may disclose to any professional or other person engaged in the supervision or care of a young person — including a representative of any school board or school or any other educational or training institution — any information contained in a record kept under sections 114 to 116 {{AnnSecY|114 to 116}} if the disclosure is necessary
:(a) to ensure compliance by the young person with an authorization under section 91 {{AnnSecY|91}} or an order of the youth justice court;
:(b) to ensure the safety of staff, students or other persons; or
:(c) to facilitate the rehabilitation of the young person.

; Information to be kept separate
(7) A person to whom information is disclosed under subsection (6) {{AnnSecY|125(6)}} shall
:(a) keep the information separate from any other record of the young person to whom the information relates;
:(b) ensure that no other person has access to the information except if authorized under this Act, or if necessary for the purposes of subsection (6) {{AnnSecY|125(6)}}; and
:(c) destroy their copy of the record when the information is no longer required for the purpose for which it was disclosed.

; Time limit
(8) No information may be disclosed under this section after the end of the applicable period set out in subsection 119(2) (period of access to records).
|{{YCJASec2|125}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|125|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8}}
|{{terms-
| "Act" (s. 35 IA)
| "Attorney General" (s. 35 IA)
| "person" (s. 35 IA)
| "provincial director" (s. 2(1) YA)
| "record" (s. 2(1) YA)
| "youth justice court" (s. 2(1) YA)
| "young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
| "youth worker" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

{{quotation3|
; Records in the custody, etc., of archivists
126 When records originally kept under sections 114 to 116 {{AnnSecY|114 to 116}} are under the custody or control of the Librarian and Archivist of Canada or the archivist for any province, that person may disclose any information contained in the records to any other person if
:(a) a youth justice court judge is satisfied that the disclosure is desirable in the public interest for research or statistical purposes; and
:(b) the person to whom the information is disclosed undertakes not to disclose the information in any form that could reasonably be expected to identify the young person to whom it relates.
<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 1}}, s. 126; {{LegHistory00s|2004, c. 11}}, s. 48.
|{{YCJASec2|126}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|126}}
|{{terms-
|"record" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"youth justice court judge" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

{{quotation3|
; Disclosure with court order
127 (1) The youth justice court may, on the application of the provincial director, the Attorney General or a peace officer, make an order permitting the applicant to disclose to the person or persons specified by the court any information about a young person that is specified, if the court is satisfied that the disclosure is necessary, having regard to the following circumstances:
:(a) the young person has been found guilty of an offence involving serious personal injury;
:(b) the young person poses a risk of serious harm to persons; and
:(c) the disclosure of the information is relevant to the avoidance of that risk.

; Opportunity to be heard
(2) Subject to subsection (3) {{AnnSecY|127(3)}}, before making an order under subsection (1) {{AnnSecY|127(1)}}, the youth justice court shall give the young person, a parent of the young person and the Attorney General an opportunity to be heard.
<br>
; Ex parte application
(3) An application under subsection (1) {{AnnSecY|127(1)}} may be made ''ex parte'' by the Attorney General where the youth justice court is satisfied that reasonable efforts have been made to locate the young person and that those efforts have not been successful.
<br>
; Time limit
(4) No information may be disclosed under subsection (1) {{AnnSecY|127(1)}} after the end of the applicable period set out in subsection 119(2) (period of access to records).
|{{YCJASec2|127}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|127|1|2|3|4}}
|{{terms-
|"Attorney General" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"parent" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"person" (s. 35 IA)
|"provincial director" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"young person" (s. 2(1) YA)
|"youth justice court" (s. 2(1) YA)
}}
}}

==Destruction of Records==

{{quotation2|
; Effect of end of access periods
128 (1) Subject to sections 123, 124 and 126, after the end of the applicable period set out in section 119 or 120 no record kept under sections 114 to 116 may be used for any purpose that would identify the young person to whom the record relates as a young person dealt with under this Act or the Young Offenders Act, chapter Y-1 of the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985.

; Disposal of records
(2) Subject to paragraph 125(7)(c), any record kept under sections 114 to 116, other than a record kept under subsection 115(3), may, in the discretion of the person or body keeping the record, be destroyed or transmitted to the Librarian and Archivist of Canada or the archivist for any province, at any time before or after the end of the applicable period set out in section 119.

; Disposal of R.C.M.P. records
(3) All records kept under subsection 115(3) shall be destroyed or, if the Librarian and Archivist of Canada requires it, transmitted to the Librarian and Archivist, at the end of the applicable period set out in section 119 or 120.

; Purging CPIC
(4) The Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police shall remove a record from the automated criminal conviction records retrieval system maintained by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police at the end of the applicable period referred to in section 119; however, information relating to a prohibition order made under an Act of Parliament or the legislature of a province shall be removed only at the end of the period for which the order is in force.

; Exception
(5) Despite subsections (1), (2) and (4), an entry that is contained in a system maintained by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to match crime scene information and that relates to an offence committed or alleged to have been committed by a young person shall be dealt with in the same manner as information that relates to an offence committed by an adult for which a record suspension ordered under the  ''Criminal Records Act'' is in effect.

; Authority to inspect
(6) The Librarian and Archivist of Canada may, at any time, inspect records kept under sections 114 to 116 that are under the control of a government institution as defined in section 2 of the Library and Archives of Canada Act, and the archivist for a province may at any time inspect any records kept under those sections that the archivist is authorized to inspect under any Act of the legislature of the province.

; Definition of “destroy”
(7) For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3), “destroy”, in respect of a record, means
:(a) to shred, burn or otherwise physically destroy the record, in the case of a record other than a record in electronic form; and
:(b) to delete, write over or otherwise render the record inaccessible, in the case of a record in electronic form.
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 1}}, s. 128; {{LegHistory00s|2004, c. 11}}, s. 49; {{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, s. 159.
|{{YCJASec2|128}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|128|1|2|3|4|5|6|7}}
}}

The court has jurisdiction under s. 128(2) to consider whether to order the destruction of records before the period set out in s. 119.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|LTC|261pz|2009 NLCA 55 (CanLII)|896 APR 125}}{{perNLCA|Welsh JA}}
</ref>

{{quotation2|
; No subsequent disclosure
129. No person who is given access to a record or to whom information is disclosed under this Act shall disclose that information to any other person unless the disclosure is authorized under this Act.
|{{YCJASec2|128}}a
|{{NoteUpYCJA|129}}
}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Access to Police Records==
{{quotation2|
; Access to R.C.M.P. records
120 (1) The following persons may, during the period set out in subsection (3), be given access to a record kept under subsection 115(3) in respect of an offence set out in the schedule:
:(a) the young person to whom the record relates;
:(b) the young person’s counsel, or any representative of that counsel;
:(c) an employee or agent of the Government of Canada, for statistical purposes under the Statistics Act;
:(d) any person or member of a class of persons that a youth justice court judge considers has a valid interest in the record, to the extent directed by the judge, if the judge is satisfied that access is desirable in the public interest for research or statistical purposes;
:(e) the Attorney General or a peace officer, when the young person is or has been charged with another offence set out in the schedule or the same offence more than once, for the purpose of investigating any offence that the young person is suspected of having committed, or in respect of which the young person has been arrested or charged, whether as a young person or as an adult;
:(f) the Attorney General or a peace officer to establish the existence of an order in any offence involving a breach of the order; and
:(g) any person for the purposes of the ''Firearms Act''.
; Access for identification purposes
(2) During the period set out in subsection (3), access to the portion of a record kept under subsection 115(3) that contains the name, date of birth and last known address of the young person to whom the fingerprints belong, may be given to a person for identification purposes if a fingerprint identified as that of the young person is found during the investigation of an offence or during an attempt to identify a deceased person or a person suffering from amnesia.
; Period of access
(3) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2), the period of access to a record kept under subsection 115(3) in respect of an offence is the following:
:(a) if the offence is an indictable offence, other than an offence referred to in paragraph (b), the period starting at the end of the applicable period set out in paragraphs 119(2)(h) to (j) and ending five years later; and
:(b) if the offence is a serious violent offence for which the Attorney General has given notice under subsection 64(2) (intention to seek adult sentence), the period starting at the end of the applicable period set out in paragraphs 119(2)(h) to (j) and continuing indefinitely.
; Subsequent offences as young person
(4) If a young person was found guilty of an offence set out in the schedule is, during the period of access to a record under subsection (3), found guilty of an additional offence set out in the schedule, committed when he or she was a young person, access to the record may be given to the following additional persons:
:(a) a parent of the young person or any adult assisting the young person under subsection 25(7);
:(b) a judge, court or review board, for a purpose relating to proceedings against the young person under this Act or any other Act of Parliament in respect of offences committed or alleged to have been committed by the young person, whether as a young person or as an adult; or
:(c) a member of a department or agency of a government in Canada, or of an organization that is an agent of, or is under contract with, the department or agency, who is
::(i) preparing a report in respect of the young person under this Act or for the purpose of assisting a court in sentencing the young person after the young person becomes an adult,
::(ii) engaged in the supervision or care of the young person, whether as a young person or as an adult, or in the administration of a sentence in respect of the young person, whether as a young person or as an adult, or
::(iii) considering an application for conditional release, or for a record suspension under the  ''Criminal Records Act'', made by the young person after the young person becomes an adult.
; Disclosure for research or statistical purposes
(5) A person who is given access to a record under paragraph (1)(c) or (d) may subsequently disclose information contained in the record, but shall not disclose the information in any form that would reasonably be expected to identify the young person to whom it relates.
; Subsequent offences as adult
(6) If, during the period of access to a record under subsection (3), the young person is convicted of an additional offence set out in the schedule, committed when he or she was an adult,
:(a) this Part no longer applies to the record and the record shall be dealt with as a record of an adult and may be included on the automated criminal conviction records retrieval system maintained by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police; and
:(b) for the purposes of the  ''Criminal Records Act'', the finding of guilt in respect of the offence for which the record is kept is deemed to be a conviction.
<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 1}}, s. 120; 
{{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, ss. 158, 192.
|{{YCJASec2|120}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|120|1|2|3|4|5|6}}
}}

; Deemed Election
Under s. 119 and 120, where no election has been made, the election will be deemed to have been summary conviction:
{{quotation2|
; Deemed election
121 For the purposes of sections 119 and 120 {{AnnSecY|119 and 120}}, if no election is made in respect of an offence that may be prosecuted by indictment or proceeded with by way of summary conviction, the Attorney General is deemed to have elected to proceed with the offence as an offence punishable on summary conviction.
|{{YCJASec2|121}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|121}}
}}

===Schedule===

{{quotation1|
; SCHEDULE(Subsections 120(1), (4) and (6))
1 An offence under any of the following provisions of the Criminal Code:
:(a) paragraph 81(2)(a) ([[Use or Possession of Explosives (Offence)|using explosives]]);
:(b) subsection 85(1) ([[Use of Firearm in Commission of an Offence (Offence)|using firearm in commission of offence]]);
:(c) section 151 ([[Sexual Interference (Offence)|sexual interference]]);
:(d) section 152 ([[Invitation to Sexual Touching (Offence)|invitation to sexual touching]]);
:(e) section 153 ([[Sexual Exploitation (Offence)|sexual exploitation]]);
:(f) section 155 ([[Incest (Offence)|incest]]);
:(g) [Repealed, {{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 383]
:(h) section 170 ([[Parent or Guardian Procuring Sexual Activity (Offence)|parent or guardian procuring sexual activity by child]]);
:(i) and (j) [Repealed, {{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 25}}, s. 43]
:(k) section 231 or 235 ([[Murder (Offence)|first degree murder or second degree murder within the meaning of section 231]]);
:(l) section 232, 234 or 236 ([[Manslaughter (Offence)|manslaughter]]);
:(m) section 239 ([[Attempted Murder (Offence)|attempt to commit murder]]);
:(n) section 267 ([[Assault with a Weapon or Causing Bodily Harm (Offence)|assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm]]);
:(o) section 268 ([[Aggravated Assault (Offence)|aggravated assault]]);
:(p) section 269 ([[Miscellaneous_Offences_Against_the_Person#Unlawfully_Cause_Bodily_Harm|unlawfully causing bodily harm]]);
:(q) section 271 ([[Sexual Assault (Offence)|sexual assault]]);
:(r) section 272 ([[Sexual Assault Causing Bodily Harm (Offence)|sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm]]);
:(s) section 273 ([[Aggravated Sexual Assault (Offence)|aggravated sexual assault]]);
:(t) section 279 ([[Kidnapping and Unlawful Confinement (Offence)|kidnapping]]);
:(t.1) section 279.011 ([[Trafficking in Persons (Offence)|trafficking — person under 18 years]]);
:(t.2) subsection 279.02(2) ([[Trafficking in Persons (Offence)|material benefit — trafficking of person under 18 years]]);
:(t.3) subsection 279.03(2) ([[Trafficking in Persons (Offence)|withholding or destroying documents — trafficking of person under 18 years]]);
:(t.4) subsection 286.1(2) ([[Commodification of Sexual Services (Offence)|obtaining sexual services for consideration from person under 18 years]]);
:(t.5) subsection 286.2(2) ([[Commodification of Sexual Services (Offence)|material benefit from sexual services provided by person under 18 years]]);
:(t.6) subsection 286.3(2) ([[Commodification of Sexual Services (Offence)|procuring — person under 18 years]]);
:(u) section 344 ([[Robbery (Offence)|robbery]]);
:(v) section 433 ([[Arson (Offence)|arson — disregard for human life]]);
:(w) section 434.1 ([[Arson (Offence)|arson — own property]]);
:(x) section 436 ([[Arson (Offence)|arson by negligence]]); and
:(y) paragraph 465(1)(a) ([[Conspiracy (Offence)|conspiracy to commit murder]]).

1.1 An offence under one of the following provisions of the Criminal Code, as they read from time to time before the day on which this section comes into force:
:(a) subsection 212(2) ([[Procuring and Living on the Avails of Prostitution (Repealed Offence)|living on the avails of prostitution of person under 18 years]]); and
:(b) subsection 212(4) ([[Procuring and Living on the Avails of Prostitution (Repealed Offence)|prostitution of person under 18 years]]).

2 An offence under any of the following provisions of the Criminal Code, as they read immediately before July 1, 1990:
:(a) section 433 ([[Arson (Offence)|arson]]);
:(b) section 434 ([[Arson (Offence)|setting fire to other substance]]); and
:(c) section 436 ([[Arson (Offence)|setting fire by negligence]]).

3 An offence under any of the following provisions of the Criminal Code, chapter C-34 of the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1970, as they read immediately before January 4, 1983:
:(a) section 144 ([[Rape (Repealed Offence)|rape]]);
:(b) section 145 ([[Rape (Repealed Offence)|attempt to commit rape]]);
:(c) section 149 ([[Indecent Assault (Repealed Offence)|indecent assault on female]]);
:(d) section 156 ([[Indecent Assault (Repealed Offence)|indecent assault on male]]); and
:(e) section 246 ([[History of Assault Peace Officer|assault with intent]]).

4 An offence under any of the following provisions of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act:
:(a) section 5 ([[Drug Trafficking|trafficking]]);
:(b) section 6 ([[Importing and Exporting Drugs (Offence)|importing and exporting]]); and
:(c) section 7 ([[Drug Production (Offence)|production of substance]]).

5 An offence under any of the following provisions of the Cannabis Act:
:(a) section 9 ([[Cannabis-related Offences (Offence)|distribution and possession for purpose of distributing]]);
:(b) section 10 ([[Cannabis-related Offences (Offence)|selling and possession for purpose of selling]]);
:(c) section 11 ([[Cannabis-related Offences (Offence)|importing and exporting and possession for purpose of exporting]]);
:(d) section 12 ([[Cannabis-related Offences (Offence)|production]]); and
:(e) section 14 ([[Cannabis-related Offences (Offence)|use of young person]]).

{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 1}}, Sch.; 
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 25}}, s. 43; 
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 16}}, s. 184;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, [http://canlii.ca/t/53rgg#sec383 s. 383].
|{{YCJASec2|200}}
}}

==Discharge==
{{quotation2|
; Effect of Termination of Youth Sentence
; Effect of absolute discharge or termination of youth sentence
82 (1) Subject to section 12 (examination as to previous convictions) of the Canada Evidence Act, if a young person is found guilty of an offence, and a youth justice court directs under paragraph 42(2)(b) that the young person be discharged absolutely, or the youth sentence, or any disposition made under the Young Offenders Act, chapter Y-1 of the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, has ceased to have effect, other than an order under section 51 (mandatory prohibition order) of this Act or section 20.1 (mandatory prohibition order) of the Young Offenders Act, the young person is deemed not to have been found guilty or convicted of the offence except that
:(a) the young person may plead autrefois convict in respect of any subsequent charge relating to the offence;
:(b) a youth justice court may consider the finding of guilt in considering an application under subsection 64(1) (application for adult sentence);
:(c) any court or justice may consider the finding of guilt in considering an application for judicial interim release or in considering what sentence to impose for any offence; and
:(d) the Parole Board of Canada or any provincial parole board may consider the finding of guilt in considering an application for conditional release or for a record suspension under the  ''Criminal Records Act''.

; Disqualifications removed
(2) For greater certainty and without restricting the generality of subsection (1), an absolute discharge under paragraph 42(2)(b) or the termination of the youth sentence or disposition in respect of an offence for which a young person is found guilty removes any disqualification in respect of the offence to which the young person is subject under any Act of Parliament by reason of a finding of guilt.
<br>
; Applications for employment
(3) No application form for or relating to the following shall contain any question that by its terms requires the applicant to disclose that he or she has been charged with or found guilty of an offence in respect of which he or she has, under this Act or the Young Offenders Act, chapter Y-1 of the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, been discharged absolutely, or has completed the youth sentence under this Act or the disposition under the Young Offenders Act:
:(a) employment in any department, as defined in section 2 of the Financial Administration Act;
:(b) employment by any Crown corporation, as defined in section 83 of the Financial Administration Act;
:(c) enrolment in the Canadian Forces; or
:(d) employment on or in connection with the operation of any work, undertaking or business that is within the legislative authority of Parliament.

; Finding of guilt not a previous conviction
(4) A finding of guilt under this Act is not a previous conviction for the purposes of any offence under any Act of Parliament for which a greater punishment is prescribed by reason of previous convictions, except for
:(a) [Repealed, {{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, s. 188]
:(b) the purpose of determining the adult sentence to be imposed.

{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 1}}, s. 82; {{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, ss. 156, 160, 188.
|{{YCJASec2|82}}
|{{NoteUpYCJA|82|1|2|3|4}}
}}
==See Also==
* [[Effect of Criminal Records in Sentencing]]
* [[Publication Bans Relating to Youth Prosecutions]]
* [[Dispositions for Young Offenders]]

; Related Legislation
* [http://canlii.ca/t/881n Designation of Persons Who May Access Records, NS Reg 40/2004]