View source for Bestiality (Offence)

[[fr:Bestialité (infraction)‏‎]]
{{Currency2|January|2020}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox
|OffenceTitle=Bestiality
|OffencePage=Bestiality
|Section=160(1), (2) and (3)
|Act={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection={{OBHybridElection}}
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll-Under14}}
|Bail={{OBBailAll}}
|SummaryDisp={{OBDispMinVar}}
|SummaryMin={{OBTime|6 months}} (* varies)
|SummaryMax={{OBTime|2 years less a day or {{OBSConviction}} }}
|IndictableDisp={{OBDispSame}}
|IndictableMin={{OBTime|1 year}} (* varies)
|IndictableMax={{OBTime|10 years}}
}}

==Overview==

{{OverviewV|bestiality}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 160(1) {{DescrSec|160(1)}} <br> s. 160(2) {{DescrSec|160(2)}} <br> s. 160(3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection-Under14|s. 160(1) {{DescrSec|160(1)}}, (2) {{DescrSec|160(2)}} and (3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}}}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}

|s. 160(1) {{DescrSec|160(1)}}, (2) {{DescrSec|160(2)}} and (3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 160(1) {{DescrSec|160(1)}}, (2) {{DescrSec|160(2)}} and (3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}}}}

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

:''Fingerprints and Photos''
{{IDCriminalAct|s. 160 {{DescrSec|160}}}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

{{486.4PublicationBan|s. 160 {{DescrSec|160}}}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. 160 {{DescrSec|160}} || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->|| {{OKMark-Indict}} <!--IPRA-->
{{DesignationEnd}}
{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Bestiality
160 (1) Every person who commits bestiality is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Compelling the commission of bestiality
(2) Every person who compels another to commit bestiality is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Bestiality in presence of or by child
(3) Despite subsection (1) {{AnnSec1|160(1)A}}, every person who commits bestiality in the presence of a person under the age of 16 years, or who incites a person under the age of 16 years to commit bestiality,
:(a) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year; or
:(b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of six months.

{{Removed|(4) and (5)}}

; Application
(6) Sections 740 to 741.2 {{AnnSec7|740 to 741.2}} apply, with any modifications that the circumstances require, to orders made under paragraph (4)(b) {{AnnSec1|160(4)(b)}}.

; Definition of bestiality
(7) In this section, '''"bestiality"''' means any contact, for a sexual purpose, with an animal.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 160;
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 19 (3rd Supp.)}}, s. 3; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 54; 
{{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, s. 15; 
{{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 23}}, s. 5;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 17}}, s. 1.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|160}}
|{{NoteUp|160|1|2|3|6|7}}
}}
===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
|160(1)
| bestiality
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did carry out intercourse with a beast or bird and thereby commit bestiality {{contrary|160(1)}}."
|-
|160(2)
| compulsion to commit bestiality
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did compel [name1] to commit bestiality with [details on animal]{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|160(2)}}."
|-
|160(3)
|
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did commit bestiality in the presence of [name1], a person under 16 years{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|160(3)}}."
|-
|160(3)
|
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did incite [name1], a person under the age of 16 years, to commit bestiality{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|160(3)}}."
{{DraftEnd}}

Bestiality
160 (1) Every person who commits bestiality is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

Compelling the commission of bestiality
(2) Every person who compels another to commit bestiality is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

Bestiality in presence of or by child
(3) Despite subsection (1) [bestiality], every person who commits bestiality in the presence of a person under the age of 16 years, or who incites a person under the age of 16 years to commit bestiality,

(a) is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year; or
(b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and is liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years less a day and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of six months.

==Proof of the Offence==

{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}
{{Proving|bestiality|160(1)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit performs vaginal or anal intercourse with an animal

{{Proving|compelling bestiality|160(2)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "compels another to" perform vaginal or anal intercourse with an animal

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|bestiality in presence of a child|160(3)}}
# {{box}} the culprit commits an offence under s. 160(1) ''and'' it was in the presence of person under 16 years; ''or''
# {{box}} the culprit commits an offence under s. 160(2) where the other person was under the age of 16 years.

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==
It has not been well established whether the act of bestiality requires that the sexual act be penetrative in nature.
The limited cases that have considered it have stated that there must be penetrative sex, either vaginal or anal with an animal. It does not include sexual acts involving genital touching or oral sex.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Ruvinsky| [1998] OJ No 3621 }} ("[i]n my respectful opinion, "bestiality" is anal or vaginal intercourse with an animal, by a man or a woman. ... I do not believe that it is my role to expand the definition of this offence to include genital touching or licking. That responsibility lies with Parliament, who in their wisdom, have to date not defined the offence.")<br>
See also {{CanLIIRP|MC|1c0kf|2002 CanLII 45200 (QC CQ)| [2002] JQ No 8055}}{{perQCCQ|Lortie J}}<br>
</ref> 
However, courts have accepted guilty pleas for bestiality for acts that amounted to oral stimulation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|LMR|2ct05|2010 ABCA 286 (CanLII)|490 AR 196}}{{TheCourtABCA}} - child had her vagina licked by a dog<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Black|1rrf3|2007 SKPC 46 (CanLII)|296 Sask.R. 289}}{{perSKPC|Kovatch J}} - accused recorded a woman having her genitals licked by a dog and stimulated the dog<br>
{{CanLIIRx|JJBB|1vpqz|2007 BCPC 426 (CanLII)}}{{perBCPC|Frame J}} - offender recorded two dogs licking child's genitals<br>
{{CanLIIRP|KDH|fs78w|2012 ABQB 471 (CanLII)|102 WCB (2d) 621}}{{perABQB| Manderscheid J}}{{atsL|fs78w|181|, 182}}<br>
</ref> 
More recent consideration has concluded that the offence only concerns intercourse which requires penetration.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|DLW|gs0p6|2016 SCC 22 (CanLII)|[2016] 1 SCR 402}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}
</ref>

There is no requirement that the sexual act occur between an animal and human of the opposite sex.<ref> 
{{ibid1|DLW}} (BCSC){{atL|gs0p6|305}} appealed to DLW (SCC){{ibid}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Evidence===
{{Section274to275|s. 160}}
{{Section274Offences}}
{{Section275Offences}} (s. 160(2) and (3) only)
{{Section276to277|s. 160(2) and (3)}}
{{Section276Offences}}
{{Section277Offences}}
<!--
{{Section278Offences}}
-->
{{Section278.2Offences|s. 160}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Complainant Privacy Rights in Sexual Offences
{{CPR-SexOffences}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS -->
|s. 160 {{DescrSec|160}} || || ||
|-
{{VictimEnd}}
{{606Notice5Y|s. 160 {{DescrSec|160}} }}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
{{seealsoSentencingSexual}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 160(1) {{DescrSec|160(1)}} <br> s. 160(2) {{DescrSec|160(2)}} | Summary Election  | {{summaryconviction}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 160(3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}}  | Summary Election  | 2 years less a day custody }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 160(1) {{DescrSec|160(1)}} <br> s. 160(2) {{DescrSec|160(2)}} <br> s. 160(3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}} | Indictable Election  | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 160(1), (2), and (3) |'''{{Max10Years}}'''|'''{{summaryconviction}}''' for s. 160(1) or (2) and '''{{Max2YearsLess}}''' for s. 160(3)}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{SProfileMinHeader}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 160(3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}}  | {{Summary}} | {{Min6Months}} | Same }}
{{SProfileMin|s. 160(3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}}  | {{Indictment}} | {{Min1Year}} | Same }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{NoMinimumPenalties1|s. 160(1) or (2)}}

{{MinPenaltyHybrid|s. 160(3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}} |'''{{Min1Year}}'''|'''{{Min6Months}}'''}}

; Available Dispositions

{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 160(1) {{DescrSec|160(1)}} and (2) {{DescrSec|160(2)}}|| any || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
|s. 160(3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}} || any || {{SProfileOnlyJail}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable1|s. 160(1) {{DescrSec|160(1)}} and (2) {{DescrSec|160(2)}} }} 

{{OnlyJailAvailable|s. 160(3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}} }}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{ConsecutiveSexOffence}}
===Principles===

; Young Victim
{{YVictimPrinciple}}

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Bestiality}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders

{{quotation2|
160<br>
{{Removed|(1), (2) and (3)}}

; Order of prohibition or restitution
(4) The court may, in addition to any other sentence that it may impose under any of subsections (1) to (3) {{AnnSec1|160(1) to (3)}},
:(a) make an order prohibiting the accused from owning, having the custody or control of or residing in the same premises as an animal during any period that the court considers appropriate but, in the case of a second or subsequent offence, for a minimum of five years; and
:(b) on application of the Attorney General or on its own motion, order that the accused pay to a person or an organization that has taken care of an animal as a result of the commission of the offence the reasonable costs that the person or organization incurred in respect of the animal, if the costs are readily ascertainable.

; Breach of order
(5) Every person who contravenes an order made under paragraph (4)(a) {{AnnSec1|160(4)(a)}} is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

{{Removed|(6) and (7)}}

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 160;
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 19 (3rd Supp.)}}, s. 3; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 54; 
{{LegHistory10s|2012, c. 1}}, s. 15; 
{{LegHistory10s|2015, c. 23}}, s. 5;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 17}}, s. 1.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|160}}
|{{NoteUp|160|4|5}}
}}

{{AOrderHeader}}
| [[DNA Orders]]||s. 160(2) or (3) || 
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 160(1)}}
* {{PrimDNA1|s. 160(2) or (3)}} 
|-
| [[SOIRA Orders]]||s. 160(2) or (3) ||
* {{SOIRA1|BHybrid|s. 160(2) or (3)}}
|-
| [[Section 161 Orders]] ||s. 160(2) or (3) ||
* {{Section161|s. 160(2) or (3)}}
|-
| [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] ||s. 160 ||
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 160}}
|-
{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{RecordSuspension|s. 160(1) {{DescrSec|160(1)}} or 160(2) {{DescrSec|160(2)}} }}

{{NoRecordSuspension|s. 160(3) {{DescrSec|160(3)}} }}

==History==
{{seealso|List of Criminal Code Amendments|Table of Concordance (Criminal Code)}}

* [[History of Bestiality (Offence)]]

==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Sexual}}