View source for Break and Enter (Offence)

[[fr:Introduction_par_effraction_(infraction)]]
{{Currency2|May|2021}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Break and Enter 
|OffencePage=Break and Enter 
|Section=98, 348 
|Act={{OBCCC}}
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} (dwelling and 98)<br> {{OBHybridElection}} (non-dwelling) 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}}
|Bail={{OBBailVar}} 
|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}} 
|SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|SummaryMax= {{OBTime|18 months}} or $5,000 fine (non-dwelling) 
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDisp14orLifeVar}} 
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|10 years}} (non-dwelling) <br> {{OBMaxLife}} (dwelling) }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewIX|break and enter}}

Break and enter encompasses situations where the accused was or attempted to trespass on private property with an intent to commit an indictable offence (i.e. a non-summary criminal offence). The most typical form of break and enter is a break into a commercial or private residence in order to steal property. The most serious form of break and enter is where the accused did the act knowing that there were people present and was prepared to use force against them in a robbery-like fashion. This is known as a "home invasion".  

A less frequent form of break and enter is the entry into private property in order to confront a person found within intending to assault or threaten with violence. The parties normally know each other and arises from a dispute between them, sometimes domestic. 

The evidence in most of these cases is circumstantial, and so [[Identity|identity]] is often a key point of litigation. In many cases the accused was found at some time later with stolen items in their possession for which the Crown can use to establish guilt by way of the doctrine of ''[[Recent Possession|recent possession]]''.

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} and <br> s. 98 {{DescrSec|98}} | {{NA}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 348(1)(e) [break into non-dwelling house] | Yes | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} and<br> 98 {{DescrSec|98}} }}
{{PleadingsHybridElection|s. 348(1)(e) {{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}}}}

{{Section109Notice}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} and<br>s. 98 {{DescrSec|98}} || {{ReleaseProfile-Indictable}} 
|-
|s. 348(1)(e) {{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}}|| {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} and 98 {{DescrSec|98}} }}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 348(1)(e) {{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}} }}

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

:''Fingerprints and Photos''
{{IDCriminalAct|s. 348(1)(d) or (e)}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}} 
|s. 90 {{DescrSec|98}} || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{OKMark-Life}}
|-  
|s. 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}}* <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{OKMark-Life}}
|- 
|s. 348(1)(e) {{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}}* <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{OKMark-10Years}}
{{DesignationEnd}}

{{WiretapDesignation|s. 348}}

{{DODesignation|s. 98 and 348}}

{{SPIODesignation|A|s. 98 and 348}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Breaking and entering with intent, committing offence or breaking out
348 (1) Every one who
:(a) breaks and enters a place with intent to commit an indictable offence therein,
:(b) breaks and enters a place and commits an indictable offence therein, or
:(c) breaks out of a place after
::(i) committing an indictable offence therein, or
::(ii) entering the place with intent to commit an indictable offence therein,
is guilty
:(d) if the offence is committed in relation to a dwelling-house, of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life, and
:(e) if the offence is committed in relation to a place other than a dwelling-house, of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or of an offence punishable on summary conviction.<br>
{{removed|(2) and (3)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 348; R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 47; {{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 20.
<br>
|{{CCCSec2|348}}
|{{NoteUp|348|1}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Aggravating circumstance — home invasion
348.1 If a person is convicted of an offence under section 98 {{AnnSec0|98A}} or 98.1 {{AnnSec0|98.1}}, subsection 279(2) {{AnnSec2|279(2)}} or section 343 {{AnnSec3|343}}, 346 {{AnnSec3|346}} or 348 {{AnnSec3|348A}} in relation to a dwelling-house, the court imposing the sentence on the person shall consider as an aggravating circumstance the fact that the dwelling-house was occupied at the time of the commission of the offence and that the person, in committing the offence,
:(a) knew that or was reckless as to whether the dwelling-house was occupied; and
:(b) used violence or threats of violence to a person or property.

{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 15; {{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 34.
|{{CCCSec2|348.1}}
|{{NoteUp|348.1}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Breaking and entering to steal firearm
98 (1) Every person commits an offence who
:(a) breaks and enters a place with intent to steal a firearm located in it;
:(b) breaks and enters a place and steals a firearm located in it; or
:(c) breaks out of a place after
::(i) stealing a firearm located in it, or
::(ii) entering the place with intent to steal a firearm located in it.<br>

{{removed|(2) and (3)}}
; Punishment
(4) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSec0|98(1)}} is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life.
<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 98; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 13; 
{{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 40}}, s. 11; 
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 39}}, s. 139; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 9.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|98}}
|{{NoteUp|98|1|4}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
|98(1)(a)
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did break and enter a place [specify type and address] with intent to steal a firearm located in it {{contrary|98(1)(a)}}.
|-
|98(1)(b)
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did break and enter a place [specify type and address] and stole a firearm located in it {{contrary|98(1)(b)}}.
|-
|98(1)(c)
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did break out of a place [specify type and address] after stealing a firearm located in it, or entering the place with intent to steal a firearm located in it {{contrary|98(1)(c)}}.
|-
|348
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, {{contrary|348}}.
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of Offences==

{{ElementHeader}}

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|breaking with intent|348(1)(a)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit entered into the premises 
# {{box}} the culprit had no justification for entering the premises or permission to enter
# {{box}} the culprit intended to commit an indictable offence (presumed under s. 348(2)(a))
# {{box}} location of place broken into (evidence of access method)
# {{box}} whether the place was a dwelling-house
# {{box}} [[Proof of Ownership|ownership of the place]]
# {{box}} condition of place just prior to the break-in
# {{box}} condition of place after the break-in
# {{box}} amount of damage done

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|break and commit|348(1)(b)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit entered into the premises 
# {{box}} the culprit had no justification for entering the premises or permission to enter
# {{box}} the culprit committed an indictable offence (theft, mischief, etc.)
# {{box}} location of place broken into (evidence of access method)
# {{box}} location of place of exit (optional)
# {{box}} whether the place was a dwelling-house
# {{box}} [[Proof of Ownership|ownership of the place]]
# {{box}} condition of place just prior to the break-in
# {{box}} condition of place after the break-in
# {{box}} amount of damage done
# {{box}} [[Proof of Ownership|ownership of goods taken]]
# {{box}} continuity of goods

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|break out|348(1)(c)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit was on the premises 
# {{box}} the culprit had no justification for being the premises or permission to be there 
# {{box}} the culprit intended to commit an indictable offence OR accused committed an indictable offence (theft, mischief, etc.) (presumed under s. 348(2)(a))
# {{box}} location of place broken out of (evidence of access method)
# {{box}} whether the place was a dwelling-house
# {{box}} [[Proof of Ownership|ownership of the place]]
# {{box}} condition of place just prior to the break-out
# {{box}} condition of place after the break-out
# {{box}} amount of damage done
# {{box}} [[Proof of Ownership|ownership of goods taken]]
# {{box}} continuity of goods

{{ElementRight}}

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==
===Breaking===
Section 321 defines "break":
{{quotation2|
321 In this Part {{AnnSec|Part IX}},
<br>
:'''"break"''' means
::(a) to break any part, internal or external, or
::(b) to open any thing that is used or intended to be used to close or to cover an internal or external opening;<br>
{{ellipsis}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 321; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 42.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|321}}
|{{NoteUp|321}}
}}

"Breaking" can include an actual break as defined in s. 321 or it can be "constructive" breaking. "Constructive" breaking can be established by the accused simply walking through a doorway.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Johnson|1z6b2|1977 CanLII 229 (SCC)|[1977] 2 SCR 646}}{{perSCC|Dickson J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Chanyi|hzqk3|2019 ABCA 133 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|hzqk3|23}} ("the concepts of both “actual breaking” and “constructive breaking” apply, the latter of which is defined as including entry by way of an accessible opening without lawful excuse or justification")<br>
</ref> 

It is an error to find that it is necessary for the Crown prove actual breaking to convict the accused.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Hussein|j3tmr|2019 ABCA 480 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL||9}} (the trial judge "erroneously found that evidence of an actual ‘break’ was required to convict of the offences of break and enter, having otherwise determined that they were in the apartment ‘uninvited’ (i.e. without lawful justification or excuse as per s. 350(b)(ii))")
</ref>
However, simply entering into a structure through an open door does not on its own amount to "breaking."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Jewell|hv05j|1974 CanLII 1657 (ON CA)| (1974), OJ No 931}}{{perONCA-H|Martin JA}}</ref> 
This includes staying in a store until after closing time.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Fairbridge|, 1984 AJ. NO 828}}</ref> 
Likewise, entering through an unlocked but closed door after knocking does not amount to breaking. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|House|frwt3|2012 NLCA 41 (CanLII)|1007 APR 278}}{{perNLCA|Welsh JA}}{{atsL|frwt3|13| to 17}}</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

===Entering===
An entrance is defined in s.350: <ref>found to constitutional in {{CanLIIR-N|TBK|, [1998] CRR 328 (Ont.CA) }}</ref> 
{{quotation2|
; Entrance
350 For the purposes of sections 348 {{AnnSec3x|348A}} and 349 {{AnnSec3x|349}},
:(a) a person enters as soon as any part of his body or any part of an instrument that he uses is within any thing that is being entered; and
:(b) a person shall be deemed to have broken and entered if
::(i) he obtained entrance by a threat or an artifice or by collusion with a person within, or
::(ii) he entered without lawful justification or excuse by a permanent or temporary opening.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 350; 
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 36.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|350}}
|{{NoteUp|350}}
}}

; Not An Essential Element
The absence of lawful justification or excuse for entry is not an essential element for break and enter.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Singh|2dmb7|1987 ABCA 261 (CanLII)|61 CR (3d) 353}}{{perABCA|Hetherington JA}}{{atL|2dmb7|64}} ("[t]he absence of lawful justification or excuse for entry is not an essential element of the offence of breaking and entering. It is, however, essential to the triggering of the presumption of breaking in s 308(b)(ii) [now s 350(b)(ii)], and breaking is an essential element of the offence.")<br>
</ref>

; Presumption Under s. 350(b)(ii)
The presumption under s.350(b)(ii) does not require the accused to prove lawfulness of entry.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Proudlock|1mktb|1978 CanLII 15 (SCC)|[1979] 1 SCR 525}} ("it is wrong to say that there is an onus on the accused to rebut the presumption on a balance of probabilities. The presumption applies unless there is any evidence, not expressly disbelieved, that would negate it. All the accused has to do is point to evidence to the contrary that could reasonably be true")<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Barnes|jdt2p|2021 NLCA 15 (CanLII)}}{{perNLCA|O'Brien JA}}{{atL|jdt2p|38}}
</ref>
An interpretation placing a burden of proof to disprove unlawful entry would not be constitutional.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Singh|2dmb7|1987 ABCA 261 (CanLII)|41 CCC (3d) 278}}{{perABCA|Hetherington JA}}<br> 
contra. {{CanLIIRP|K|6gq3|1998 CanLII 925 (ON CA)|49 CRR (2d) 328}}{{TheCourtONCA}} </ref>
Instead, s. 350(b)(ii) has been found to create that the presumption applies unless there is some evidence that has not been rejected and could reasonably be true that would negate the inference.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Fontaine|j7rlq|2020 ABCA 193 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtABCA}}<br>
{{supra1|Barnes}}{{atL|jdt2p|38}}
</ref>
It is not necessary that the judge specifically reference the <Ref>
{{supra1|Barnes}}{{atL|jdt2p|34}} ("Nor is it fatal that there is no specific reference in the judgment to section 350(b)(ii).")
</ref>

; Time of Entry
The time of the break is relevant to determine whether such a "lawful justification or excuse" exists. <ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Farbridge|2dgnd|1984 ABCA 301 (CanLII)|15 CCC (3d) 521}}{{perABCA|Laycraft JA}} -- Accused hid in store lawfully until closing in order to steal. This was not considered breaking</ref>

; Manner of Entry
It is not necessary for the trial judge to make a finding of fact as to how the accused entered into the residence. It is only necessary that they determine that entry was without lawful justification or excuse.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Holland|g2c3k|2013 NBCA 69 (CanLII)|1070 APR 384}}{{perNBCA|Richard JA}}
{{CanLIIRx|RMS|gk141|2015 NWTCA 5 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourt}}<Br>
{{supra1|Barnes}}
</ref>

; Opening a Door is Breaking
The opening a door which is partially ajar amounts to "breaking."<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Toney|jsk04|1976 CanLII 2486 (NS CA)|17 NSR (2d) 481}}{{perNSCA|MacDonald JA}}{{at-|12}} citing {{CanLIIRP|Jewell|hv05j|1974 CanLII 1657 (ON CA)|22 CCC (2d) 252}}{{perONCA-H|Martin JA}} <br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Corkum| (1969), 7 CRNS 61}} - window propped open by bottle was opened further by accused
</ref> 
Entry will occur even where it has been opened "enough to get your hand in" will be a "enter."<ref>
{{supra1|Toney}}</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}
====Entrance Under Section 98====
When concerning break and enter under s. 98, an "entrance" was defined as follows:
{{quotation2|
98<br>
{{removed|(1) and (2)}}
; Entrance
(3) For the purposes of this section,
:(a) a person enters as soon as any part of his or her body or any part of an instrument that he or she uses is within any thing that is being entered; and
:(b) a person is deemed to have broken and entered if he or she
::(i) obtained entrance by a threat or an artifice or by collusion with a person within, or
::(ii) entered without lawful justification or excuse by a permanent or temporary opening.
{{removed|(4)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 98; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 13; 
{{LegHistory90s|1991, c. 40}}, s. 11; 
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 39}}, s. 139; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 9.
|{{CCCSec2|98}}
|{{NoteUp|98|3}}
}}

{{reflist|2}}

===Place===
Section 348(3) defines "place" as:
{{quotation2|
348<br>
{{removed|(1) and (2)}}
; Definition of “place”
(3) For the purposes of this section and section 351 {{AnnSec3|351}}, '''"place"''' means
:(a) a dwelling-house;
:(b) a building or structure or any part thereof, other than a dwelling-house;
:(c) a railway vehicle, a vessel, an aircraft or a trailer; or
:(d) a pen or an enclosure in which fur-bearing animals are kept in captivity for breeding or commercial purposes.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 348; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 47; 
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 20.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|348}}
|{{NoteUp|348|3}}
}}

A place has been found, in certain circumstances, to include a fenced off area surrounding a structure.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|RJF|1zxg6|1994 CanLII 7611 (NS CA)|376 APR 82}}{{perNSCA|Roscoe JA}}
</ref>

Under station 384 (3), "structure" does not extend to include "an unenclosed space", Such as a loss they can simply be entered by walking around the barrier. It must be something that can be "broken into and entered."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ausland|h2s8l|2010 ABCA 17 (CanLII)|469 AR 338}}{{TheCourtABCA}}
</ref>

The concierge area behind a locked gate as well as the desk and drawer within fall in the definition of a "place."<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Charron|1m6jl|2005 BCCA 607 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Low JA}}
</ref>

When concerning a charge under s. 98,  "place" refers to "any building or structure — or part of one — and any motor vehicle, vessel, aircraft, railway vehicle, container or trailer."(98(2))

{{Reflist|2}}

===Dwelling House===
* [[Definition of Dwelling House]]

===Intent to Commit===
To make out the charge under 348(1)(a), there must be an "intent" to commit an indictable offence and the intent must be present at the time of the entering.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Rodney|1r9gq|2007 ONCA 314 (CanLII)|223 OAC 227}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atl|1r9gq|5}}<br>
{{CanLIIRPC|Regina v Wendel|gbfnh|1966 CanLII 533 (BC CA)|[1967] 2 CCC 23 (BCCA)}}{{perBCCA|Bird CJ}} at 29 (CCC)<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Toney|jsk04|1976 CanLII 2486 (NS CA)|17 NSR (2d) 481}}{{perNSCA|MacDonald JA}}{{at-|16}} <br>
{{CanLIIRP|Austin|1xczs|1968 CanLII 94 (SCC)|[1968] SCR 891}}{{perSCC-H|Martland J}}{{atp|2}}<br>
</ref>
Breaking and entering into a place is not a criminal offence without a sign of an offence while inside. <ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Taylor|, [1984] B.C.J. No 176 (S.C.)}}</ref>
A person being chased into a house and damages the door is not enough to form intent to commit an indictable offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Schizgal|1fn46|2001 BCCA 238 (CanLII)|153 CCC (3d) 245}}{{perBCCA|Braidwood JA}}</ref>

Section 348(2) provides that where there is certain evidence of the accused breaking in or out of a place, there is a rebuttable presumption of an intent to commit an indictable offence.

{{quotation2|
348<br>{{removed|(1)}}
; Presumptions
(2) For the purposes of proceedings under this section, evidence that an accused
:(a) broke and entered a place or attempted to break and enter a place is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, proof that he broke and entered the place or attempted to do so, as the case may be, with intent to commit an indictable offence therein; or
:(b) broke out of a place is, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, proof that he broke out after
::(i) committing an indictable offence therein, or
::(ii) entering with intent to commit an indictable offence therein.<br>
{{removed|(3)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 348; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 47;
 {{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 20.
|{{CCCSec2|348}}
|{{NoteUp|348|2}}
}}

; Presumption Under s. 348(2)(a)
This provision under s. 348(2)(a) "merely establishes a ''prima facie'' case" while keeping the ultimate burden on the Crown to establish on the entirety of the evidence that there is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Norbert|fvm5r|2013 ABCA 11 (CanLII)|AJ No 9}}{{Atl|fvm5r|3}} ("The presumption merely establishes a prima facie case. The burden of proof throughout is borne by the Crown…. The entirety of the evidence may raise a reasonable doubt as to [the accused’s] intention which is an essential ingredient of the crime")
</ref>

The presumption is intended to reflect the reasonable inference that where a person is in a home they have no right to be in, it must have been for an improper purpose.<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Holland|g2c3k|2013 NBCA 69 (CanLII)|1070 APR 384}}{{perNBCA|Richard JA}}{{atL|g2c3k|11}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Fontaine|j7rlq|2020 ABCA 193 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{AtL|j7rlq|4}} ("This presumption reflects the reasonable inference that, when an accused breaks and enters into a victim’s home, where the accused has no right to be, he or she must have done so for an improper purpose")
</ref>

It is not a presumption that places a burden on the accused to rebut it on a standard balance of probabilities. The ultimate burden remains at all times on the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Chanyi|hzqk3|2019 ABCA 133 (CanLII)}}{{atL|hzqk3|20}}{{TheCourtABCA}}<br>
{{supra1|Fontaine}}{{atL|j7flq|5}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Proudlock|1mktb|1978 CanLII 15 (SCC)|[1979] 1 SCR 525}}{{perSCC|Pigeon J}}<br>
</ref> 
Rather, it directs the court to infer criminal intent once the totality of the evidence is considered. The accused may argue against the inference by subtly pointing to a reasonable doubt on the evidence.<ref>
{{supra1|Fontaine}}{{atsL|j7flq|5| to 6}}<br>
{{supra1|Chanyi}}{{atL|hzqk3|20}}<br>
</ref>
Where the crown's evidence does not lend to a reasonable doubt, such as where there is a prima fantasy case. There is a tactical burden upon the accused to present evidence or face a finding of guilt.<ref>
{{supra1|Proudlock}} at p. 549<br>
{{supra1|Fontaine}}{{atL|j7flq|6}}
</ref>

; "evidence to the contrary"
To rebut the presumption of unlawful intent, the evidence to the contrary must tend to show that the intruder had no intention of committing a crime in the premises.  

Any evidence that "tends to negate the accused's intention to commit an indictable offence in a dwelling" is evidence to the contrary.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|WL|2014 ONSC 1245}}{{at-|83}}<br>
</ref>
As is evidence that shows that the accused "had no intention of committing a crime in the premises."<ref>
{{ibid1|WL}}{{at-|83}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Atkinson|frlml|2012 ONCA 380 (CanLII)|[2012] OJ No 2520 (CA)}}{{perONCA-H|Watt JA}}{{atsl|frlml|105|, 106 and 108}}<br>
</ref>

Evidence to the contrary needs only to give an explanation that is reasonably true.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Proudlock|1mktb|1978 CanLII 15 (SCC)|[1979] 1 SCR 525}}{{perSCC|Estey J}}{{atp|2}}<br>
</ref>

The fact that no offence was committed after entry is not "evidence to the contrary."<ref>
{{supra1|Rodney}}{{atl|1r9gq|6}}<br>
</ref>

Evidence to the contrary can come from either Crown or Defence witnesses.<ref>
{{supra1|WL}}{{at-|83}}<br>
</ref>

Where the accused has testified and has found not to be believed. That will not be evidence to the contrary.<ref>
{{supra1|Fontaine}}{{atL|j7flq|6}}
</ref>

; Constitutionality
Section 348(2)(b) was found to violate s. 11(d) but is deemed valid under under s. 1{{CCC}}.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Slavens|1d8fx|1991 CanLII 298 (BC CA)|64 CCC (3d) 29}}{{perBCCA|Gibbs JA}}
</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

===Doctrine of Recent Possession===
See [[Recent Possession]]

===Property===
[[Proof of Ownership|Proof of ownership]] and value of property can be proven using s. 657.1(1) and 491.2(1) without using the actual property as an exhibit.

==Kienapple and Lesser Included==
An offence under s. 349(1) is a lesser included offence to an offence under s. 348(1)(b).<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Liang|221j6|2009 ABCA 2 (CanLII)|240 CCC (3d) 197}}{{perABCA|Costigan JA}}</ref>

{{quotation2|
662 <br>
{{removed|(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5)}}
; Conviction for break and enter with intent
(6) Where a count charges an offence under paragraph 98(1)(b) {{AnnSec0|98(1)(b)}} or 348(1)(b) {{AnnSec3|348(1)(b)}} and the evidence does not prove that offence but does prove an offence under, respectively, paragraph 98(1)(a) {{AnnSec0|98(1)(a)}} or 348(1)(a) {{AnnSec3|348(1)(a)}}, the accused may be convicted of an offence under that latter paragraph.
<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 662; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 134; 
{{LegHistory00s|2000, c. 2}}, s. 3; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 38;
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 21}}, s. 20.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|662}}
|{{NoteUp|662|6}}
}}

{{Reflist|2}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt 
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS --> 
|s. 98 {{DescrSec|98}} || || || 
|- 
|s. 348 {{DescrSec|348}} || || || 
|- 
{{VictimEnd}}

{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 98 {{DescrSec|98}} and 348 {{DescrSec|348}} }}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} or <br>s. 98 {{DescrSec|98}} | {{NA}} | {{MaxLife}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 348(1)(e) {{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}} | {{Summary}} | {{summaryconviction}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 348(1)(e) {{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}} | {{Indictment}} | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} or s. 98 {{DescrSec|98}}|'''{{MaxLife}}'''}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 348(e) {{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}}|'''{{Max10Years}}'''|'''{{summaryconviction}}'''}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{NoMinimumPenalties}}

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 98 {{DescrSec|98}}<bR> s. 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
|-
|s. 348(1)(e)<br>{{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}} || any || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
|s. 348(1)(e)<br>{{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}} || any || {{SProfileNoCSO}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable1(S)|s. 348(1)(e) {{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}} }}

{{NoCSOAvailable|F|s. 348(1)(e) {{DescrSec|348(1)(e)}} }}

{{NoDischargeAvailable|s. 98 or 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} }}
{{NoCSOAvailable|C|s. 98 or 348(1)(d) {{DescrSec|348(1)(d)}} }}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Principles===
; Seriousness
Break and Enter is not properly considered merely a property crime that is typically recoverable by way of insurance.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Martyn|g6n3d|2014 ABCA 151 (CanLII)|572 AR 102}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atl|g6n3d|19}}</ref>
The offence is an "attack on the serenity and security" vested in the home regardless of whether there was any risk of violence. Vulnerable victims can suffer greatly from the offence.<ref>
{{ibid1|Martyn}}{{atl|g6n3d|19}}</ref>

The offence has been referred to as the "most serious property offence in the Criminal Code"<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Pike|g90g7|2014 CanLII 53038 (NLSCTD)}}{{perNLSC|Handrigan J}}{{atl|g90g7|15}}<br>
</ref>

Rural buildings have a "special security concern."<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Manning|2dtl1|1992 ABCA 76 (CanLII)}}{{perABCA|McClung JA}}{{atl|2dtl1|5}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Factors===
''' Aggravating'''
* whether it was a private dwelling rather than a commercial building;
* extent of planning and sophistication
* the building was occupied at the time;
* the offender was aware or reckless to whether it was occupied;
* used violence or threats of violence to a person or property
* damage to property

The maximum penalty for Break and Enter on a dwelling house is life. The maximum penalty for Break and Enter on a premises other than a dwelling house is 10 year on indictable election and 6 months on a summary election.

Certain provinces have set a benchmark for residential B&E's at 3 years.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|McAllister|21bfr|2008 NSCA 103 (CanLII)|865 APR 237}}{{perNSCA|Oland JA}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Ranges===
A first-time offender of good character who is charged with Break and Enter and where the offence is of a low-end nature (e.g. single incident, low value of property, property recovered), a suspended sentence may be appropriate.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Davenport| [1977], 1 WCB 176}}</ref> 
If, however, there are multiple incidents, a custodial sentence is the usual punishment.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Fry|, [1981] OJ No 140 (CA)}} -- 9 months concurrent</ref>

In Ontario for home invasion offences, the low end of the range is 4 to 5 years while the high end of the range is 11 to 13 years.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Mann|29njl|2010 ONCA 342 (CanLII)|261 OAC 379}}{{perONCA|MacPherson JA}}{{atL|29njl|22}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Wright|1q4bj|2006 CanLII 40975 (ON CA)|216 CCC (3d) 54}}{{perONCA|Blair JA}}{{atL|1q4bj|23}}<br>
</ref>

In Nova Scotia, a bench-mark of 3 years exists for break and enters.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Zong|gctbr|1986 CanLII 6903 (NS CA)|72 NSR (2d) 432 (CA)}}{{perNSCA|Clarke CJ}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Adams|29q0d|2010 NSCA 42 (CanLII)|255 CCC (3d) 150}}{{perNSCA-H|Bateman JA}}<br>
</ref>The sentence may slide down to 2 years for those who do not otherwise have criminal records.<ref>
{{ibid1|Adams}}{{atsL|29q0d|38| to 42}}<br>
</ref>

; Home Invasion
In Newfoundland, courts have suggested that a range of break and enter into dwellings is between 12 and 36 months.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Walbourne|frdbw|2012 CanLII 26671 (NL PC)|[2012] NJ No 171 (P.C.)}}{{perNLPC|Orr J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Roul|g2w51|2014 CanLII 2887 (NL PC)}}{{perNLPC|Porter J}}{{atL|g2w51|24}} ("absent exceptional circumstances, the range of sentence for break and entry into a dwelling house in this Province is from 12 to 36 months")<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

== Ancillary Sentencing Orders ==
; Offence-specific Orders
<!--* [[DNA Orders]] 
** {{PrimDNA2|s. 348(1)(d)}}
** {{SecondDNA(CtoE)|s. 348(1)(e)}}
** {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 98(1)}}
 -->
{{AOrderHeader}}
| [[DNA Orders]] || s. 348(1)(d), (e) and 98 ||
* {{PrimDNA2|s. 348(1)(d)}}
* {{SecondDNA(CtoE)|s. 348(1)(e)}}
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 98(1)}}
|-
<!-- -->
| [[Weapons Prohibition Orders]]||s. 348 ||
* {{Section109|BorC|s. 348}}
* {{Section109AHybrid|s. 348}}
* {{Section109|D|s. 348}}
|-
| [[SOIRA Orders]]  ||s. 348(1)(d), (e) ||
* {{SOIRA2|C|s. 348(1)(d)}}
* {{SOIRA2|BHybrid|s. 348(1)(e)}}
|-
| [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] ||s. 98 ||
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 98}}
|-
{{AOrderEnd}}
; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{RecordSuspension|s. 348 {{DescrSec|348}} }}

; Exception Where Intent to Commit Offences Against Children
{{NoRecordSuspension|s. 348 {{DescrSec|348(1)}} (where the intended offence is listed in SCHEDULE 1 of the ''Criminal Records Act'') }}

==History==
{{seealso|List of Criminal Code Amendments|Table of Concordance (Criminal Code)}}
==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]
; Related Offences
* [[Forcible Entry (Offence)]]
* [[Unlawfully in a Dwelling (Offence)]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Property}}