View source for Possession of Break-in Instruments and Disguise With Intent (Offence)

[[fr:Possession d’outils de cambriolage (infraction)]]
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox |OffenceTitle=Possession of Break-in Instruments 
|OffencePage=Possession of Break-in Instruments
|Section=351 and 352
|Act={{OBCCC}}
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} (351(2) and 352) {{OBHybridElection}} (351(1))
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}}
|Bail={{OBBailAll}} 
|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}} 
|SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}}
|SummaryMax= {{OBSConviction}}
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDispSame}}
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|2, 10 years}} }}

==Overview==
{{OverviewIX|possession of break-in instruments}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 351(1) {{DescrSec|351(1)}},<br> s. 351(2) {{DescrSec|351(2)}} and<br> s. 352  {{DescrSec|352}} | Yes | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsHybridElection-Under14|s. 351(1) {{DescrSec|351(1)}}, s. 351(2) {{DescrSec|351(2)}} and 352 {{DescrSec|352}} }}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 351(1) {{DescrSec|351(1)}}, <br> s. 351(2) {{DescrSec|351(2)}} and <br>s. 352 {{DescrSec|352}}|| {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 351(1) {{DescrSec|351(1)}}, 351(2) {{DescrSec|351(2)}} and 352 {{DescrSec|352}} }}

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

:''<u>Fingerprints and Photos</u>''
{{IDCriminalAct|s. 351(1) {{DescrSec|351(1)}}, 351(2) {{DescrSec|351(2)}} and 352 {{DescrSec|352}}}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Designation
{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}
{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Possession of break-in instrument
351 (1) Every person who, without lawful excuse, has in their possession any instrument suitable for the purpose of breaking into any place, motor vehicle, vault or safe knowing that the instrument has been used or is intended to be used for that purpose,
:(a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or
:(b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Disguise with intent
(2) Every person who, with intent to commit an indictable offence, has their face masked or coloured or is otherwise disguised is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 351;
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 48;
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 18}}, s. 9; 
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 37;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 128.
|{{CCCSec2|351}}
|{{NoteUp|351|1|2}}
}}

{{quotation2|
; Possession of instruments for breaking into coin-operated or currency exchange devices
352 Every person who, without lawful excuse, has in their possession any instrument suitable for the purpose of breaking into a coin-operated device or a currency exchange device, knowing that the instrument has been used or is or was intended to be used for that purpose, is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than two years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 352;
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 38;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 129.
|{{CCCSec2|352}}
|{{NoteUp|352}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
|351(1)
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, did without lawful excuse, has in their possession any instrument suitable for the purpose of breaking into any place, motor vehicle, vault or safe knowing that the instrument has been used or is intended to be used for that purpose{{ToWit-Conduct}} {{contrary|351(1)}}.
|-
|351(2) 
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, {{contrary|351(2)}}.
{{DraftEnd}}
|-
|352 
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, {{contrary|352}}.
{{DraftEnd}}

, ,

==Proof of the Offence==

{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}
{{Proving|possession of break-in instruments|351(1)}} 
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "has in his possession any instrument suitable for the purpose of breaking into any place, motor vehicle, vault or safe";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was in "circumstances that give rise to a reasonable inference that the instrument has been used or is or was intended to be used for such a purpose"; and
# {{box}} the culprit had not "lawful excuse".

{{Proving|disguising with intent|351(2)}} 
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "has his face masked or coloured or is otherwise disguised"; and
# {{box}} the culprit intended to commit an indictable offence.
{{ElementRight}}
{{Proving|possession of instruments for breaking into a coin-operated or currency exchange devices|352}} 
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "has in his possession any instrument suitable for breaking into a coin-operated device or a currency exchange device";
# {{box}} the prohibited conduct was in "circumstances that give rise to a reasonable inference that the instrument has been used or is or was intended to be used for breaking into a coin-operated device or a currency exchange device" and 
# {{box}} the culprit had not "lawful excuse".

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offences==
A knife, even a broken one, can be found to be a break-in instrument as it can be used to force a gate or drawer lock.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Charron|1m6jl|2005 BCCA 607 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Low JA}}</ref>

; Disguise
The Crown must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the disguise was used for the intention of committing an indictable offence.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|King|fkqdx|2011 ONSC 1183 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Daley J}}{{atL|fkqdx|83}} citing {{CanLIIRP|Shay|hv0x9|1976 CanLII 1379|, 32 CCC (3d) 13}}{{perONCA|Jessup JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Oakley|1h354|1997 CanLII 1929 (NS CA)|485 APR 310}}{{perNSCA|Flinn JA}} citing ''R v Shay''<br>
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt 
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS --> 
|s. x {{DescrSec|x}} || || || 
|- 
{{VictimEnd}}

<!--
{{606Notice5Y|XX}}
{{606NoticeSPIO|XX}}
-->
{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 351(1) {{DescrSec|351(1)}} | {{summary}} | {{summaryconviction}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 351(1) {{DescrSec|351(1)}} |  {{indictment}} | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 351(2) {{DescrSec|351(2)}}| {{summary}} | {{MaxSummary}} }}  
{{SProfileMax|s. 351(2) {{DescrSec|351(2)}}| {{indictment}} | {{Max10Years}} }}  
{{SProfileMax|s. 352 {{DescrSec|352}} | {{NA}} | {{Max2Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 351(1)|'''{{Max10Years}}'''|'''{{summaryconviction}}'''}}

{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 351(2) and 352|'''{{Max10Years}}''' under s. 351(2) and '''{{Max2Years}}''' under s. 352}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{NoMinimumPenalties1|s. 351 {{DescrSec|351}} and 352 {{DescrSec|352}}}}

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 351(1) {{DescrSec|351(1)}},<br>s. 351(2) {{DescrSec|351(2)}},<br>s. 352 {{DescrSec|352}}|| any || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Principles===

===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Possession of Break-in Instruments}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}

{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]] |s. 351(1), (2)|
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|s. 351(1)}}
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 351(2)}} }}
{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{RecordSuspension|s. 351(1) and (2) }}

==See Also==
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Property}}