View source for Procuring and Living on the Avails of Prostitution (Repealed Offence)

[[fr:Proxénétisme et subsistance des produits de la prostitution (infraction abrogée)]]
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderOffences}}{{HeaderRepealedOffences}}
{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Procuring and Living on the Avails of Prostitution 
|OffencePage=Procuring and Living on the Avails of Prostitution 
|Section=212 
|Act={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}}<!-- {{OBHybridElection}} --> 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}} 
|Bail=<!--{{OBBailJudge}} {{OBBailOIC}}--> {{OBBailAll}} <!--|SummaryDisp= {{OBDispAll}} {{OBDispMin}} {{OBDispMinVar}} |SummaryMin= {{OBMinNone}} |SummaryMax= {{OBTime|XX}} {{OBSConviction}}--> |IndictableDisp= {{OBDispMinVar}}  |IndictableMin= {{OBTime|2 years}} (212(2))<br> {{OBTime|5 years}} (212(2.1))<br>{{OBTime|6 months}} (212(4)) 
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|5 years}} (212(4))<br> {{OBTime|10 years}} (212(1))<br>{{OBTime|14 years}} (212(2), (2.1)) }}

Note: Section 212 and its header was entirely [[List of Criminal Code Amendments|repealed by 2014, c. 25]] on December 6th, 2014.

==Overview==
Section 212 describes several separate indictable offences related to facilitating prostitution and similar offences:
# procuring a person into prostitution (ss. 212(1)(a), (d), (e) and (g))
# entices, conceals or directs a person to a bawdy-house (ss. 212(b), (c), and (f))
# exercising control over a prostitute (s. 212(1)(h))
# intoxicating a person to enable illicit intercourse (s. 212(1)(i))
# living off the avails of prostitute (s. 212(1)(j))
# living off the avails of prostitute under the age of 18 (s. 212(2), (2.1))
# obtaining services of a minor (212(4))

The Fraser Committee (Pornography and Prostitution in Canada (1985)) and the Badgley Committee (Sexual Offences Against Children (1984)) describe the social problem created by prostitution, which were the drive behind amendments to s. 212. 

Given the parasitic and coercive relationship between the pimp and prostitute, girls are often extremely reluctant to come forward and testify for the Crown.<ref>
see the Report of the Committee on Sexual Offences Against Children and Youths (the Badgley Committee), Sexual Offences Against Children (1984), vol. 2{{atps|1057-58}}
</ref>

; Pleadings
<!--
{{PleadingsHeader}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}
-->
{{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 212(1), (2), (2.1) and (4)}}

; Release
{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 212(1), (2), (2.1) or (4)}}

:''<u>Reverse Onus Bail</u>''
{{ReverseOnusCirc}}

:''Fingerprints and Photos''
{{IDCriminalAct|212}}         

; Publication Ban
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. xxx || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->
{{DesignationEnd}}
{{DODesignation|s. 212(2), (2.1), (4)}}

{{SPIODesignation|A|s. 212(1), and (4)}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation2|
; Procuring
212 (1) Every one who
:(a) procures, attempts to procure or solicits a person to have illicit sexual intercourse with another person, whether in or out of Canada,
:(b) inveigles or entices a person who is not a prostitute to a common bawdy-house for the purpose of illicit sexual intercourse or prostitution,
:(c) knowingly conceals a person in a common bawdy-house,
:(d) procures or attempts to procure a person to become, whether in or out of Canada, a prostitute,
:(e) procures or attempts to procure a person to leave the usual place of abode of that person in Canada, if that place is not a common bawdy-house, with intent that the person may become an inmate or frequenter of a common bawdy-house, whether in or out of Canada,
:(f) on the arrival of a person in Canada, directs or causes that person to be directed or takes or causes that person to be taken, to a common bawdy-house,
:(g) procures a person to enter or leave Canada, for the purpose of prostitution,
:(h) for the purposes of gain, exercises control, direction or influence over the movements of a person in such manner as to show that he is aiding, abetting or compelling that person to engage in or carry on prostitution with any person or generally,
:(i) applies or administers to a person or causes that person to take any drug, intoxicating liquor, matter or thing with intent to stupefy or overpower that person in order thereby to enable any person to have illicit sexual intercourse with that person, or
:(j) lives wholly or in part on the avails of prostitution of another person,<br>

is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years.
<br>
; Living on the avails of prostitution of person under eighteen
(2) Despite paragraph (1)(j), every person who lives wholly or in part on the avails of prostitution of another person who is under the age of eighteen years is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years.
<br>
; Aggravated offence in relation to living on the avails of prostitution of a person under the age of eighteen years
(2.1) Notwithstanding paragraph (1)(j) and subsection (2), every person who lives wholly or in part on the avails of prostitution of another person under the age of eighteen years, and who
:(a) for the purposes of profit, aids, abets, counsels or compels the person under that age to engage in or carry on prostitution with any person or generally, and
:(b) uses, threatens to use or attempts to use violence, intimidation or coercion in relation to the person under that age,<br>

is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years but not less than five years.
<br>
; Presumption
(3) Evidence that a person lives with or is habitually in the company of a prostitute or lives in a common bawdy-house is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, proof that the person lives on the avails of prostitution, for the purposes of paragraph (1)(j) and subsections (2) and (2.1).
<br>
; Offence — prostitution of person under eighteen
(4) Every person who, in any place, obtains for consideration, or communicates with anyone for the purpose of obtaining for consideration, the sexual services of a person who is under the age of eighteen years is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of six months.
<br>
(5) [Repealed, {{LegHistory90s|1999, c. 5}}, s. 8]
<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 212; R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 19 (3rd Supp.)}}, s. 9; {{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 16}}, s. 2; {{LegHistory90s|1999, c. 5}}, s. 8; {{LegHistory00s|2005, c. 32}}, s. 10.1.
|{{CCCSec2|212}}
|{{NoteUp|212|1|2.1|3|4}}
}}

==Proof of the Offence==

{{ElementHeader}}
{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|procuring a person into prostitution|212(1)(a), (d), (e) and (g)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# either:
## {{box}} procures, attempts to procure or solicits a person to have illicit sexual intercourse with another person, whether in or out of Canada, (212(1)(a))
## {{box}} procures or attempts to procure a person to become, whether in or out of Canada, a prostitute, (212(1)(d))
## {{box}} procures or attempts to procure a person to leave the usual place of abode of that person in Canada, if that place is not a common bawdy-house, with intent that the person may become an inmate or frequenter of a common bawdy-house, whether in or out of Canada, (212(1)(e))
## {{box}} procures a person to enter or leave Canada, for the purpose of prostitution, (212(1)(g))

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|enticing, concealing or directing a person to a bawdy-house|212(b), (c), and (f)}}
{{InitialElements}}
## {{box}} inveigles or entices a person who is not a prostitute to a common bawdy-house for the purpose of illicit sexual intercourse or prostitution,
## {{box}} knowingly conceals a person in a common bawdy-house,
## {{box}} on the arrival of a person in Canada, directs or causes that person to be directed or takes or causes that person to be taken, to a common bawdy-house,

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|exercising control over a prostitute|212(1)(h)}}<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Rodney|5r73|1999 ABPC 12 (CanLII)|241 AR 318}}{{perABPC|Fradsham J}}{{atL|5r73|31}}<br>
</ref>
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit exercises control, direction or influence over the movements of a person 
# {{box}} the actions were in a manner as to "show that he is aiding, abetting or compelling" that person to engage in or carry on prostitution
# {{box}} the actions were for the purposes of gain

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|intoxicating a person to enable illicit intercourse|212(1)(i)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# either:
## {{box}} the accused applies or administers to a person a substance; or,
## {{box}} causes that person to take a substance
# {{box}} the substance is any drug, intoxicating liquor, matter or thing
# {{box}} the culprit does the act with intent to 
## {{box}} stupefy or overpower that person in order; and, 
## {{box}} enable any person to have illicit sexual intercourse with that person

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|living on the avails of a prostitute|212(1)(j)}} <ref>
{{ibid1|Rodney}}{{atL|5r73|22}}<br>
</ref>
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit lives wholly or in part on the avails of prostitution of another person

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|living off the available of a prostitute under the age of 18|212(2), (2.1)}}
# {{box}} The same elements as 212(1)(j);
# {{box}} the person engaging in prostitution is under the age of 18 (212(2))
# the accused: (212(2.1))
## {{box}} for the purposes of profit, aids, abets, counsels or compels the person under that age to engage in or carry on prostitution with any person or generally, and
## {{box}} uses, threatens to use or attempts to use violence, intimidation or coercion in relation to the person under that age

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|obtaining services of a minor|212(4)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit either:
## {{box}} obtains for consideration the sexual services of a person, or 
## {{box}} communicates with anyone for the purpose of obtaining for consideration the sexual services of a person;
# {{box}} the person is under the age of eighteen years; and
# {{box}} the actions occur in any place

{{ElementRight}}

{{ElementEnd}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==

Under [{{CCCSec|197}} s. 197], a "prostitute" "means a person of either sex who engages in prostitution"<ref>
Definition repealed by 2014, c. 25<br>
</ref>

Under s. 197, a "place" "includes any place, whether or not (a) it is covered or enclosed, (b) it is used permanently or temporarily, or (c) any person has an exclusive right of user with respect to it;"

Section 4(5) states that "For the purposes of this Act, sexual intercourse is complete on penetration to even the slightest degree, notwithstanding that seed is not emitted."

{{reflist|2}}

===Procuring===
Procurement can be thought of as the act of persuasion.

"Procure" can have several meaning depending on the context.
<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Deutsch|gbndx|1983 CanLII 3484 (ON CA)|5 CCC (3d) 41}}{{perONCA-H|Martin JA}}{{atps|48-49}} aff'd (1986), 27 CCC (3d) 385, [http://canlii.ca/t/1fts2 1986 CanLII 21] (SCC), [1986] 2 SCR 2{{perSCC|Le Dain J}}</ref> 

In the context of s. 286.3, to "procure" means to "cause, or to induce, or to have a persuasive effect upon the conduct that is alleged."<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Joseph|jbp79|2020 ONCA 733 (CanLII)|153 OR (3d) 145}}{{TheCourtONCA}}
</ref>

It is meant to be interpreted in its common sense meaning and is not a term of art. Interpreting the word as meaning "recruiting" can be valid. <ref>
{{ibid1|Deutsch}}{{atp|403}} (cited to SCC)</ref>

It can refer to "one who induces or causes a woman to have illicit sexual intercourse with another person."<ref>
{{ibid1|Deutsch}}{{atp|48}} (cited to ONCA)</ref>

Procuring requires an active role by the accused. The actions should be a cause or inducement.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Barrie| (1975), 25 CCC (2d) 216 (Ont. Co.Ct.)}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Newman|242p7|2009 NLCA 32 (CanLII)|84 WCB (2d) 715}}{{perNLCA|Welsh JA}}{{atsL|242p7|36| to 38}}<br>
</ref>

There should be some "active persuasion" and not simply be a decision of the victim's own free will.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Cline|2f0wk|1982 ABCA 20 (CanLII)|65 CCC (2d) 214}}{{perABCA|Laycraft JA}} <br>
</ref>

The term "procure" is interpreted as meaning "to cause, or to induce, or to have a persuasive effect upon the conduct that is alleged". It does not necessarily include “obtaining by care or effort” or “to bring about”.<ref>
{{supra1|Newman}}{{atsL|242p7|35| to 39}}
</ref>

; Objective must be completed
Actual intercourse must have occurred to make out procuring.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gruba|htxt1|1968 CanLII 808 (BCCA)|[1969] 2 CCC 365 (BCCA)}}{{perBCCA|Bull JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Harder|fp5v5|1980 ABCA 48 (CanLII)|21 AR 102}}{{perABCA|Clement JA}} citing Gruba {{atL|htxt1|4}}
</ref>

; Procuring into prostitution
In order to procure the woman must not already be a prostitute.<ref>
{{supra1|Cline}}
</ref>

It is no defence for the victim to have consented to engaging in prostitution.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Robinson|g1ddb|1948 CanLII 79 (ON CA)|92 CCC 223}}{{perONCA|Laidlaw JA}}
</ref> 
It is further no defence to argue that the victim was a prostitute before they attempted to procure them.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|B|1grgl|2004 CanLII 36124 (ON CA)|184 CCC (3d) 290}}{{perONCA|Moldaver JA}}{{atL|1grgl|51}}<br>
cf. {{supra1|Cline}} 
</ref>

; Serious Personal Injury Offence
Procuring a juvenile prostitute was found not to be a "serious personal injury offence."<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Burton|fxnpx|2013 ONSC 3021 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Trotter J}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Exercising Control (212(1)(h))===

The Crown must prove that the accused exercised control, direction or influence over the victim.<ref>
see {{CanLIIRPC|R c Perreault|1mzm8|1996 CanLII 5641 (QC CA)|113 CCC (3d) 573}}{{TheCourt}}
</ref>

The person being controlled must be left with little choice. For example, their movements controlled and they are subject to rules of behaviour.<ref>
Perreault cited in {{CanLIIRxC|Pointejour Salomon c R|fqslv|2011 QCCA 771 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCA|Cournoyer JA}}{{atL|fqslv|55}}</ref>

Direction does not mean that the person has no "latitude or leeway."<ref>
{{supra1|Pointejour Salomon}}{{atL|fqslv|55}}</ref>

Influence is a less coercive behaviour than control and direction. It includes "any act exercised over a person with a view to aiding, abetting, or forcing her to prostitute herself."<ref>
{{supra1|Pointejour Salomon}}{{atL|fqslv|55}}</ref>

Coercion is not a necessary element to the offence where direction and influence has been established.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Martinez|1nndq|1994 CanLII 4480 (NLSCTD)|[1994] NJ No 437}}{{perNLSC|Barry J}} ("offence is made out by exercising direction and influence in terms of where to go, how much to charge, and how much to collect")
</ref>

There must be some personal gain for the accused.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Richard| (1935), 63 CCC 366 (NBCA)}} - woman got money for herself, acquitted<br>
{{supra1|Perreault}}
</ref>

"Compelling" means to "cause or bring about by force, threats, or overwhelming pressure”<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|DLW|fzsvr|2013 BCSC 1327 (CanLII)|BCJ No 1620}}{{perBCSC| Romilly J}}{{atL|fzsvr|325}}<br>
</ref>

The presumption in s. 212(3) does not apply to an offence under s. 212(1)(h).<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Nicolaou|1zjlv|2008 BCCA 300 (CanLII)|239 CCC (3d) 283}}{{perBCCA| Chiasson JA}}{{AtsL|1zjlv|55|, 56}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Living on Avails===
Living on avails exists where the accused "must at least receive either in kind all or part of the female’s proceeds from prostituting herself or have those proceeds applied in some way to support his living."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Celebrity Enterprises Ltd. et. al|gc03w|1977 CanLII 2109 (BCCA)|41 CCC (2d) 540 (BCCA)}}{{perBCCA|MacFarlane JA}}
</ref>

Indirect benefits from the practice of prostitution is not living on avails.<ref>
{{ibid1|Celebrity Enterprises}} ("Indirect benefits resulting to him from her practicing prostitution are not avails of her prostitution")
</ref>

"Living-on-the-avails" does not require the Crown to prove there was coercion.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Barrow|1fbvw|2001 CanLII 8550 (ON CA)|155 CCC (3d) 362}}{{perONCA|Rosenberg JA}}{{atL|1fbvw|31}}</ref>

The Crown must prove that the accused "was in actual receipt of the proceeds to support his living".
<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|KRB|1hzx3|2004 ABCA 307 (CanLII)|357 AR 137}}{{perABCA|Berger JA}}{{atL|1hzx3|7}}
</ref>

For a person to be "living on the avails" the accused must be doing so "parasitically."<ref>
{{ibid1|KRB}}{{atL|1hzx3|55}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bramwell|1dbnx|1993 CanLII 1130 (BCCA)|86 CCC (3d) 418}}{{perBCCA|Prowse JA}}{{atps|433-434}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Downey|1fsbb|1992 CanLII 109 (SCC)|72 CCC (3d) 1}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atp|15}}, (“the target of  [s. 212(1)(j)] is the person who lives parasitically off a prostitute's earnings.”)
</ref>

Merely receiving money from a prostitute does not amount to living on the avails. Otherwise, anyone giving a product or service to a prostitute is committing the offence.<ref>
{{supra1|KRB}}{{atL|1hzx3|61}}<br>
{{supra1|Bramwell}}{{atp|432}}<br>
</ref>

Section 212(1)(j) was found to be arbitrary, overbroad, and disproportionate to the provisions objectives and so violates s. 7 of the Charter.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Canada (Attorney General) v Bedford|fqqwq|2012 ONCA 186 (CanLII)|282 CCC (3d) 1}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty, Rosenberg, and Feldman JJA aff'd at [http://canlii.ca/t/g2f56 2013 SCC 72] (CanLII){{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}</ref>

; Living With Prostitute
Section 212(3) creates a presumption for those who are found to live in a common bawdy-house or lives with or is habitually in the company of a prostitute is living on the avails of prostitution. This section violates the presumption of innocence but is within a reasonable limit and is constitutionally valid.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Downey|1fsbb|1992 CanLII 109 (SCC)|[1992] 2 SCR 10}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}</ref>

Where the accused is living with the prostitute, the crown must prove that "the living arrangement was other than a normal and legitimate one involving a sharing of expenses for mutual benefit, but rather one in which he was living parasitically."<ref>
{{supra1|KRB}}{{atL|1hzx3|7}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

=== Under-age Prostitutes===
Soliciting under s.213 is not a lesser included offence to the offence under s. 212(4).<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Amabile|537n|2000 BCCA 68 (CanLII)|143 CCC (3d) 270}}{{perBCCA|Newbury JA}}</ref>

It is not necessary that the prostitute solicited by the accused be a real person.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Kerster|1fm00|2001 BCSC 230 (CanLII)|BCTC 230}}{{perBCSC|Neilson J}}{{atL|1fm00|41}} upheld at {{CanLII|577l|2003 BCCA 246 (CanLII)}}{{perBCCA|Finch CJ}} (note this concerned an earlier version of s. 212(4))</ref> 

{{reflist|2}}

=== Illicit Sexual Intercourse ===

Under s. 4(5), "sexual intercourse is complete on penetration to even the slightest degree, notwithstanding that seed is not emitted."<ref>
see as well use of s. 4(5) in [[Incest (Offence)]]
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt 
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS --> 
|s. x {{DescrSec|x}} || || || 
|- 
{{VictimEnd}}


{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 212(1), and (4)}}

{{606Notice5Y|s. 212(2), and (2.1)}}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}
{{seealsoSentencingSexual}}

; Maximum Penalties
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 212. (1), (2), (2.1), and (4)|'''{{Max10Years}}''' under s. 212(1), '''{{Max5Years}}''' under s. 212(4), or '''{{Max14Years}}''' under s. 212(2) or (2.1)}}

; Minimum Penalties
<!-- NB need to fix this-->
{{MinPenalty|under s. 212(4), minimum is '''{{Min2Years}}''' and '''{{Min5Years}}''' under s. 212(2.1)}}

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 212(1) {{DescrSec|212(1)}}  || {{NA}} || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
|s. 212(2.1), or (4)  || {{NA}} || {{SProfileOnlyFedJail}}
|-
|s. 212(2) {{DescrSec|212(2)}} || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{OnlyJailAvailable|s. 212(2), (2.1) or (4)}}

{{AllDispositionsAvailable1|s. 212(1)}}

; Consecutive Sentences
{{NoConsecutive}}

===Principles===
The offences recognize that street prostitution often involves exploitation and degradation of women. In a basic sense this offence amounts to a form of slavery.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Cole|1t943|2004 CanLII 58282 (QC CM)}}, ''per'' Discepola J{{atL|1t943|25}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Downey|1fsbb|1992 CanLII 109 (SCC)|[1992] 2 SCR 10}}{{perSCC|La Forest J}} (" In some ways the relationship is most closely analogous to slavery")
</ref>

General and specific deterrence are generally paramount for these offences.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Murray|2dc3g|1995 ABCA 204 (CanLII)|(1995) 165 AR 394}}{{perABCA|Bracco JA}}<br>
</ref>

The prohibition on juvenile prostitution under s.212(4) intends to protect young persons from predators. These young persons find themselves in "desperate circumstances without family or financial support". They are often abused and in many cases their involvement in prostitution leads to addictions and psychological harm. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Aldea|1m4fc|2005 SKQB 461 (CanLII)|271 Sask R 272}}{{perSKQB|Zarzeczny J}}{{atL|1m4fc|28}}</ref> 

; Categories of Living on Avails
Certain cases have adopted three categories of the offence of living on the avails that establish ranges of sentence:<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Miller|,  (1997) OJ No 2911 }}<br>
{{ibid1|Cole}}{{atL|1t943|28}}<br>
</ref>
# '''4 to 5 years''': the accused coerced the female into becoming or remaining a prostitute and exercised significant control;
# '''2 to 3 years''': The element of coercion is lacking but the woman is the accused's main source of income;
# '''12 to 18 months''': The lowest category of offence includes conduct where the offender receives money, but the relationship is not exploitative

{{reflist|2}}

===Factors===
Courts have considered factors relevant for procuring and prostitution-related offences:<ref>
most enumerated from {{CanLIIRP|Tang|2dfjd|1997 ABCA 174 (CanLII)|[1997] AJ No 460 (CA)}}{{TheCourt}} and {{CanLIIR-N|Miller|, [1997] OJ No 3911 (Gen. Div.) }}<br>
see also {{CanLIIRxC|R c Tynes|2dwg7|2010 QCCQ 11298 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCQ|Labelle J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|McPherson|fwl9t|2013 ONSC 1635 (CanLII)|105 WCB (2d) 332}}{{perONSC|Baltman J}}<br>
</ref>
#The degree of control imposed;
#The amount of money received and the extent to which the prostitute is allowed to retain the earnings;
#The age of the prostitute and their numbers;
#Any special vulnerability of the prostitutes;
#The working conditions of the prostitutes;
#The degree of planning and sophistication;
#The size of the operation;
#The duration of the exploitative conduct;
#The degree of violence;
#The extent to which inducements such as drugs or alcohol were employed by the pimp;
#The effect on the prostitute of the exploitation, and
# The extent to which the pimp demanded sexual favours himself from the prostitutes.

{{reflist|2}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
{{seealso|Ancillary Orders}}
	
; Offence-specific Orders
{{AOrderHeader}}
|-
| [[DNA Orders]]  ||s. 212 (1)(i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) ||
* {{PrimDNA1|s. 212(1)(i), (ii), (iii), or (iv)}}
|-
| [[SOIRA Orders]]  ||s. 212 (1)(i), (2), (2.1), or (4) ||
* {{SOIRA1|B|s. 212(1)(i), (2) or (2.1)}}
* {{SOIRA1|A|s. 212(4)}}
|-
| [[Section 161 Orders]] ||s. 212 ||
* {{Section161|s. 212}}
|-
| [[Delayed Parole Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]] ||s. 212(2), (2.1) or (4) ||
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 212(2) or (2.1) or (4)}}
{{AOrderEnd}}

; General Sentencing Orders
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==History==
{{seealso|List of Criminal Code Amendments|Table of Concordance (Criminal Code)}}

* [[History of Procuring and Living on the Avails of Prostitution (Offence)]]

==See Also==
; Related Offences
* [[Kidnapping and Unlawful Confinement (Offence)]]
* [[Abduction of a Young Person (Offence)]]
* [[Trafficking in Persons (Offence)]]
; References
* [[Pre-Trial and Trial Motions Checklist]]

{{OffencesNavBar/Sexual}}




[[Category:Unconstitutional Offences]]