View source for Reasons for Delay (Morin Framework Only)

[[fr:Raisons_du_retard_(Morin_Framework_uniquement)]]
{{Currency2|January|2019}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderDelay}}

==General Principles==
{{seealso|Right to a Trial Within a Reasonable Time}}

It is "the ultimate responsibility of moving a case forward rests with the Crown."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stephen|frpw9|2012 ONCA 411 (CanLII)|OJ No 2678}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|frpw9|7}}</ref> 
However, the Crown is not to take responsibility for defence counsel's failings to properly represent the interests of their client.

{{Reflist|2}}
===Intake Period / Pre-Charge Delay===
The intake period refers to the period of time between the beginning of the investigation and the eventual swearing the Information and sending of disclosure to the Crown.

This period can be divided into two types of delay:<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|A(S)|fl3j5|2011 NUCJ 7 (CanLII)}}{{perNUCJ|Sharkey J}}</ref>
# delay between the offence occurring and the reporting to police
# delay between the reporting of the offence and the police laying a charge

The intake period will vary on the type of charges investigated. 

Drinking and driving cases typically have an intake period of roughly two months.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Meisner|6xjm|2003 CanLII 49317 (ONSC)|[2003] OJ No 1948 (ONSC)}}{{perONSC|Hill J}}</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

===Re-Scheduling of trial time===
This period of time concerns delay resulting from the inability to finish the trial during the initial time booked. 

It is generally expected that incomplete cases will be given priority over other matters in court.
Delays due to re-scheduling of trial time is treated as institutional delay or as part of the inherent time requirements. <ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Lahiry|fntws|2011 ONSC 6780 (CanLII)|283 CCC (3d) 525}}{{perONSC|Code J}}{{atL|fntws|67}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Godin|23rhf|2009 SCC 26 (CanLII)|[2009] 2 SCR 3}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Brace|2d17m|2010 ONCA 689 (CanLII)|261 CCC (3d) 455}}{{perONCA|Juriansz JA}}{{atsL|2d17m|14| to 16}} (Ont. C.A.)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Allen|6hzz|1996 CanLII 4011 (ON CA)|110 CCC (3d) 331}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}{{Atps|347-351}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Satkunanathan|1fbqh|2001 CanLII 24061 (ON CA)|152 CCC (3d) 321}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atsL|1fbqh|43| to 45}} and {{atsL-np|1fbqh|54| to 55}} (Ont. C.A.)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|M(R)|fgg|2003 CanLII 50092 (ON CA)|180 C.C.C (3d) 49}}{{perONCA|MacPherson JA}}{{AtsL|fgg|6| to 9}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|W(AJ)|25nff|2009 ONCA 661 (CanLII)|257 OAC 11}}{{perONCA|Rosenberg JA}}{{AtsL|25nff|29| to 43}}(ONCA)<br>
</ref> 
Gross underestimate of the time requirements for trial will be attributable to institutional delay.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Qureshi|1j6q5|2004 CanLII 40657 (ON CA)|190 CCC (3d) 453}}{{perONCA|Laskin JA}} <br>
</ref>

Defence counsel are not expected to "hold themselves in a state of perpetual availability."<ref>
{{supra1|Godin}}{{atL|23rhf|23}}<br>
</ref>
{{Reflist|2}}

==Institutional or Systemic Delay==
Institutional or systemic delays arise where the case is ready for trial but "trial a judge, courtroom or essential court staff may not be available and so the case cannot go on."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Morin|1fsc6|1992 CanLII 89 (SCC)|[1992] 1 SCR 771}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}</ref>
It "runs from the time the parties are ready for trial and continues until the system can accommodate the proceedings."<ref>
{{ibid1|Morin}}</ref>

The Supreme Court in Morin suggested a "guideline of between 8 and 10 months for institutional delay in Provincial Courts."<ref>
{{ibid1|Morin}}
</ref>

Delay required to hold judicial pre-trial conferences are attributable as institutional delay.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|CRG|1ll35|2005 CanLII 32192 (ON CA)|[2005] OJ 3764 (ONCA)}}{{perONCA|Rosenberg JA}}<Br>
</ref>

The failure of courts to identify "true availability of dates within the system" may risk the rights under s.11(d) to becomes "meaningless."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Patrick Sikorski & Daniel Griffiths|fx0rc|2013 ONSC 1714 (CanLII)|[2013] OJ No 1654}}{{perONSC|Nordheimer J}}{{atL|fx0rc|97}}<br>
</ref>

; Institutional Delay is Attributed to the Crown
Institutional delay is attributable to the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lahiry|fntws|2011 ONSC 6780 (CanLII)|283 CCC (3d) 525}}{{perONSC|Code J}}{{AtsL|fntws|25| to 37}}
</ref>
This is because delays caused by lack of institutional resources should not be legitimized as acceptable reasons for delay.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Mills|1cxmx|1986 CanLII 17 (SCC)|[1986] 1 SCR 863}}{{perSCC-H|McIntyre J}}{{atp|935}} ("It is imperative, however, that in recognizing the need for such a criterion we do not simply legitimize current and future delays resulting from inadequate institutional resources.  For the criterion of institutional resources, more than any other, threatens to become a source of justification for prolonged and unacceptable delay.  There must, therefore, be some limit to which inadequate resources can be used to excuse delay and impair the interests of the individual.")
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Inherent Delays==
By contrast "inherent delay" are those that are necessary to move a case forward. The more complicated the case the longer the preparation time will be required. In addition, counsel "cannot be expected to devote their time exclusively to one case." The inherent delays are excusable. This is determined on a case by case basis. <ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Richards|fvb3q|2012 SKCA 120 (CanLII)|2 WWR 637}}{{perSKCA|Richards JA}}{{atL|fvb3q|33}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Morin|1fsc6|1992 CanLII 89 (SCC)|[1992] 1 SCR 771}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}{{Atps|791-2}}<br>
</ref>

Inherent time requirements are neutral periods that do not count against accused or the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|MacDougall|1fqpr|1998 CanLII 763 (SCC)|[1998] 3 SCR 45}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}{{atL|1fqpr|44}}<br>
</ref>

Time spent scheduling, preparing and conducting pre-trial hearings are considered inherent time requirements.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Nguyen|fwl92|2013 ONCA 169 (CanLII)|2 CR (7th) 70}}{{perONCA-H|Watt JA}}{{AtsL|fwl92|54|, 59, 60}}<Br>
</ref>

While the accused is struggling to retain and keep counsel, the court and Crown are in a "holding pattern" and that time is attributed as inherent delay.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Baron|h6ht0|2017 ONCA 772 (CanLII)|356 CCC (3d) 212}}{{perONCA|Trotter JA}}{{atL|h6ht0|59}}<Br>
</ref>

; Complexity
The more "complex case is, the longer it will take counsel to prepare, the longer it will take to assemble witnesses and evidence, and the longer the trial may take."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lee|gj184|2015 SKCA 53 (CanLII)|323 CCC (3d) 313}}{{perSKCA|Whitmore JA}}{{atL|gj184|53}}<br>
</ref>

; Mis-estimating Requirements
Where counsel mis-estimate the time it will take to prosecute the case resulting in an adjournment to finish the case will normally count as "inherent time requirement."<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Allen|(1996), 110 CCC (3d) 311}}{{atp|344}} (ONCA) aff'd at [1997] 3 SCR 700, [http://canlii.ca/t/1fqxf 1997 CanLII 331] (SCC){{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}<br>
</ref>

; Multiple Accused
Where there are multiple co-accused or multiple charges the inherent time requirements will increase.<ref>
{{supra1|Rusic}}{{atp|703}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Faulds|6j2q|1996 CanLII 2579 |111 CCC (3d) 39}}{{perONCA|Finlayson JA}}<br>
</ref>

; Judgement Under Reserve
The time in which a judgment is under reserve is generally considered an inherent time requirement.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|MacIsaac|ht1qm|2018 ONCA 650 (CanLII)|365 CCC (3d) 361}}{{perONCA|Huscroft JA}}{{atL|ht1qm|35}} ("Prior to Jordan, the time a judgment was under reserve was typically considered to be part of the inherent time requirements of a case")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ferguson|1ld3c|2005 CanLII 28538 (ON SC)|OTC 746}}{{perONSC|Durno J}}{{atL|1ld3c|213}} ("The inherent time requirements also include the time for the court to prepare its rulings and judgment.") leave refused [http://canlii.ca/t/21kwd 2008 ONCA 764 (CanLII)]{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Schertzer|26c6f|2009 ONCA 742 (CanLII)|248 CCC (3d) 270}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|26c6f|114}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Lamacchia|fr6fx|2012 ONSC 2583 (CanLII)|258 CRR (2d) 370}}{{perONSC|Trotter J}}{{atL|fr6fx|7}} ("Generally speaking, the period of time a judge takes to prepare reasons should be considered to be part of the inherent time requirements of the case. Within reasonable limits, it is desirable that judges take the time that they need to prepare carefully reasoned decisions. Considered reasons enhance the quality of justice in the criminal process in many ways and must be encouraged")<Br>
</ref>

In exceptional circumstances, such as an 11 month delay for a decision on a directed verdict, would constitute unreasonable delay.<ref>
eg. {{CanLIIRP|Rahey|1ftp7|1987 CanLII 52 (SCC)|[1987] 1 SCR 588}}{{perSCC|Lamer J}}<Br>

</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

==Accused Caused Delay==
{{seealso|Right to a Trial Within a Reasonable Time#}}
Where delay is largely "attributable to the accused" or defence counsel, a prima facie case of unreasonable delay cannot bemade out.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Morin|1fsc6|1992 CanLII 89|, [1992] 1 SCR 77}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Kwok|58gl|2002 BCCA 177 (CanLII)|164 CCC (3d) 182}}{{perBCCA|Braidwood JA}}</ref>

Defence counsel cannot be expected to be perpetually available.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Godin|23rhf|2009 SCC 26 (CanLII)|[2009] 2 SCR 3}}{{perSCC|Cromwell J}}</ref>

The accused cannot use adjournment either requested or consented to by defence as weighing in favour of unreasonable delay.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Heaslip|gbskj|1983 CanLII 3519|, 9 CCC (3d) 480}}{{perONCA-H|Martin JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Deloli|gdj4f|1985 CanLII 3482|, 20 CCC (3d) 153}}{{perMBCA|Matas JA}}<br>
</ref>

Time taken for the accused to find counsel is usually treated as attributable to the accused.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Koruz|1p6k6|1992 ABCA 144 (CanLII)|125 AR 161}}{{TheCourtABCA}} (2:1){{atL|1p6k6|86}}, find accused counsel “should be treated as either a neutral factor or a delay attributable to Koruz.” )
</ref>

Where delay is contributed to by the defence's use of the preliminary inquiry as a lengthy discovery it cannot be used towards unreasonable delay.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Bazinet|5hw8|2002 BCCA 536 (CanLII)|168 CCC (3d) 344}}{{perBCCA|Low JA}} {{atL|5hw8|21}}
</ref>

The Crown may show that some delay was attributable to the accused where there were earlier dates available for a defence application or where the delay is relating to providing disclosure but there was a delay in requesting disclosure. If established, the onus shifts to the defence to show that the earlier dates were not available to defence or that the earlier dates would not have sped things up, or that relevance did not become apparent until later.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Innes|fl87m|2011 ONSC 2638 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Ellies J}}{{atL|fl87m|32}}<br>
</ref>

Pre-trial motions advanced by the accused will often mean that the resultant delay will be attributable to the accused. This includes motions such as:
* resisting extradition<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|White|5s25|1997 CanLII 2426 |}}{{perONCA|Laskin and Charron JJA}}<br>
</ref>
* change of venue<ref>
{{supra1|Conway}}
</ref>
* challenge a search warrant<ref>
{{supra1|Morin}}{{atps|17 to 18}}<br>
</ref>
* quashing the order of committal<ref>
{{supra1|Conway}}
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Crown Caused Delay==
Any delay caused by the Crown is not excusable when calculating the total time of delay.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Pusic|1w9j5|1996 CanLII 8215 (ON SC)|30 OR (3d) 692}}{{perONSC|Hill J}}{{atp|704}}<br>
</ref>

There are two categories of crown delay: (1) delay caused by decisions at the core of prosecutorial discretion and (2) decisions concerning adjournments, disclosure, and change in manner of proceedings. Those of the first category are only reviewable for abuse of process and otherwise cannot be attributed against the crown. The second category is reviewable for crown caused delay.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Ghavami|28jx6|2010 BCCA 126 (CanLII)|253 CCC (3d) 74}}{{perBCCA|Donald JA and Huddart JA}}
</ref>

Where the Crown refuses disclosure and is subsequently ordered to disclose documents, the delay arising from the refusal is attributable to the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Innes|fl87m|2011 ONSC 2638 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Ellies J}}{{atL|fl87m|31}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Complexity of the Case===
A particularly complex case that requires lengthy documentary evidence may tolerate longer delays that normal cases.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Atkinson|g1g28|1991 CanLII 7113 (ON CA)|68 CCC (3d) 109}}{{perONCA|Osborne JA}}{{atp|127}} (ONCA)<br>
</ref>
The Crown must present "cogent evidence that proves the complexity of the case."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Giorgio|1htq6|2004 CanLII 30094 (ON SC)|123 CRR (2d) 189}}{{perONSC|Trafford J}}
</ref>

Insufficiency of resources alone is not an indicator of a high degree of complexity.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|Moyer, Re|1wctd|1994 CanLII 7551 (ON SC)|95 CCC (3d) 174}}{{perONSC|Fedak J}}
</ref>

The need for technical expertise to examine the computer does not necessarily make a case complex for The purpose of Morin analysis.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Charbonneau|gg34g|2015 BCPC 4 (CanLII)}}{{perBCPC|Brecknell J}} {{atL|gg34g|108}}
</ref>

Complexity remains an important factor under the transitional exception cases under the Jordan Framework.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Cody|h4bfk|2017 SCC 31 (CanLII)|[2017] 1 SCR 659}}{{TheCourtSCC}}{{atsL|h4bfk|70| to 71}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Picard|h5smx|2017 ONCA 692 (CanLII)|354 CCC (3d) 212}}{{perONCA|Rouleau JA}}{{atL|h5smx|79}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Gopie|h69tn|2017 ONCA 728 (CanLII)|356 CCC (3d) 36}}{{perONCA|Gillese JA}}{{atL|h69tn|119}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
====Child Pornography Offences====
The Police are permitted to triage their analysis of computers by conducting preliminary analysis and then holding off on full analysis until after it was clear there would be a contest of the charges. <ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Charbonneau|gg34g|2015 BCPC 4 (CanLII)}}{{perBCPC|Brecknell J}}{{atps|128 to 130}}</ref>

An intake period of 9 months for child pornography charges can be reasonable given that much of the investigation occurs after charges and the frequent need for breaks while categorizing the materials.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Stilwell|g84zj|2014 ONCA 563 (CanLII)|313 CCC (3d) 257}}{{perONCA|Pepall JA}}{{atL|g84zj|9}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Delayed Disclosure===
Failure to make timely disclosure will cause delay attributable to the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Collins; R v Pelfrey|1frjq|1995 CanLII 114 (SCC)|[1995] 2 SCR 1104}}{{perSCC-H|Sopinka J}}{{atp|389}}<Br>
</ref>

It is not necessary that the defence have the Crown expert report before being able to make election and plea.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Crant|gf63x|2014 ONSC 6233 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Goldstein J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Kovacs-Tatar|1j99g|2004 CanLII 42923 (ON CA)|192 CCC (3d) 91}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|1j99g|47}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|Lahiry|fntws|2011 ONSC 6780 (CanLII)|283 CCC (3d) 525}}{{perONSC|Code J}}{{atL|fntws|114}} ("Sophisticated forensic testing and ongoing investigative steps often take time and they cannot be allowed to hold the process hostage by preventing the setting of timely trial dates. It is only when the missing disclosure is truly material to "crucial steps" in the process, like election and plea, that it will justify delay at these early stages.")
</ref>
The use of trial confirmation hearings one or two months before trial can be used as delivery dates for remaining reports. If reports are not disclosed, it would be entitled a defence adjournment at the cost of the Crown.<ref>
{{supra1|Lahiry}}{{atL|fntws|114}}<br>
</ref>

When Crown protection of privilege results in delay is attributable to the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Philips|gbfqt|1993 CanLII 14721 (ON CA)| (1993) 80 CCC (3d) 167}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}}<Br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Other Circumstances===
Crown requests for an adjournment is a Crown delay.<ref>
{{supra1|Collins}}<br>
</ref>

The time accrued during which a Crown stay of proceedings under s. 579 of the Code has been invoked will be attributable to the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lanteigne|2dzp1|2010 NBCA 91 (CanLII)|265 CCC (3d) 123}}{{perNBCA|Bell JA}}{{atL|2dzp1|13}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|AS|20vxt|2008 CanLII 48150 (ON SC)|182 CRR 1}}{{perONSC|Belobaba J}}{{atsL|20vxt|20| to 22}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Condello| (1997), 38 O.T.C. 362, 36 WCB (2d) 48}}{{at-|39}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRx|Randell|gmc45|2015 CanLII 79127 (NLSCTD)}}{{perNLSC|Murphy J}}{{atL|gmc45|115}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Durack|1nt61|1997 CanLII 11290 (SKQB)|[1997] S.J. No 518 (Sask. Q.B.)}}{{perSKQB|Pritchard J}}{{atL|1nt61|18}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Keevik|7ccv|1996 CanLII 3625 (NWT SC)|[1996] NWTJ No 32 (Sup. Ct.)}}{{perNWTSC|Richard J}}{{atL|7ccv|12}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Classifying Delay==

Delay that is unrelated to defence does not presumptively or automatically attribute to the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Biorac|1n5qh|2006 CanLII 14237 (ON CA)|[2006] OJ No 1778 (ONCA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
</ref>

; Delay Caused by Unavailable Defence Counsel on Crown Adjournment
Where Crown offers a trial date after the original adjourned trial date, additional delay after that offered date due to defence counsel's unavailability was found to be neutral.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|PA|231rr|2002 CanLII 53216 (ON CA)|[2002] OJ 2490 (ONCA)}}{{perONCA|Catzman and Zeiler JJA}} aff'd at SCC<br>
{{CanLIIRP|NNM|1n6mj|2006 CanLII 14957 (ON CA)|[2006] OJ 1802 (ONCA)}}{{perONCA|Juriansz JA}}<br>
</ref>

Defence counsel's unavailability after a denied date due to Crown and Court's unavailability is not attributable to the Crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Nikolovski|1js01|2005 CanLII 3328 (ON CA)|[2005] OJ 494 (ONCA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
cf. {{CanLIIRP|Rego|1lxnl|2005 CanLII 40718 (ON CA)|[2005] OJ 4768 (ONCA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
and {{CanLIIR-N|Lof|, [2004] OJ 4963 (ONCJ)}}<br>
</ref>

; Unforeseen Crown Adjournments
Crown adjournment for unforeseen factors can be considered neutral.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Meisner|1htns|2004 CanLII 30221 (ON CA)|[2004] OJ 3812 (ONCA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Bell|, [2005] OJ No 4755 (SCJ)}}<Br>
</ref>

; Delays Cause by Defence Pre-Trial Motions
The delays necessary to hear defence motions are neutral.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hape|1l8gv|2005 CanLII 26591 (ON CA)|[2005] OJ 3188 (ONCA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<Br>
</ref>

; Delay Caused by Conflict of Interest
Delay caused by the judge recusing himself as he had previously represented the accused when he was a lawyer was considered neutral.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Meisner|1htns|2004 CanLII 30221 (ON CA)|[2004] OJ 3812 (ONCA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|1htns|12}}<br>
</ref>

; Caused by Co-accused
Delay caused by the inaction of a co-accused will generally be seen as neutral.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Farewell|1vdjt|2008 BCCA 9 (CanLII)|229 CCC (3d) 17}}{{perBCCA|Thackray JA}}{{atL|1vdjt|89}}<br>
</ref> 
However, delay caused by the Crown assisting one party to the detriment of another may be attributed to the crown.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Sandhu|2013 BCSC 963}}{{ats-|69 to 76}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Topol|1vrd8|2008 ONCA 113 (CanLII)|[2008] OJ 535 (ONCA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
</ref>

; Delay for a Re-Trial
A retrial should be scheduled "without further delay". Only a "short period" of delay will be expected. Anything longer may open the possibility of a s. 11(b) Charter delay.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Brace|2d17m|2010 ONCA 689 (CanLII)|261 CCC (3d) 455}}{{perONCA|Juriansz JA}}{{atL|2d17m|15}}<br>
see also [[Mistrials]]<br>
</ref>

; Delay by Crown Attempting to Assist in Obtaining 3rd Party Records
Where the Crown agrees to obtain materials that are third party records, the delay that results from their participation is either neutral or inherent time.<ref>
{{supra1|NNM}}<br>
</ref>

; Factors "Outside" of Court Proceedings
Delay due to "weather conditions or infrastructure problems; illnesses of key witnesses, parties or the court; interference by outside agencies not caused by the state; or conflicting court obligations by the accused person" are all treated as neutral unless there is some unusual situation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|CD|gf93w|2014 ABCA 333 (CanLII)|316 CCC (3d) 457}}{{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|gf93w|31}}<br>
</ref>

; Delay Caused by Missing or Absconding Accused
There is no obligation on the part of the accused to voluntarily return to the jurisdiction to face prosecution. Refusal to return does not waive the delay in prosecution.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|MacIntosh|fp7rc|2011 NSCA 111 (CanLII)|281 CCC (3d) 291}}{{perNSCA|Beveridge JA}} Crown appeal dismissed by SCC
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}