View source for Use or Possession of Explosives (Offence)

[[fr:Usage et possession d’explosifs (infraction)]]
{{Currency2|January|2020}}
{{HeaderOffences}}

{{OffenceBox 
|OffenceTitle=Use or Possession of Explosives
|OffencePage=Use or Possession of Explosives
|Section=80, 81, 82
|Act={{OBCCC}} 
|CrownElection={{OBIndictableElection}} 
|Jurisdiction={{OBJurisdictionAll}} 
|Bail={{OBBailVar}} 
|IndictableDisp= {{OBDisp14orLifeVar}}  
|IndictableMin= {{OBMinNone}} 
|IndictableMax= {{OBTime|5, 14 or life}} }}

==Overview==
{{seealso|Weapon Offences}}
{{OverviewII|use or possession of explosives}}

; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 80(a) {{DescrSec|80(a)}} <br>s. 81(1)(a) {{DescrSec|81(2)(a)}}, and<br>s. 81(1)(b) {{DescrSec|81(2)(b) }} | {{No}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }}

{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 80(b) {{DescrSec|80(b)}},<br>s. 81(1)(c) {{DescrSec|81(2)(a)}},<br>s. 81(2)(d) {{DescrSec|81(2)(b) }} and, <br> s. 82(2) {{DescrSec|82(2)}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-14Years}} }}

{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 82(1) {{DescrSec|82(1)}} | {{No}} | {{Yes}} | {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsEnd}}

{{PleadingsIndictElection|s. 80(a), 80(b), 81(2)(a), 81(2)(b), 82(1), 82(2) }}

{{Section109Notice}}

; Release
{{ReleaseHeader}}
|s. 80(a), 80(b), 81(2)(a), 81(2)(b), and 82(2) || {{ReleaseProfile-Indictable}} 
|-
|s. 82(1) || {{ReleaseProfile-Hybrid}} 
|-
{{ReleaseEnd}}

{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 80(a), 80(b), 81(2)(a), 81(2)(b), 82(2)}} 
{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 82(1)}}

; Publication Bans
{{GeneralPubBan}}

; Offence Designations
{{DesignationHeader}}
|-
|s. 80 || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->|| {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 81 || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{OKMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 82(1) || {{XMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{XMark-Under14}}
|-
|s. 82(2) || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{OKMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->||{{XMark-Under14}}
{{DesignationEnd}}

{{WiretapDesignation|s. 80, 81, and 82}}

{{DODesignation|s. 81(2)(a) and (b)}}

{{SPIODesignation|A|s. 80, 81, and 82}}

{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}

{{reflist|2}}

==Offence Wording==
{{quotation3|
; Duty of care re explosive
79 Every one who has an explosive substance in his possession or under his care or control is under a legal duty to use reasonable care to prevent bodily harm or death to persons or damage to property by that explosive substance.
<Br>
R.S., c. C-34, s. 77.
|{{CCCSec2|79}}
|{{NoteUp|79}}
|{{terms-
|"explosive substance" (s. 2)
}}
}}

{{quotation3|
; Breach of duty
80. Every one who, being under a legal duty within the meaning of section 79 {{AnnSec0|79}}, fails without lawful excuse to perform that duty, is guilty of an indictable offence and, if as a result an explosion of an explosive substance occurs that
:(a) causes death or is likely to cause death to any person, is liable to imprisonment for life; or
:(b) causes bodily harm or damage to property or is likely to cause bodily harm or damage to property, is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.

R.S., c. C-34, s. 78.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|80}}
|{{NoteUp|80}}
|{{terms-
|"bodily harm" (s. 2)
|"explosive substance" (s. 2)
|"person" (s. 2)
}}
}}

{{quotation3|
; Using explosives
81 (1) Every one commits an offence who
:(a) does anything with intent to cause an explosion of an explosive substance that is likely to cause serious bodily harm or death to persons or is likely to cause serious damage to property;
:(b) with intent to do bodily harm to any person
::(i) causes an explosive substance to explode,
::(ii) sends or delivers to a person or causes a person to take or receive an explosive substance or any other dangerous substance or thing, or
::(iii) places or throws anywhere or at or on a person a corrosive fluid, explosive substance or any other dangerous substance or thing;
:(c) with intent to destroy or damage property without lawful excuse, places or throws an explosive substance anywhere; or
:(d) makes or has in his possession or has under his care or control any explosive substance with intent thereby
::(i) to endanger life or to cause serious damage to property, or
::(ii) to enable another person to endanger life or to cause serious damage to property.

; Punishment
(2) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (1) {{AnnSec0|81(1)}} is guilty of an indictable offence and liable
:(a) for an offence under paragraph (1)(a) {{AnnSec0|81(1)(a)}} or (b) {{AnnSec0|81(1)(b)}}, to imprisonment for life; or
:(b) for an offence under paragraph (1)(c) {{AnnSec0|81(1)(c)}} or (d) {{AnnSec0|81(1)(d)}}, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.

R.S., c. C-34, s. 79.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|81}}
|{{NoteUp|81|1|2}}
|{{terms-
|"bodily harm" (s. 2)
|"person" (s. 2)
|"property" (s. 2)
}}
}}

{{quotation3|
; Possession of explosive
82 (1) Every person who, without lawful excuse, makes or has in their possession or under their care or control any explosive substance is guilty of
:(a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or
:(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

; Possession in association with criminal organization
(2) Every person who, without lawful excuse, makes or has in their possession or under their care or control any explosive substance for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a criminal organization is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 14 years.

R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 82; 
R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 12; 
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 23}}, s. 2; 
{{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 32}}, s. 3(F); 
{{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 29}}, s. 5;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 14.
|{{CCCSec2|82}}
|{{NoteUp|82|1|2}}
|{{terms-
|"criminal organization" (s. 2 and 467.1(1))
|"explosive substance" (s. 2)
|"person" (s. 2)
}}
}}

===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
| 80
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, being a person who has an explosive substance in his possession or under his care or control, did fail without lawful excuse to perform that duty to use reasonable care to prevent bodily harm or death to persons [names] or damage to property [describe property] by that explosive substance {{contrary|80}}."
|-
| 81
| 
|"{{ellipsis1}}, {{contrary|81}}."
|-
| 82(1)
| poss'n of explosive substance w/out lawful excuse
|"{{ellipsis1}}, without lawful excuse, did make, have in his or her possession or have under his or her care or control an explosive subtances{{toWit-Particulars}} {{contrary|82(1)}}."
|-
| 82(2)
| crim org and explosive substances
|"{{ellipsis1}}, without lawful excuse, did make, have in his or her possession or have under his or her care or control an explosive substance for the benefit of or at the direction of or in association with a criminal organization{{ToWit-Particulars}} {{contrary|82(2)}}."
{{DraftEnd}}

==Proof of the Offence==

{{ElementHeader}}

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|breach of duty re explosives|80}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit possesses a thing or has it "under his care or control";
# {{box}} the thing is an "explosive substance";
# {{box}} the culprit fails to perform his duty to "use reasonable care to prevent bodily harm or death to persons or damage to property by that explosive substance"
# {{box}} the culprit has no "lawful excuse";
# {{box}} the result of the breach causes an explosion;
# {{box}} the explosion either:
## {{box}} "causes death or is likely to cause death to any person, is liable to imprisonment for life;" or
## {{box}} "causes bodily harm or damage to property or is likely to cause bodily harm or damage to property, is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years."

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|using explosives|81(a)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit does anything;
# {{box}} the culprit does the act "with intent to cause explosion of an explosive substance";
# {{box}} the substance "is likely to cause serious bodily harm or death to persons or is likely to cause serious damage to property"

{{Proving|using explosives|81(b)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit has "intent to do bodily harm to any person";
# {{box}} the culprit either:
## {{box}} "causes an explosive substances to explode"
## {{box}} "sends or delivers to a person or causes a person to take or receive an explosive substance or any other dangerous substance or thing", or
## {{box}} "places or throws anywhere or at or on a person a corrosive fluid, explosive substance or any other dangerous substance or thing";

{{ElementLeft}}

{{Proving|using explosives|81(c)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit has "intent to destroy or damage property";
# {{box}} the culprit "places or throws an explosive substance anywhere"; and 
# {{box}} the culprit has no "lawful excuse".

{{Proving|using explosives|81(d)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "makes or has in his possession or has under his care or control" a thing;
# {{box}} the thing is "any explosive substance";
# {{box}} the culprit has "intent thereby"
## {{box}} "to endanger life or to cause serious damage to property," or
## {{box}} "to enable another person to endanger life or to cause serious damage to property."

{{ElementRight}}

{{Proving|possession without lawful excuse|82(1)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "makes or has in the possession or under the care or control of the person" a thing
# {{box}} the thing is an "explosive substance";
# {{box}} the culprit has no "lawful excuse".

{{Proving|possession in association with criminal organization|82(2)}}
{{InitialElements}}
# {{box}} the culprit "makes or has in the possession or under the care or control of the person" a thing;
# {{box}} it is " for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a criminal organization";
# {{box}} the thing is an "explosive substance"; and 
# {{box}} the culprit has no "lawful excuse".

{{ElementEnd}}

==Interpretation of the Offence==

Section 81(1)(a) "does not relate to mere possession of an explosive but rather to any act, whether passive or active, which is done with the intent to cause an explosion ... that is likely to cause serious damage to property."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Musitano|g1gs9|1985 CanLII 1983 (ON CA)|24 CCC (3d) 65}}{{TheCourtONCA}}
</ref>

; Lawful Excuse
Possession for the purpose of making a "loud noise" with no intention to destroy property or injure anyone is not a lawful excuse.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Malang|g18q2|1982 CanLII 2029 (ON CA)|65 CCC (2d) 371}}{{perONCA|Howland CJ}}<Br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}
===Misc Definitions===
; "Bomb"''' and '''"Grenade"
The words "bomb" and "grenade" are to be given "it's ordinary meaning."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Musitano|g1gs9|1985 CanLII 1983 (ON CA)|24 CCC (3d) 65}}{{TheCourtONCA}}
</ref>

'''"explosive substance"'''
{{quotation2|
s. 2<Br>
{{ellipsis}}
'''"explosive substance"''' includes
:(a) anything intended to be used to make an explosive substance,
:(b) anything, or any part thereof, used or intended to be used, or adapted to cause, or to aid in causing an explosion in or with an explosive substance, and
:(c) an incendiary grenade, fire bomb, molotov cocktail or other similar incendiary substance or device and a delaying mechanism or other thing intended for use in connection with such a substance or device;<br>
{{ellipsis}}
{{History-S2}}
|{{CCCSec2|2}}
|{{NoteUp|2}}
}}

Whether or not a device functions properly (ie. being capable of exploding) to satisfy the definition of explosive substances under s. 2. Even faulty improvised explosives will be captured by s. 2(b) and (c) of the defition.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|KDSA|299bm|2010 NBCA 24 (CanLII)|253 CCC (3d) 556}}{{perNBCA|Quigg JA}}{{atL|299bm|21}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Participation of Third Parties==
{{seealso|Role of the Victim and Third Parties|Testimonial Aids for Young, Disabled or Vulnerable Witnesses}}

; Testimonial Aids
{{3rdPTestimonyAids}}

; On Finding of Guilt
{{VictimHeader}} <!-- Sections / Notice of Agree / Notice of Restitution / Notice of VIS -->
|s. 80(a) or 81(2)(a) {{DescrSec|80(a)}} || || ||
|-
|s. 82(1) {{DescrSec|82(1)}} || || ||
|-
{{VictimEnd}}{{606NoticeSPIO|s. 80 {{DescrSec|80}}, 81 {{DescrSec|81}}, and 82 {{DescrSec|82}} }}

{{RestitutionNotice}}

{{VISNotice}}

==Sentencing Principles and Ranges==
{{seealsoSentencing}}

; Maximum Penalties
<!--{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 80(a) [breach duty, risking death] | {{NA}} | {{MaxLife}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 82(1) | {{NA}} | {{Max5Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 80(b) {{DescrSec|80(b)}},<Br>s. 81(2)(b)<Br> s. 82(2)| | {{NA}} | {{Max14Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}-->
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 80(a) or 81(2)(a)|'''{{MaxLife}}'''}}
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 80(b), 81(2)(b), or 82(2)|'''{{Max14Years}}'''}}
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 82(1)|'''{{Max5Years}}'''}}

; Minimum Penalties
{{NoMinimumPenalties}}

; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 80 {{DescrSec|80}}, 81 {{DescrSec|81}}, or 82(2) {{DescrSec|82(2)}}|| any || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}

{{NoDischargeAvailable|s. 80, 81, or 82(2)}}

{{NoCSOAvailable|C|s. 80, 81, or 82(2)}}

===Consecutive Sentences===
Where the accused is convicted under s. 82(2), the sentence must be consecutive.
{{quotation2|
; Sentences to be served consecutively
82.1 A sentence imposed on a person for an offence under subsection 82(2) {{AnnSec0|82(2)}} shall be served consecutively to any other punishment imposed on the person for an offence arising out of the same event or series of events and to any other sentence to which the person is subject at the time the sentence is imposed on the person for an offence under subsection 82(2) {{AnnSec0|82(2)}}.
<br>
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 23}}, s. 2.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|82.1}}
|{{NoteUp|82.1}}
}}

===Principles===

{{reflist|2}}
===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Use or Possession of Explosives}}

==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
'''Offence-related Orders'''
{{AOrderHeader}}

{{AOrder1| [[DNA Orders]]  | s. 81(1)(a), (b), (c), or (d), 82(1) or (2) | 
* {{PrimDNA2|s. 81(1)(a), (b), (c), or (d)}}
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)|s. 80(a) or (b), or 82(1) or (2)}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Weapons Prohibition Orders]]   | s. 80, 81, 82 |
* {{Section109|A|s. 80(a), (b), 81(1)(a), (b), (c) or (d)}}
* {{Section109|D|s. 80, 81, or 82}} }}

{{AOrder1| [[Delayed_Parole_Eligibility|Delayed Parole Order]]|s. 81(1)(a), (b), or (d), or 81(2)(a) |
* {{ParoleDelayEligible|1|s. 81(1)(a), (b), or (d), or 81(2)(a)}} }}

{{AOrderEnd}}

'''Generally Available Orders'''
{{GeneralSentencingOrders}}

; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}

==Record Suspensions and Pardons== 
{{RecordSuspension|s. 80 and 81, and 82 }}

==History==
Prior to December 13, 2018, s. 82 read:
{{quotation1|
; Possession without lawful excuse
82 (1) Every person who, without lawful excuse, the proof of which lies on the person, makes or has in the possession or under the care or control of the person any explosive substance is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years.
<br>
; Possession in association with criminal organization
(2) Every person who, without lawful excuse, the proof of which lies on the person, makes or has in the possession or under the care or control of the person any explosive substance for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a criminal organization is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
<br>
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 82; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 12; {{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 23}}, s. 2; {{LegHistory00s|2001, c. 32}}, s. 3(F).
|{{CCCSec2|82}}
}}

==See Also==
* [[Miscellaneous_Offences_Against_Property#Explosive_or_other_lethal_device|Explosives offence re public or government facility]] (s. 431.2(2))
{{OffencesNavBox/Weapons}}