Arrest Procedure: Difference between revisions
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[[Fr:Procédure_d%27arrestation]] | |||
{{Currency2|January|2019}} | |||
{{LevelZero}} | {{LevelZero}} | ||
{{HeaderArrest}} | {{HeaderArrest}} | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
At the time of arrest, an officer must typically inform the accused of the following and confirm that they understand: | At the time of arrest, an officer must typically inform the accused of the following and confirm that they understand: | ||
# inform of reason for arrest | # inform of the reason for arrest | ||
# Charter of Rights caution / Right to Silence | # Charter of Rights caution / Right to Silence | ||
# right to speak to a lawyer | # right to speak to a lawyer | ||
| Line 11: | Line 13: | ||
===Validity of Arrest=== | ===Validity of Arrest=== | ||
An arrest consists of two elements:<ref> | An arrest consists of two elements:<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Whitfield|1tvvl|1969 CanLII 4 (SCC)|[1970] SCR 46}}{{perSCC|Judson J}}<br> | |||
{{CanLIIRx|Lo|1f4dr|1997 CanLII 1908 (BC SC)}}{{perBCSC|Romilly J}}{{atsL|1f4dr|6| to 10}}<br> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Latimer|1fr3w|1997 CanLII 405 (SCC)|112 CCC (3d) 193}}{{perSCC|Lamer CJ}}{{atsL|1fr3w|24| to 5}}<br> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Biron|1mzj8|1975 CanLII 13 (SCC)|[1976] 2 SCR 56}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
# the actual seizure or touching of a person's body with a view towards his detention or | # the actual seizure or touching of a person's body with a view towards his detention ''<u>or</u>'' | ||
# the pronouncing of "words of arrest" to a person who submits to the arresting officer. | # the pronouncing of "words of arrest" to a person who submits to the arresting officer. | ||
An arrest will only be lawful if:<ref> | An arrest will only be lawful if:<ref> | ||
{{supra1|Lo}}{{ | {{supra1|Lo}}{{atsL|1f4dr|6| to 10}}<br> | ||
See also | See also {{CanLIIRP|Storrey|1fsxl|1990 CanLII 125 (SCC)|53 CCC (3d) 316}}{{perSCC|Cory J}}{{atps|322-4}} (SCC)<br> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Grant|24kwz|2009 SCC 32 (CanLII)|[2009] 2 SCR 353}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ and Charron J}}{{atsL|24kwz|54| to 56}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
# police have a subjective belief that there are reasonable and probable grounds to arrest the accused | # police have a subjective belief that there are reasonable and probable grounds to arrest the accused; and | ||
# the grounds must be objectively justifiable | # the grounds must be objectively justifiable | ||
Previously, an arrest would no longer be considered valid if the accused was ultimately acquitted of the charges. Now, the consideration is only on what is apparent to the officer at the time of arrest.<ref> | |||
{{supra1|Biron}} | |||
</ref> | |||
Where the officer is honestly mistaken as the existence of a law that does not exist, it cannot be objectively justifiable.<ref> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Houle|2djrg|1985 ABCA 275 (CanLII)|24 CCC (3d) 57}}{{perSCC-H|Stevenson JA}} | |||
</ref> | |||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
===Identification=== | ===Identification=== | ||
Once a person is lawfully arrested they have an obligation to identify themselves.<ref> | Once a person is lawfully arrested, they have an obligation to identify themselves.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Pauli|g8ntl|2014 SKQB 246 (CanLII)|2 WWR 402}}{{perSKQB|Dawson J}} | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Failure to do so may result in an offence of obstruction.<ref> | Failure to do so may result in an offence of obstruction.<ref> | ||
| Line 38: | Line 51: | ||
===Notice Upon Arrest=== | ===Notice Upon Arrest=== | ||
{{ | {{quotation2| | ||
; Duty of person arresting | ; Duty of person arresting | ||
29 (1) It is the duty of every one who executes a process or warrant to have it with him, where it is feasible to do so, and to produce it when requested to do so. | 29 (1) It is the duty of every one who executes a process or warrant to have it with him, where it is feasible to do so, and to produce it when requested to do so. | ||
| Line 48: | Line 61: | ||
; Failure to comply | ; Failure to comply | ||
(3) Failure to comply with subsection (1) or (2) does not of itself deprive a person who executes a process or warrant, or a person who makes an arrest, or those who assist them, of protection from criminal responsibility. | (3) Failure to comply with subsection (1) {{AnnSec0|29(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSec0|29(2)}} does not of itself deprive a person who executes a process or warrant, or a person who makes an arrest, or those who assist them, of protection from criminal responsibility. | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
R.S., c. C-34, s. 29. | R.S., c. C-34, s. 29. | ||
| | {{Annotation}} | ||
|{{CCCSec2|29}} | |||
|{{NoteUp|29|1|2|3}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
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{{seealso|Acting in Authority}} | {{seealso|Acting in Authority}} | ||
It has been suggested that there is a constitutional obligation for police to make a "contemporaneous complete record of the circumstances of, and reasons for, their use of force during an arrest" | It has been suggested that there is a constitutional obligation for police to make a "contemporaneous complete record of the circumstances of, and reasons for, their use of force during an arrest."<Ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRx|Acheampong|hw4kd|2018 ONCJ 798 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Burstein J}}{{atL|hw4kd|59}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
| Line 73: | Line 88: | ||
* [[Right Against Self-Crimination]] | * [[Right Against Self-Crimination]] | ||
* [[Voluntariness]] | * [[Voluntariness]] | ||
* [[Taking Photographs and Fingerprints of Accused Persons]] | * [[Taking Photographs and Fingerprints of Accused Persons]] | ||
* [[Initial Post-Charge Detention]] | * [[Initial Post-Charge Detention]] | ||
** [[Duty to Deliver Detainee to a Justice Without Unreasonable Delay]] | |||
* Release | * Release | ||
** [[Release by Police]] | ** [[Release by Police on Undertaking]] | ||
** [[Judicial Interim Release]] | ** [[Judicial Interim Release]] | ||
* [[Acting in Authority]] - Immunity for Use of Force | * [[Acting in Authority]] - Immunity for Use of Force | ||
Latest revision as of 07:09, 23 July 2024
| This page was last substantively updated or reviewed January 2019. (Rev. # 95814) |
Introduction
At the time of arrest, an officer must typically inform the accused of the following and confirm that they understand:
- inform of the reason for arrest
- Charter of Rights caution / Right to Silence
- right to speak to a lawyer
- access to legal aid
- secondary police cautions
Validity of Arrest
An arrest consists of two elements:[1]
- the actual seizure or touching of a person's body with a view towards his detention or
- the pronouncing of "words of arrest" to a person who submits to the arresting officer.
An arrest will only be lawful if:[2]
- police have a subjective belief that there are reasonable and probable grounds to arrest the accused; and
- the grounds must be objectively justifiable
Previously, an arrest would no longer be considered valid if the accused was ultimately acquitted of the charges. Now, the consideration is only on what is apparent to the officer at the time of arrest.[3]
Where the officer is honestly mistaken as the existence of a law that does not exist, it cannot be objectively justifiable.[4]
- ↑
R v Whitfield, 1969 CanLII 4 (SCC), [1970] SCR 46, per Judson J
R v Lo, 1997 CanLII 1908 (BC SC), per Romilly J, at paras 6 to 10
R v Latimer, 1997 CanLII 405 (SCC), 112 CCC (3d) 193, per Lamer CJ, at paras 24 to 5
R v Biron, 1975 CanLII 13 (SCC), [1976] 2 SCR 56
- ↑
Lo, supra, at paras 6 to 10
See also R v Storrey, 1990 CanLII 125 (SCC), 53 CCC (3d) 316, per Cory J, at pp. 322-4 (SCC)
R v Grant, 2009 SCC 32 (CanLII), [2009] 2 SCR 353, per McLachlin CJ and Charron J, at paras 54 to 56
- ↑ Biron, supra
- ↑ R v Houle, 1985 ABCA 275 (CanLII), 24 CCC (3d) 57, per Stevenson JA
Identification
Once a person is lawfully arrested, they have an obligation to identify themselves.[1] Failure to do so may result in an offence of obstruction.[2]
- ↑ R v Pauli, 2014 SKQB 246 (CanLII), 2 WWR 402, per Dawson J
- ↑ e.g. Pauli, ibid.
Notice Upon Arrest
- Duty of person arresting
29 (1) It is the duty of every one who executes a process or warrant to have it with him, where it is feasible to do so, and to produce it when requested to do so.
- Notice
(2) It is the duty of every one who arrests a person, whether with or without a warrant, to give notice to that person, where it is feasible to do so, of
- (a) the process or warrant under which he makes the arrest; or
- (b) the reason for the arrest.
- Failure to comply
(3) Failure to comply with subsection (1) [duty of person arresting – possession of copy] or (2) [duty of person arresting – notice] does not of itself deprive a person who executes a process or warrant, or a person who makes an arrest, or those who assist them, of protection from criminal responsibility.
R.S., c. C-34, s. 29.
[annotation(s) added]
Use of Force
It has been suggested that there is a constitutional obligation for police to make a "contemporaneous complete record of the circumstances of, and reasons for, their use of force during an arrest."[1]
- ↑
R v Acheampong, 2018 ONCJ 798 (CanLII), per Burstein J, at para 59
Topics
- Alternatives to Charging
- Warrantless Arrests and Warrant Arrests
- Reasonable and Probable Grounds to Arrest
- Right to be Informed of Reasons for Arrest or Detention (s. 10(a))
- Right to Counsel (s. 10(b))
- Right of Youth to Notify Parents
- Right Against Self-Crimination
- Voluntariness
- Taking Photographs and Fingerprints of Accused Persons
- Initial Post-Charge Detention
- Release
- Acting in Authority - Immunity for Use of Force