Challenge for Cause: Difference between revisions

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[[Fr:Défi_motivé]]
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{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderJuries}}
{{LevelZero}}{{HeaderJuries}}
==General Principles==
==General Principles==
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===Presumption of Impartiality===
===Presumption of Impartiality===
Jurors are presumed by their oaths to be impartial judges.<ref>
Jurors are presumed by their oaths to be impartial judges.<ref>
''R v Williams'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1fqsg 1998 CanLII 782] (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 1128{{perSCC|McLachlin J}}{{at|13}}<br>  
{{CanLIIRP|Williams|1fqsg|1998 CanLII 782 (SCC)|[1998] 1 SCR 1128}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}{{atL|1fqsg|13}}<br>  
''R v Spence'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1m3f3 2005 SCC 71] (CanLII), [2005] 3 SCR 458{{perSCC|Binnie J}}{{ats|21-22}}<br>  
{{CanLIIRP|Spence|1m3f3|2005 SCC 71 (CanLII)|[2005] 3 SCR 458}}{{perSCC-H|Binnie J}}{{atsL|1m3f3|21| to 22}}<br>  
''R v AK'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1f9pr 1999 CanLII 3793] (ON CA), (1999), 176 DLR (4th) 665 (Ont. C.A.){{perONCA|Charron JA}} at para 52
{{CanLIIRP|AK|1f9pr|1999 CanLII 3793 (ON CA)| DLR (4th) 665}}{{perONCA|Charron JA}}{{atL|1f9pr|52}}
</ref>
</ref>


However, where the potential bias is clear and obvious, or where it can be shown that there is a reason to suspect that members of a jury may possess bias that cannot be set aside, then the jury can be screened by a challenge for cause.<ref>
However, where the potential bias is clear and obvious, or where it can be shown that there is a reason to suspect that members of a jury may possess bias that cannot be set aside, then the jury can be screened by a challenge for cause.<ref>
''R v Find'', [2001] 1 SCR 863, [http://canlii.ca/t/521b 2001 SCC 32] (CanLII), (2001), 154 CCC (3d) 97 (SCC){{perSCC|McLachlin CJ}}{{at|26}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Find|521b|2001 SCC 32 (CanLII)|[2001] 1 SCR 863}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}{{atL|521b|26}}<br>
''R v Sherratt'',  [1991] 1 SCR 509, [http://canlii.ca/t/1fslt 1991 CanLII 86] (SCC){{perSCC|L'Heureux‑Dubé}} para 41 and 44<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Sherratt|1fslt|1991 CanLII 86 (SCC)|[1991] 1 SCR 509}}{{perSCC|L'Heureux‑Dubé}}{{atsL|1fslt|41| and 44}}<br>
''R v Douse'', [http://canlii.ca/t/24ck7 2009 CanLII 34990] (ON SC){{perONSC|Durno J}}{{at|40}}
{{CanLIIRP|Douse|24ck7|2009 CanLII 34990 (ON SC)|246 CCC (3d) 227}}{{perONSC|Durno J}}{{atL|24ck7|40}}
</ref>
</ref>


Line 19: Line 21:
===Grounds to Challenge===
===Grounds to Challenge===
Section 638 provides both Crown and defence counsel to make a challenge for cause on the basis of several available grounds:
Section 638 provides both Crown and defence counsel to make a challenge for cause on the basis of several available grounds:
{{quotation|
{{quotation2|
; Challenge for cause
; Challenge for cause
638. (1) A prosecutor or an accused is entitled to any number of challenges on the ground that
638 (1) A prosecutor or an accused is entitled to any number of challenges on the ground that
:(a) the name of a juror does not appear on the panel, but no misnomer or misdescription is a ground of challenge where it appears to the court that the description given on the panel sufficiently designates the person referred to;
:(a) the name of a juror does not appear on the panel, but no misnomer or misdescription is a ground of challenge where it appears to the court that the description given on the panel sufficiently designates the person referred to;
:(b) a juror is not indifferent between the Queen and the accused;
:(b) a juror is not impartial;
:(c) a juror has been convicted of an offence for which he was sentenced to death or to a term of imprisonment exceeding twelve months;
:(c) a juror has been convicted of an offence for which they were sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two years or more and for which no pardon or record suspension is in effect;
:(d) a juror is an alien;
:(d) a juror is not a Canadian citizen;
:(e) a juror, even with the aid of technical, personal, interpretative or other support services provided to the juror under section 627, is physically unable to perform properly the duties of a juror; or
:(e) a juror, even with the aid of technical, personal, interpretative or other support services provided to the juror under section 627 {{AnnSec6|627}}, is physically unable to perform properly the duties of a juror; or
:(f) a juror does not speak the official language of Canada that is the language of the accused or the official language of Canada in which the accused can best give testimony or both official languages of Canada, where the accused is required by reason of an order under section 530 to be tried before a judge and jury who speak the official language of Canada that is the language of the accused or the official language of Canada in which the accused can best give testimony or who speak both official languages of Canada, as the case may be.
:(f) a juror does not speak the official language of Canada that is the language of the accused or the official language of Canada in which the accused can best give testimony or both official languages of Canada, where the accused is required by reason of an order under section 530 {{AnnSec5|530}} to be tried before a judge and jury who speak the official language of Canada that is the language of the accused or the official language of Canada in which the accused can best give testimony or who speak both official languages of Canada, as the case may be.
<br>
 
; No other ground
; No other ground
(2) No challenge for cause shall be allowed on a ground not mentioned in subsection (1).
(2) No challenge for cause shall be allowed on a ground not mentioned in subsection (1) {{AnnSec6|638(1)}}.
<br>...<br>
 
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 638; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 132, c. 31 (4th Supp.), s. 96; 1997, c. 18, s. 74; 1998, c. 9, s. 6.
(3) and (4) [Repealed, {{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 74]
|[http://canlii.ca/t/7vf2#sec648 CCC]
 
(5) [Repealed, R.S., 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.), s. 96]
 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 638; R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 132, c. 31 (4th Supp.), s. 96;  
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 74;  
{{LegHistory90s|1998, c. 9}}, s. 6;
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 271.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|648}}
|{{NoteUp|638|1|2}}
}}
}}


There must be an "evidentiary foundation" for any claim of challenge for cause.<ref>
There must be an "evidentiary foundation" for any claim of challenge for cause.<ref>
''R v Rowe'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1n5qf 2006 CanLII 14235] (ON CA){{perONCA|MacFarland JA}} (3:0)
{{CanLIIRP|Rowe|1n5qf|2006 CanLII 14235 (ON CA)|208 CCC (3d) 412}}{{perONCA|MacFarland JA}} (3:0)
</ref>
</ref>


The judge has wide discretion to supervise the challenge.<ref>
The judge has wide discretion to supervise the challenge.<ref>
''R v Hubbert'' (1975), 11 OR (2d) 464, [http://canlii.ca/t/1vqxq 1975 CanLII 53] (ON CA){{TheCourtONCA}} at p.291<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Hubbert|1vqxq|1975 CanLII 53 (ON CA)|11 OR (2d) 464}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atp|291}}<br>
''R v Sherratt'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1fslt 1991 CanLII 86] (SCC), [1991] 1 SCR 509{{perSCC|L'Heureux‑Dubé J}} at 527<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Sherratt|1fslt|1991 CanLII 86 (SCC)|[1991] 1 SCR 509}}{{perSCC|L'Heureux‑Dubé J}}{{atp|527}} (SCR)<br>
''R v Williams'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1fqsg 1998 CanLII 782] (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 1128{{perSCC|McLachlin J}}, paras 1 at 13 and 55<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Williams|1fqsg|1998 CanLII 782 (SCC)|[1998] 1 SCR 1128}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}}{{atsL|1fqsg|13|}} and {{atsL-np|1fqsg|55|}}<br>
</ref> Including when to exclude the jury panel.<ref>
</ref>  
''R v Moore-McFarlane'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1f3k2 2001 CanLII 6363] (ON CA), (2001), 56 O.R. (3d) 737 (C.A.){{perONCA|Charron JA}}{{at|85}}</ref>
Including when to exclude the jury panel.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Moore-McFarlane|1f3k2|2001 CanLII 6363 (ON CA)| OR (3d) 737}}{{perONCA|Charron JA}}{{atL|1f3k2|85}}</ref>


There is not a fixed rule that a jury panel should be excluded during a challenge for cause.<ref>
There is not a fixed rule that a jury panel should be excluded during a challenge for cause.<ref>
{{ibid1|Moore-McFarlane}}{{at|85}}</ref>
{{ibid1|Moore-McFarlane}}{{atL|1f3k2|85}}</ref>


{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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===Challenge for Bias===
===Challenge for Bias===
Under section 638(1)(b), a party may challenge a juror "for cause", alleging that the juror may not be indifferent.<ref>
Under section 638(1)(b), a party may challenge a juror "for cause", alleging that the juror may not be indifferent.<ref>
section [http://canlii.ca/t/7vf2#sec638 638(1)(b)] states "A prosecutor or an accused is entitled to any number of challenges on the ground that ...(b) a juror is not indifferent between the Queen and the accused")</ref>  
section [{{CCCSec|638}} 638(1)(b)] states "A prosecutor or an accused is entitled to any number of challenges on the ground that ...(b) a juror is not indifferent between the Queen and the accused")</ref>  
The test is whether there is "a 'realistic potential' that the jury pool may contain people who are not impartial in the sense that even upon proper instructions by the trial judge they may not be able to set aside their prejudice and decide fairly between the Crown and the accused …"<ref>''R v Find'', [http://canlii.ca/t/521b 2001 SCC 32] (CanLII){{perSCC|McLachlin CJ}}{{at|31}}</ref>
The test is whether there is "a 'realistic potential' that the jury pool may contain people who are not impartial in the sense that even upon proper instructions by the trial judge they may not be able to set aside their prejudice and decide fairly between the Crown and the accused …"<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Find|521b|2001 SCC 32 (CanLII)|[2001] 1 SCR 863}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin CJ}}{{atL|521b|31}}</ref>


The purpose of challenge for cause is to screen out potential biases in juries.<ref>
The purpose of challenge for cause is to screen out potential biases in juries.<ref>
''R v Sherratt'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1fslt 1991 CanLII 86] (SCC), [1991] 1 SCR 509{{perSCC|L'Heureux‑Dubé J}} at p. 533</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Sherratt|1fslt|1991 CanLII 86 (SCC)|[1991] 1 SCR 509}}{{perSCC|L'Heureux‑Dubé J}}{{atp|533}}</ref>


The fundamental issue on challenges for cause is whether the accused can receive a fair trial pursuant to s. 11(d) of the Charter.<ref>
The fundamental issue on challenges for cause is whether the accused can receive a fair trial pursuant to s. 11(d) of the Charter.<ref>
''R v Bennight'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fr77r 2012 BCCA 190] (CanLII){{perBCCA|Bennett JA}} at 42</ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Bennight|fr77r|2012 BCCA 190 (CanLII)|320 BCAC 195}}{{perBCCA|Bennett JA}} at 42</ref>


The party challenging cause must establish that:<ref>{{supra1|Find}}{{at|32}}</ref>
The party challenging cause must establish that:<ref>
{{supra1|Find}}{{atL|521b|32}}</ref>
# a widespread bias exists in the community; and  
# a widespread bias exists in the community; and  
# some jurors may be incapable of setting aside this bias, despite trial safeguards, to render an impartial decision.
# some jurors may be incapable of setting aside this bias, despite trial safeguards, to render an impartial decision.


There are the "attitudinal" and "behavioural" components to partiality.<ref>{{supra1|Find}}{{at|32}}</ref>
There are the "attitudinal" and "behavioural" components to partiality.<ref>
{{supra1|Find}}{{atL|521b|32}}</ref>


There is a presumption that jurors are capable of setting aside their views and biases in favour of impartiality between Crown and the accused and compliance with the trial judge's instructions.
There is a presumption that jurors are capable of setting aside their views and biases in favour of impartiality between Crown and the accused and compliance with the trial judge's instructions.
<ref>  
<ref>  
{{supra1|Find}} at para 26
{{supra1|Find}}{{atL|521b|26}}
</ref>
</ref>


The decision to permit a challenge for cause is discretionary, but when in doubt the judge should "err on the side of permitting challenges".<ref>
The decision to permit a challenge for cause is discretionary, but when in doubt the judge should "err on the side of permitting challenges."<ref>
{{supra1|Find}}{{at|45}}<br>
{{supra1|Find}}{{atL|521b|45}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


Challenges will normally be directed at all potential jurors but may be targeted at specific jurors.<ref>
Challenges will normally be directed at all potential jurors but may be targeted at specific jurors.<ref>
''R v Daigle'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1t6pp 2007 QCCA 1344] (CanLII){{perQCCA|Hilton JA}}
{{CanLIIRP|Daigle|1t6pp|2007 QCCA 1344 (CanLII)|229 CCC (3d) 540}}{{perQCCA|Hilton JA}}
</ref>
</ref>


; Evidence
; Evidence
The basis of challenge can be established by way of expert testimony regarding the bias alleged.<ref>
The basis of challenge can be established by way of expert testimony regarding the bias alleged.<ref>
e.g. see ''R v Douse'', [http://canlii.ca/t/24ck7 2009 CanLII 34990] (ON SC){{perONSC|Durno J}}
e.g. see {{CanLIIRP|Douse|24ck7|2009 CanLII 34990 (ON SC)|246 CCC (3d) 227}}{{perONSC|Durno J}}
</ref>
</ref>


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===Background Checks of Potential Jurors===
===Background Checks of Potential Jurors===
The Crown has a limited ability to make police background checks into each prospective juror for the purpose of challenges under s. 638(1)(c). Where it is done so, the results must be disclosed to the defence.<ref>
The Crown has a limited ability to make police background checks into each prospective juror for the purpose of challenges under s. 638(1)(c). Where it is done so, the results must be disclosed to the defence.<ref>
''R v Yumnu'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fvcdb 2012 SCC 73] (CanLII){{perSCC|Moldaver J}}
{{CanLIIRP|Yumnu|fvcdb|2012 SCC 73 (CanLII)|[2012] 3 SCR 777}}{{perSCC-H|Moldaver J}}
</ref>
 
The practice of doing background checks on potential jurors outside of the purpose of determine juror eligibility is prohibited.<ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Oland|hzbm5|2018 NBQB 258 (CanLII)}}{{atL|hzbm5|7}} (" In no uncertain terms the Supreme Court of Canada condemned the practice of using police databases to conduct inquiries of potential jurors outside legitimate permissible checks for criminal records to determine juror eligibility. ")
</ref>
</ref>


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==Questioning==
==Questioning==
The questions should be “relevant, succinct and fair” and avoid invading "the privacy of prospective jurors in an attempt to probe personal feelings, opinions, and beliefs".<ref>
The questions should be “relevant, succinct and fair” and avoid invading "the privacy of prospective jurors in an attempt to probe personal feelings, opinions, and beliefs."<ref>
''R v Hubbert'' (1975), 11 OR (2d) 464, [http://canlii.ca/t/1vqxq 1975 CanLII 53] (ON CA), 29 CCC (2d) 279{{TheCourtONCA}} at pp. 289-90 (CA), affirmed and adopted [http://canlii.ca/t/1tx2k 1977 CanLII 15] (SCC), [1977] 2 SCR 267{{perSCC|Laskin CJ}} (9:0)<br>  
{{CanLIIRP|Hubbert|1vqxq|1975 CanLII 53 (ON CA)|29 CCC (2d) 279}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atps|289-90}} (CA), affirmed and adopted [http://canlii.ca/t/1tx2k 1977 CanLII 15] (SCC), [1977] 2 SCR 267{{perSCC|Laskin CJ}} (9:0)<br>  
''R v Dhillon'', [http://canlii.ca/t/4z64 2001 BCCA 555] (CanLII){{perBCCA|Low JA}} (3:0){{at|53}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Dhillon|4z64|2001 BCCA 555 (CanLII)|158 CCC (3d) 353}}{{perBCCA|Low JA}} (3:0){{atL|4z64|53}}<br>
''R v Williams'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1fqsg 1998 CanLII 782] (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 1128{{perSCC|McLachlin J}} (9:0){{at|53}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Williams|1fqsg|1998 CanLII 782 (SCC)|[1998] 1 SCR 1128}}{{perSCC-H|McLachlin J}} (9:0){{atL|1fqsg|53}}<br>
''R v Bulatci'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fqxsv 2012 NWTCA 6] (CanLII){{perNWTCA|Slatter JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bulatci|fqxsv|2012 NWTCA 6 (CanLII)|285 CCC (3d) 382}}{{perNWTCA|Slatter JA}}<br>
</ref> The questions must remain "within the bounds of a legitimate inquiry into the impartiality of potential jurors".<ref>
</ref>
''R v Gayle'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1fbrf 2001 CanLII 4447] (ON CA){{perONCA|Sharpe JA}} (3:0){{at|22}}<br>
The questions must remain "within the bounds of a legitimate inquiry into the impartiality of potential jurors."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Gayle|1fbrf|2001 CanLII 4447 (ON CA)|154 CCC (3d) 221}}{{perONCA|Sharpe JA}} (3:0){{atL|1fbrf|22}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


The ability to challenge opinions is limited. Often the questions are narrow enough only to be answered yes or no.<ref>
The ability to challenge opinions is limited. Often the questions are narrow enough only to be answered yes or no.<ref>
e.g. ''R v Sandham'' (2009), 248 CCC (3d) 46, [http://canlii.ca/t/23gxf 2009 CanLII 22574] (ON SC){{perONSC|Heeney J}}{{at|3}} (Ont.)<br>
e.g. {{CanLIIRP|Sandham|23gxf|2009 CanLII 22574 (ON SC)|248 CCC (3d) 46}}{{perONSC|Heeney J}}{{atL|23gxf|3}}<br>
''R v MM'', [2003] OJ No 5962 at para 24 affirmed on other grounds [http://canlii.ca/t/1rbc0 2007 ONCA 329] (CanLII), 220 CCC (3d) 74{{perONCA|Blair JA}} (3:0)<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|MM|, [2003] OJ No 5962}}{{At-|24}} affirmed on other grounds {{CanLIIP|1rbc0 2007 ONCA 329 (CanLII)|220 CCC (3d) 74}}{{perONCA|Blair JA}} (3:0)<br>
</ref>
</ref>


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It is not appropriate to group jurors on the basis of race as it violates the requirement of random selection under s. 631.<ref>
It is not appropriate to group jurors on the basis of race as it violates the requirement of random selection under s. 631.<ref>
''R v Brown'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1q6q7 2006 CanLII 42683] (ON CA), (2006), 215 CCC (3d) 330 (Ont. C.A.){{perONCA|Rosenberg JA}} (3:0)
{{CanLIIRP|Brown|1q6q7|2006 CanLII 42683 (ON CA)|215 CCC (3d) 330}}{{perONCA|Rosenberg JA}} (3:0)
</ref>
</ref>


Line 125: Line 145:


An accused does not have a right to have a jury including members of a particular race, ethnicity or background.<ref>
An accused does not have a right to have a jury including members of a particular race, ethnicity or background.<ref>
''R v Gayle'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1fbrf 2001 CanLII 4447] (ON CA){{perONCA|Sharpe JA}} (3:0)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Gayle|1fbrf|2001 CanLII 4447 (ON CA)|154 CCC (3d) 221}}{{perONCA|Sharpe JA}} (3:0)<br>
''R v Amos'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1t348 2007 ONCA 672] (CanLII){{TheCourtONCA}} (3:0)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Amos|1t348|2007 ONCA 672 (CanLII)|161 CRR (2d) 363}}{{TheCourtONCA}} (3:0)<br>
''R v Bitternose'', [http://canlii.ca/t/23hrv 2009 SKCA 54] (CanLII){{perSKCA|Wilkinson JA}} (3:0)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Bitternose|23hrv|2009 SKCA 54 (CanLII)|244 CCC (3d) 218}}{{perSKCA|Wilkinson JA}} (3:0)<br>
</ref>
</ref>


Line 133: Line 153:
==Procedure==
==Procedure==
An intention to challenge for cause may require written notice:
An intention to challenge for cause may require written notice:
{{quotation|
{{quotation2|
; Challenge in writing
; Challenge in writing
639. (1) Where a challenge is made on a ground mentioned in section 638, the court may, in its discretion, require the party that challenges to put the challenge in writing.
639 (1) Where a challenge is made on a ground mentioned in section 638 {{AnnSec6|638}}, the court may, in its discretion, require the party that challenges to put the challenge in writing.
<br>
<br>
; Form
; Form
(2) A challenge may be in Form 41.
(2) A challenge may be in Form 41 {{AnnSec|Form 41}}.
<br>
<br>
; Denial
; Denial
Line 144: Line 164:
<br>
<br>
R.S., c. C-34, s. 568.
R.S., c. C-34, s. 568.
|[{{CCCSec|639}} CCC]
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|639}}
|{{NoteUp|639|1|2|3}}
}}
}}


An intention to a challenge of the array may also require notice:
An intention to a challenge of the array may also require notice:
{{quotation|
{{quotation2|
; Challenging the jury panel
; Challenging the jury panel
629. (1) The accused or the prosecutor may challenge the jury panel only on the ground of partiality, fraud or wilful misconduct on the part of the sheriff or other officer by whom the panel was returned.
629 (1) The accused or the prosecutor may challenge the jury panel only on the ground of partiality, fraud or wilful misconduct on the part of the sheriff or other officer by whom the panel was returned.
<br>
<br>
; In writing
; In writing
(2) A challenge under subsection (1) shall be in writing and shall state that the person who returned the panel was partial or fraudulent or that he wilfully misconducted himself, as the case may be.
(2) A challenge under subsection (1) {{AnnSec6|629(1)}} shall be in writing and shall state that the person who returned the panel was partial or fraudulent or that he wilfully misconducted himself, as the case may be.
<br>
<br>
; Form
; Form
(3) A challenge under this section may be in Form 40.
(3) A challenge under this section may be in Form 40 {{AnnSec|Form 40}}.
<br>
<br>
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 629; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 130.
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 629;  
|[{{CCCSec|629}} CCC]
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 130.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CCCSec2|629}}
|{{NoteUp|629|1|2|3}}
}}
}}


{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
===Ordering of Challenges===
===Ordering of Challenges===
{{quotation|
{{quotation2|
; Order of challenges
; Order of challenges
635 (1) The accused shall be called on before the prosecutor is called on to declare whether the accused challenges the first juror, for cause or peremptorily, and thereafter the prosecutor and the accused shall be called on alternately, in respect of each of the remaining jurors, to first make such a declaration.
635 (1) The accused shall be called on before the prosecutor is called on to declare whether the accused challenges the first juror for cause, and after that the prosecutor and the accused shall be called on alternately, in respect of each of the remaining jurors, to first make such a declaration.
<br>
 
; Where there are joint trials
; Where there are joint trials
(2) Subsection (1) applies where two or more accused are to be tried together, but all of the accused shall exercise the challenges of the defence in turn, in the order in which their names appear in the indictment or in any other order agreed on by them,
(2) Subsection (1) {{AnnSec6|635(1)}} applies where two or more accused are to be tried together, but all of the accused shall exercise the challenges of the defence in turn, in the order in which their names appear in the indictment or in any other order agreed on by them,
:(a) in respect of the first juror, before the prosecutor; and
:(a) in respect of the first juror, before the prosecutor; and
:(b) in respect of each of the remaining jurors, either before or after the prosecutor, in accordance with subsection (1).
:(b) in respect of each of the remaining jurors, either before or after the prosecutor, in accordance with subsection (1) {{AnnSec6|635(1)}}.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 635; R.S., 1985, c. 2 (1st Supp.), s. 2; 1992, c. 41, s. 2.
|[{{CCCSec|635}} CCC]
}}


===Unaccounted Juror===
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 635;
{{quotation|
R.S., 1985, c. 2 (1st Supp.), s. 2;
; Objection that name not on panel
{{LegHistory90s|1992, c. 41}}, s. 2;
640 (1) Where the ground of a challenge is that the name of a juror does not appear on the panel, the issue shall be tried by the judge on the voir dire by the inspection of the panel, and such other evidence as the judge thinks fit to receive.
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 270.
<br>...<br>
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|640}} CCC]
|{{CCCSec2|635}}
|{{NoteUp|635|1|2}}
}}
}}


===Result of Challenge===
===Determination of Challenge for Cause===
{{quotation|
{{quotation2|
640<br>...<br>
; Determination of challenge for cause
; If challenge not sustained, or if sustained
640 (1) If a challenge is made on a ground mentioned in section 638 {{AnnSec6|638}}, the judge shall determine whether the alleged ground is true or not and, if the judge is satisfied that it is true, the juror shall not be sworn.
(3) Where the finding, pursuant to subsection (1), (2) or (2.2) is that the ground of challenge is not true, the juror shall be sworn, but if the finding is that the ground of challenge is true, the juror shall not be sworn.
; Disagreement of triers
(4) Where, after what the court considers to be a reasonable time, the two persons who are sworn to determine whether the ground of challenge is true are unable to agree, the court may discharge them from giving a verdict and may direct two other persons to be sworn to determine whether the ground of challenge is true.
<br>
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 640; 2008, c. 18, s. 26; 2011, c. 16, s. 9.
|[{{CCCSec|640}} CCC]
}}


==Dynamic Triers==
; Exclusion order
(2) On the application of the accused or prosecutor or on the judge’s own motion, the judge may order the exclusion of all jurors, sworn and unsworn, from the court room until it is determined whether the ground of challenge is true if the judge is of the opinion that the order is necessary to preserve the impartiality of the jurors.


{{Quotation|
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 640;  
640.<br>...<br>
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 18}}, s. 26;
; Other grounds
{{LegHistory10s|2011, c. 16}}, s. 9;
(2) If the ground of a challenge is one that is not mentioned in subsection (1) and no order has been made under subsection (2.1), the two jurors who were last sworn — or, if no jurors have been sworn, two persons present who are appointed by the court for the purpose — shall be sworn to determine whether the ground of challenge is true.<br>
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 272.
...<br>
|{{CCCSec2|640}}
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 640; 2008, c. 18, s. 26; 2011, c. 16, s. 9.
|{{NoteUp|640|1|2}}
|[http://canlii.ca/t/7vf2#sec640 CCC]
}}
}}
The dynamic method of selecting jurors is intended to ensure "that the responsibility for determining the challenge for cause is shared by all jurors but the last juror selected".<ref>
''R v WV'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1sq4t 2007 ONCA 546] (CanLII){{perONCA|Sharpe JA}} (3:0){{at|26}}<br>
</ref>
The changing of triers with each selection is mandatory.<ref>
{{ibid1|WV}}
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
==Static Triers==
The process involving static triers was added to the Code in 2008.<ref>
''R v White'', [http://canlii.ca/t/253qh 2009 CanLII 42049] (ON SC){{perONSC|Sproat J}}{{at|8}}<br>
''R v Douse'', [http://canlii.ca/t/24ck7 2009 CanLII 34990] (ONSC){{perONSC|Durno J}}{{at|18}}<br>
</ref>
Section 640(2.1) and (2.2) were added:<ref>
see ''R v Swite'', [http://canlii.ca/t/2fmn4 2011 BCCA 54] (CanLII){{perBCCA|Prowse JA}} (3:0){{at|23}}</ref>
{{quotation|
640.<br>...<br>
(2.1) If the challenge is for cause and if the ground of the challenge is one that is not mentioned in subsection (1), on the application of the accused, the court may order the exclusion of all jurors – sworn and unsworn – from the court room until it is determined whether the ground of challenge is true, if the court is of the opinion that such an order is necessary to preserve the impartiality of the jurors.
<br>
(2.2) If an order is made under subsection (2.1), two unsworn jurors, who are then exempt from the order, or two persons present who are appointed by the court for that purpose, shall be sworn to determine whether the ground of challenge is true. Those persons so appointed shall exercise their duties until twelve jurors and any alternate jurors are sworn.
<br>...<br>
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 640; 2008, c. 18, s. 26; 2011, c. 16, s. 9.
|[http://canlii.ca/t/7vf2#sec640 CCC]
}}
The accused may apply under s. 640(2.1) to have two triers select all members of the jury. They themselves cannot become members of the jury.<ref>
Douse{{ats|18 to 20}}<br>
</ref>
Sections 640(2),(2.1) and (2.2) do not remove the judge's inherent jurisdiction to exclude jurors from the courtroom during the challenge for cause.<ref>
''R v Huard'', [http://canlii.ca/t/24t31 2009 CanLII 39058] (ON SC){{perONSC|Thomas J}}{{at|21}}<br>
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
==Instructing Triers==
The instructions to the trier should contain the following elements:<ref>
''R v Cardinal'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1ln3s 2005 ABCA 303] (CanLII){{TheCourtABCA}} (3:0){{at|17}}<br>
</ref>
# the triers are to decide if the potential juror is impartial,
# the decision is on the balance of probabilities;
# the decision must be by both triers,
# they may retire to the jury room or discuss it where they are; and
# if the triers cannot agree within a reasonable time they are to say so.
The judge must also give the triers an "adequate understanding of the nature of their task and the procedure they were to follow".<ref>
''R v Brown'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1jtbg 2005 CanLII 3939] (ON CA){{perONCA|Simmons JA}} (3:0),{{ats|29 to 32}}<br>
</ref>
Instructions will be adequate where when "viewed in their entirety, the instructions provided [the triers] with an adequate understanding of the nature of their task and the procedure they were to follow in order to select an impartial jury”.<ref>
''R v Rowe'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1n5qf 2006 CanLII 14235] (ON CA){{perONCA|MacFarland JA}}{{at|81}}<br>
</ref>
When dealing with dynamic triers it is necessary to repeat the instructions to each and every one of them.<ref>
''R v Li'' (2004), 183 CCC (3d) 48 (Ont. C.A.), [http://canlii.ca/t/1gk4q 2004 CanLII 18634] (ON CA){{perONCA|Borins JA}}
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
==Decisions of Triers==
There is no right for counsel to make submissions to the triers, but may do so at the discretion of the judge.<ref>
R v Moore-McFarlane, [http://canlii.ca/t/1f3k2 2001 CanLII 6363] (ON CA){{perONCA|Charron JA}}
</ref>
The decision of a trier can be based not only on the answers to the questions but also on the demeanour and reactions of the potential juror.<ref>
''R v Brown'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1jtbg 2005 CanLII 3939] (ON CA){{perONCA|Simmons JA}} (3:0)<br>
''R v Rawlins'', [2007] OJ No 4344 (C.A.){{NOCANLII}}<br>
</ref>
Generally, a judge should interfere with the trier's process by making their decision for them on any prospective juror.<ref>
''R v Cardinal'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1ln3s 2005 ABCA 303] (CanLII){{TheCourtABCA}} (3:0)
</ref>
However, s. 640(4) permits the judge to dismiss triers who cannot agree and then empanel replacements. Such disagreement also permits the judge to dismiss the juror.<ref>
{{supra1|Gayle}}<br>
</ref>
Where a trier expresses uncertainty on the choice of a prospective juror, the judge may in some cases, be able to dismiss the prospective juror.<ref>
{{supra1|Cardinal}} - trier stated he "did not know"
</ref>
The triers do not need to make a decision on a particular prospective juror who the defence counsel has already decided is acceptable.<ref>
''R v Bulatci'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fqxsv 2012 NWTCA 6] (CanLII){{perNWTCA|Slatter JA}}<br>
''R v Katoch'', [http://canlii.ca/t/25884 2009 ONCA 621] (CanLII){{perONCA|Rosenberg JA}} (3:0)<br>
</ref>
However, once questioning starts, the opposing side cannot simply "admit" the challenge, thus rejecting the prospective juror, as in effect the opposing side would have in effect unlimited pre-emptory challenges.<ref>
{{ibid1|Katoch}}{{at|48}}<br>
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}


==Subjects of Challenge==
==Subjects of Challenge==
===Race-based Challenge===
===Race-based Challenge===
Challenge for racial bias requires that the applicant "establish that there is widespread bias in the community and that some prospective jurors may not be capable of setting aside their bias."<ref>
Challenge for racial bias requires that the applicant "establish that there is widespread bias in the community and that some prospective jurors may not be capable of setting aside their bias."<ref>
''R v Kematch'', [http://canlii.ca/t/2611x 2008 MBQB 260] (CanLII){{perMBQB|Simonsen J}} at para 8
{{CanLIIRP|Kematch|2611x|2008 MBQB 260 (CanLII)|244 Man R (2d) 223}}{{perMBQB|Simonsen J}}{{atL|2611x|8}}
</ref> The recognized prejudice against visible minorities is widespread enough that a challenge for cause will be established in most cases.<ref>
</ref>
''R v Parks'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1npp2 1993 CanLII 3383] (ON CA){{perONCA|Doherty JA}} (3:0) - suggests it is established in "virtually every case"
The recognized prejudice against visible minorities is widespread enough that a challenge for cause will be established in most cases.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Parks|1npp2|1993 CanLII 3383 (ON CA)|84 CCC (3d) 353}}{{perONCA-H|Doherty JA}} (3:0) - suggests it is established in "virtually every case"
</ref>
</ref>


Given the difficulty of presenting evidence of racial prejudice within a community, a judge may infer it based on evidence of national or provincial wide prejudice.<ref>
Given the difficulty of presenting evidence of racial prejudice within a community, a judge may infer it based on evidence of national or provincial wide prejudice.<ref>
{{supra1|Kematch}} at para 8
{{supra1|Kematch}}{{atL|2611x|8}}
</ref>
</ref>


Variations of race-based challenges have not always been accepted.<ref>
Variations of race-based challenges have not always been accepted.<ref>
e.g. see ''R v Spence'', [2005] 3 SCR 458, [http://canlii.ca/t/1m3f3 2005 SCC 71] (CanLII){{perSCC|Binnie J}} (7:0), - bias towards complainant who was white in an inter-racial relationship<br>
e.g. see {{CanLIIRP|Spence|1m3f3|2005 SCC 71 (CanLII)|[2005] 3 SCR 458}}{{perSCC-H|Binnie J}} (7:0), - bias towards complainant who was white in an inter-racial relationship<br>
''R v Hummel'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1npv0 2002 YKCA 6] (CanLII){{perYKCA|Donald JA}} (3:0), - rejected challenge on bias that a white woman would be less likely to consent to sex with an aboriginal accused
{{CanLIIRP|Hummel|1npv0|2002 YKCA 6 (CanLII)|166 CCC (3d) 30}}{{perYKCA|Donald JA}} (3:0), - rejected challenge on bias that a white woman would be less likely to consent to sex with an aboriginal accused
</ref>
</ref>


There is broad acceptance that where the warranted to engage in a challenge for cause on the basis of race, the following question (from ''Parks'') is permissible:<Ref>
{{supra1|Spence}}{{atL|1m3f3|1}}
</ref>
:"Would your ability to judge the evidence in the case without bias, prejudice or partiality be affected by the fact that the person charged is ... black... and the deceased is a white man?"
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


Line 322: Line 250:
Where an offence is gang-related and that relation creates a "reasonable risk of bias", jurors may be challenged.
Where an offence is gang-related and that relation creates a "reasonable risk of bias", jurors may be challenged.
<ref>
<ref>
''R v BDS'', [http://canlii.ca/t/g621p 2014 MBQB 42] (CanLII){{perMBQB|Schulman J}}{{at|5}}</ref>
{{CanLIIRx|BDS|g621p|2014 MBQB 42 (CanLII)}}{{perMBQB|Schulman J}}{{atL|g621p|5}}</ref>
Where it is adjunct to racial bias it will more likely be relevant to jury selection.<ref>
Where it is adjunct to racial bias it will more likely be relevant to jury selection.<ref>
{{ibid1|BDS}} at para 5
{{ibid1|BDS}}{{atL|g621p|5}}
</ref>
</ref>


Line 331: Line 259:
===Other Subjects===
===Other Subjects===
Challenge on the basis of national origin has been largely rejected.<ref>
Challenge on the basis of national origin has been largely rejected.<ref>
''R v Shchavinsky'', [http://canlii.ca/t/1fbcn 2000 CanLII 16877] (ON CA), (2000), 148 CCC (3d) 400 (ONCA){{perONCA|MacPherson JA}} (3:0)
{{CanLIIRP|Shchavinsky|1fbcn|2000 CanLII 16877 (ON CA)|148 CCC (3d) 400}}{{perONCA|MacPherson JA}} (3:0)
</ref>
</ref>


There have been a few requests for challenge on the basis of bias towards those suffering from mental illness such as schizophrenia or psychosis.<ref>
There have been a few requests for challenge on the basis of bias towards those suffering from mental illness such as schizophrenia or psychosis.<ref>
''R v Bennight'', [http://canlii.ca/t/fr77r 2012 BCCA 190] (CanLII){{perBCCA|Bennett JA}} (3:0)
{{CanLIIRP|Bennight|fr77r|2012 BCCA 190 (CanLII)|320 BCAC 195}}{{perBCCA|Bennett JA}} (3:0)
</ref>
</ref>


{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
==Challenge for Cause (Prior to September 19, 2019)==
* [[Challenge for Cause (Prior to September 19, 2019)]]

Latest revision as of 07:09, 23 July 2024

This page was last substantively updated or reviewed January 2020. (Rev. # 95823)

General Principles

See also: Jury Selection

Presumption of Impartiality

Jurors are presumed by their oaths to be impartial judges.[1]

However, where the potential bias is clear and obvious, or where it can be shown that there is a reason to suspect that members of a jury may possess bias that cannot be set aside, then the jury can be screened by a challenge for cause.[2]

  1. R v Williams, 1998 CanLII 782 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 1128, per McLachlin J, at para 13
    R v Spence, 2005 SCC 71 (CanLII), [2005] 3 SCR 458, per Binnie J, at paras 21 to 22
    R v AK, 1999 CanLII 3793 (ON CA), DLR (4th) 665, per Charron JA, at para 52
  2. R v Find, 2001 SCC 32 (CanLII), [2001] 1 SCR 863, per McLachlin CJ, at para 26
    R v Sherratt, 1991 CanLII 86 (SCC), [1991] 1 SCR 509, per L'Heureux‑Dubé, at paras 41 and 44
    R v Douse, 2009 CanLII 34990 (ON SC), 246 CCC (3d) 227, per Durno J, at para 40

Grounds to Challenge

Section 638 provides both Crown and defence counsel to make a challenge for cause on the basis of several available grounds:

Challenge for cause

638 (1) A prosecutor or an accused is entitled to any number of challenges on the ground that

(a) the name of a juror does not appear on the panel, but no misnomer or misdescription is a ground of challenge where it appears to the court that the description given on the panel sufficiently designates the person referred to;
(b) a juror is not impartial;
(c) a juror has been convicted of an offence for which they were sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two years or more and for which no pardon or record suspension is in effect;
(d) a juror is not a Canadian citizen;
(e) a juror, even with the aid of technical, personal, interpretative or other support services provided to the juror under section 627 [support for juror with physical disability], is physically unable to perform properly the duties of a juror; or
(f) a juror does not speak the official language of Canada that is the language of the accused or the official language of Canada in which the accused can best give testimony or both official languages of Canada, where the accused is required by reason of an order under section 530 [language of accused] to be tried before a judge and jury who speak the official language of Canada that is the language of the accused or the official language of Canada in which the accused can best give testimony or who speak both official languages of Canada, as the case may be.
No other ground

(2) No challenge for cause shall be allowed on a ground not mentioned in subsection (1) [challenge for cause – enumerated grounds].

(3) and (4) [Repealed, 1997, c. 18, s. 74]

(5) [Repealed, R.S., 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.), s. 96]

R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 638; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 132, c. 31 (4th Supp.), s. 96; 1997, c. 18, s. 74; 1998, c. 9, s. 6; 2019, c. 25, s. 271.
[annotation(s) added]

CCC (CanLII), (DOJ)


Note up: 638(1) and (2)

There must be an "evidentiary foundation" for any claim of challenge for cause.[1]

The judge has wide discretion to supervise the challenge.[2] Including when to exclude the jury panel.[3]

There is not a fixed rule that a jury panel should be excluded during a challenge for cause.[4]

  1. R v Rowe, 2006 CanLII 14235 (ON CA), 208 CCC (3d) 412, per MacFarland JA (3:0)
  2. R v Hubbert, 1975 CanLII 53 (ON CA), 11 OR (2d) 464, per curiam, at p. 291
    R v Sherratt, 1991 CanLII 86 (SCC), [1991] 1 SCR 509, per L'Heureux‑Dubé J, at p. 527 (SCR)
    R v Williams, 1998 CanLII 782 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 1128, per McLachlin J, at paras 13 and 55
  3. R v Moore-McFarlane, 2001 CanLII 6363 (ON CA), OR (3d) 737, per Charron JA, at para 85
  4. Moore-McFarlane, ibid., at para 85

Challenge for Bias

Under section 638(1)(b), a party may challenge a juror "for cause", alleging that the juror may not be indifferent.[1] The test is whether there is "a 'realistic potential' that the jury pool may contain people who are not impartial in the sense that even upon proper instructions by the trial judge they may not be able to set aside their prejudice and decide fairly between the Crown and the accused …"[2]

The purpose of challenge for cause is to screen out potential biases in juries.[3]

The fundamental issue on challenges for cause is whether the accused can receive a fair trial pursuant to s. 11(d) of the Charter.[4]

The party challenging cause must establish that:[5]

  1. a widespread bias exists in the community; and
  2. some jurors may be incapable of setting aside this bias, despite trial safeguards, to render an impartial decision.

There are the "attitudinal" and "behavioural" components to partiality.[6]

There is a presumption that jurors are capable of setting aside their views and biases in favour of impartiality between Crown and the accused and compliance with the trial judge's instructions. [7]

The decision to permit a challenge for cause is discretionary, but when in doubt the judge should "err on the side of permitting challenges."[8]

Challenges will normally be directed at all potential jurors but may be targeted at specific jurors.[9]

Evidence

The basis of challenge can be established by way of expert testimony regarding the bias alleged.[10]

  1. section 638(1)(b) states "A prosecutor or an accused is entitled to any number of challenges on the ground that ...(b) a juror is not indifferent between the Queen and the accused")
  2. R v Find, 2001 SCC 32 (CanLII), [2001] 1 SCR 863, per McLachlin CJ, at para 31
  3. R v Sherratt, 1991 CanLII 86 (SCC), [1991] 1 SCR 509, per L'Heureux‑Dubé J, at p. 533
  4. R v Bennight, 2012 BCCA 190 (CanLII), 320 BCAC 195, per Bennett JA at 42
  5. Find, supra, at para 32
  6. Find, supra, at para 32
  7. Find, supra, at para 26
  8. Find, supra, at para 45
  9. R v Daigle, 2007 QCCA 1344 (CanLII), 229 CCC (3d) 540, per Hilton JA
  10. e.g. see R v Douse, 2009 CanLII 34990 (ON SC), 246 CCC (3d) 227, per Durno J

Background Checks of Potential Jurors

The Crown has a limited ability to make police background checks into each prospective juror for the purpose of challenges under s. 638(1)(c). Where it is done so, the results must be disclosed to the defence.[1]

The practice of doing background checks on potential jurors outside of the purpose of determine juror eligibility is prohibited.[2]

  1. R v Yumnu, 2012 SCC 73 (CanLII), [2012] 3 SCR 777, per Moldaver J
  2. R v Oland, 2018 NBQB 258 (CanLII), at para 7 (" In no uncertain terms the Supreme Court of Canada condemned the practice of using police databases to conduct inquiries of potential jurors outside legitimate permissible checks for criminal records to determine juror eligibility. ")

Questioning

The questions should be “relevant, succinct and fair” and avoid invading "the privacy of prospective jurors in an attempt to probe personal feelings, opinions, and beliefs."[1] The questions must remain "within the bounds of a legitimate inquiry into the impartiality of potential jurors."[2]

The ability to challenge opinions is limited. Often the questions are narrow enough only to be answered yes or no.[3]

It is solely the judge who determines the form of the question given the circumstances of the case.[4]

  1. R v Hubbert, 1975 CanLII 53 (ON CA), 29 CCC (2d) 279, per curiam, at pp. 289-90 (CA), affirmed and adopted 1977 CanLII 15 (SCC), [1977] 2 SCR 267, per Laskin CJ (9:0)
    R v Dhillon, 2001 BCCA 555 (CanLII), 158 CCC (3d) 353, per Low JA (3:0), at para 53
    R v Williams, 1998 CanLII 782 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 1128, per McLachlin J (9:0), at para 53
    R v Bulatci, 2012 NWTCA 6 (CanLII), 285 CCC (3d) 382, per Slatter JA
  2. R v Gayle, 2001 CanLII 4447 (ON CA), 154 CCC (3d) 221, per Sharpe JA (3:0), at para 22
  3. e.g. R v Sandham, 2009 CanLII 22574 (ON SC), 248 CCC (3d) 46, per Heeney J, at para 3
    R v MM, [2003] OJ No 5962(*no CanLII links) , at para 24 affirmed on other grounds 2007 ONCA 329 (CanLII) 220 CCC (3d) 74, {{{3}}}, per Blair JA (3:0)
  4. Gayle, supra

Process

It is not appropriate to group jurors on the basis of race as it violates the requirement of random selection under s. 631.[1]

There are two methods of selecting jurors on a challenge for cause. First, there is the "dynamic triers" method and then there is the "dynamic triers" method of selection.

An accused does not have a right to have a jury including members of a particular race, ethnicity or background.[2]

  1. R v Brown, 2006 CanLII 42683 (ON CA), 215 CCC (3d) 330, per Rosenberg JA (3:0)
  2. R v Gayle, 2001 CanLII 4447 (ON CA), 154 CCC (3d) 221, per Sharpe JA (3:0)
    R v Amos, 2007 ONCA 672 (CanLII), 161 CRR (2d) 363, per curiam (3:0)
    R v Bitternose, 2009 SKCA 54 (CanLII), 244 CCC (3d) 218, per Wilkinson JA (3:0)

Procedure

An intention to challenge for cause may require written notice:

Challenge in writing

639 (1) Where a challenge is made on a ground mentioned in section 638 [challenge for cause – grounds], the court may, in its discretion, require the party that challenges to put the challenge in writing.

Form

(2) A challenge may be in Form 41 [forms].

Denial

(3) A challenge may be denied by the other party to the proceedings on the ground that it is not true.
R.S., c. C-34, s. 568.
[annotation(s) added]

CCC (CanLII), (DOJ)


Note up: 639(1), (2) and (3)

An intention to a challenge of the array may also require notice:

Challenging the jury panel

629 (1) The accused or the prosecutor may challenge the jury panel only on the ground of partiality, fraud or wilful misconduct on the part of the sheriff or other officer by whom the panel was returned.

In writing

(2) A challenge under subsection (1) [challenging the jury panel – grounds] shall be in writing and shall state that the person who returned the panel was partial or fraudulent or that he wilfully misconducted himself, as the case may be.

Form

(3) A challenge under this section may be in Form 40 [forms].
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 629; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 130.
[annotation(s) added]

CCC (CanLII), (DOJ)


Note up: 629(1), (2) and (3)

Ordering of Challenges

Order of challenges

635 (1) The accused shall be called on before the prosecutor is called on to declare whether the accused challenges the first juror for cause, and after that the prosecutor and the accused shall be called on alternately, in respect of each of the remaining jurors, to first make such a declaration.

Where there are joint trials

(2) Subsection (1) [ordering of challenges for cause] applies where two or more accused are to be tried together, but all of the accused shall exercise the challenges of the defence in turn, in the order in which their names appear in the indictment or in any other order agreed on by them,

(a) in respect of the first juror, before the prosecutor; and
(b) in respect of each of the remaining jurors, either before or after the prosecutor, in accordance with subsection (1) [ordering of challenges for cause].

R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 635; R.S., 1985, c. 2 (1st Supp.), s. 2; 1992, c. 41, s. 2; 2019, c. 25, s. 270.
[annotation(s) added]

CCC (CanLII), (DOJ)


Note up: 635(1) and (2)

Determination of Challenge for Cause

Determination of challenge for cause

640 (1) If a challenge is made on a ground mentioned in section 638 [challenge for cause – grounds], the judge shall determine whether the alleged ground is true or not and, if the judge is satisfied that it is true, the juror shall not be sworn.

Exclusion order

(2) On the application of the accused or prosecutor or on the judge’s own motion, the judge may order the exclusion of all jurors, sworn and unsworn, from the court room until it is determined whether the ground of challenge is true if the judge is of the opinion that the order is necessary to preserve the impartiality of the jurors.

R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 640; 2008, c. 18, s. 26; 2011, c. 16, s. 9; 2019, c. 25, s. 272.

CCC (CanLII), (DOJ)


Note up: 640(1) and (2)

Subjects of Challenge

Race-based Challenge

Challenge for racial bias requires that the applicant "establish that there is widespread bias in the community and that some prospective jurors may not be capable of setting aside their bias."[1] The recognized prejudice against visible minorities is widespread enough that a challenge for cause will be established in most cases.[2]

Given the difficulty of presenting evidence of racial prejudice within a community, a judge may infer it based on evidence of national or provincial wide prejudice.[3]

Variations of race-based challenges have not always been accepted.[4]

There is broad acceptance that where the warranted to engage in a challenge for cause on the basis of race, the following question (from Parks) is permissible:[5]

"Would your ability to judge the evidence in the case without bias, prejudice or partiality be affected by the fact that the person charged is ... black... and the deceased is a white man?"
  1. R v Kematch, 2008 MBQB 260 (CanLII), 244 Man R (2d) 223, per Simonsen J, at para 8
  2. R v Parks, 1993 CanLII 3383 (ON CA), 84 CCC (3d) 353, per Doherty JA (3:0) - suggests it is established in "virtually every case"
  3. Kematch, supra, at para 8
  4. e.g. see R v Spence, 2005 SCC 71 (CanLII), [2005] 3 SCR 458, per Binnie J (7:0), - bias towards complainant who was white in an inter-racial relationship
    R v Hummel, 2002 YKCA 6 (CanLII), 166 CCC (3d) 30, per Donald JA (3:0), - rejected challenge on bias that a white woman would be less likely to consent to sex with an aboriginal accused
  5. Spence, supra, at para 1

Gang-relation

Where an offence is gang-related and that relation creates a "reasonable risk of bias", jurors may be challenged. [1] Where it is adjunct to racial bias it will more likely be relevant to jury selection.[2]

  1. R v BDS, 2014 MBQB 42 (CanLII), per Schulman J, at para 5
  2. BDS, ibid., at para 5

Other Subjects

Challenge on the basis of national origin has been largely rejected.[1]

There have been a few requests for challenge on the basis of bias towards those suffering from mental illness such as schizophrenia or psychosis.[2]

  1. R v Shchavinsky, 2000 CanLII 16877 (ON CA), 148 CCC (3d) 400, per MacPherson JA (3:0)
  2. R v Bennight, 2012 BCCA 190 (CanLII), 320 BCAC 195, per Bennett JA (3:0)

Challenge for Cause (Prior to September 19, 2019)