Criminal Law Notebook

Importing and Exporting Drugs (Offence): Difference between revisions

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[[fr:Importation et exportation de drogue (infraction)]]
{{Currency2|January|2021}}
{{LevelZero}}
{{LevelZero}}
{{HeaderOffences}}
{{HeaderOffences}}
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; Pleadings
; Pleadings
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsHeader-N}}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}} | {{NA}} | {{Yes}} | {{No-Under14}} }}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}} | {{NA}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }}
{{PleadingsIndictableList-N|s. 6(3)(a.1) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a.1)CDSA}}| {{NA}} | {{Yes}} | {{Yes-Life}} }}  
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}| {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }}  
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}| {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}} | {{No-Under14}} }}  
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 6(3)(c) {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}| {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}}| {{No-Under14}} }}  
{{PleadingsHybridList-N|s. 6(3)(c) {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}| {{Yes}} | {{Yes-IfCrown}}| {{No-Under14}} }}  
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; Release
; Release
{{ReleaseOnlyBail|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}}}}
{{ReleaseOptions-Indictable|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}}}}


{{ReleaseAllOptions|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}}}
{{ReleaseOptions-Hybrid|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}}}


Under s. 515(6)(d) offences under s. 6(3)(a) [Schedule I or II] are subject to a [[Reverse Onus|reverse onus]] on bail where it is "an offence punishable by imprisonment for life under any of sections 5 to 7 of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act'' or the offence of conspiring to commit such an offence".
Under s. 515(6)(d) offences under s. 6(3)(a) [Schedule I or II] are subject to a [[Reverse Onus|reverse onus]] on bail where it is "an offence punishable by imprisonment for life under any of sections 5 to 7 of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act'' or the offence of conspiring to commit such an offence".
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{{DesignationHeader}}  
{{DesignationHeader}}  
|-  
|-  
|s. 6 || {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  
|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent--> || {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 6(3)(a.1) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a.1)CDSA}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{OKMark}}
|-
|s. 6(3)(c) {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}|| {{OKMark}} <!--wire--> || {{XMark}} <!--DO-->||{{XMark}} <!--SPIO--> || {{XMark}} <!--consent-->  || {{XMark}}
{{DesignationEnd}}
{{DesignationEnd}}


{{WiretapDesignation|s. 6}}
{{WiretapDesignation|s. 6}}


{{MMinNoticeCDSA}}
<!--repealed {{MMinNoticeCDSA}}-->


{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}
{{SeeBelowForAncillary}}
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{{quotation2|
{{quotation2|
; Importing and exporting
; Importing and exporting
6 (1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall import into Canada or export from Canada a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|Schedule I}}, II {{AnnSecC|Schedule II}}, III {{AnnSecC|Schedule III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|Schedule IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|Schedule V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|Schedule VI}}.
6 (1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall import into Canada or export from Canada a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}}.


; Possession for the purpose of exporting
; Possession for the purpose of exporting
(2) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall possess a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|Schedule I}}, II {{AnnSecC|Schedule II}}, III {{AnnSecC|Schedule III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|Schedule IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|Schedule V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|Schedule VI}} for the purpose of exporting it from Canada.
(2) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall possess a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}} for the purpose of exporting it from Canada.


; Punishment
; Punishment
(3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|6(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSecC|6(2)}}
(3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|6(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSecC|6(2)}}
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|Sch I}} in an amount that is not more than one kilogram, or in Schedule II {{AnnSecC|Schedule II}}, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life, and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year if
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I [''[[CDSA Schedules#SCHEDULE I|opiates and related]]''] or II [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_II|cannaboids]]''], is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life;
::(i) the offence is committed for the purposes of trafficking,
:(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_III|psychedelics]]''], V [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_V|repealed]]''] or VI [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_VI|precursors]]''],
::(ii) the person, while committing the offence, abused a position of trust or authority, or
::(iii) the person had access to an area that is restricted to authorized persons and used that access to commit the offence;
:(a.1) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|Schedule I}} in an amount that is more than one kilogram, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years;
:(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III {{AnnSecC|Schedule III}}, V {{AnnSecC|Schedule V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|Schedule VI}},
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and
:(c) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV {{AnnSecC|Schedule IV}},
:(c) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV [''[[CDSA_Schedules#SCHEDULE_IV|barbiturates]]''],
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.
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{{LegHistoryCDSA|1996, c. 19}}, s. 6;  
{{LegHistoryCDSA|1996, c. 19}}, s. 6;  
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 40;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 40;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 4.
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 4;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2022, c. 15}}, s. 16.
{{Annotation}}
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CDSASec|6}} CDSA]
|{{CDSASec2|6}}
|{{NoteUpCDSA|6|1|2|3}}
|{{NoteUpCDSA|6|1|2|3}}
}}
}}
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===Draft Form of Charges===
===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
|-
| 6 CDSA
| 6(1) CDSA
|  
| importing and exporting
|"..., contrary to section 6 of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act''.
|"{{ellipsis1}}, imported into Canada or exported from Candad [type of substance], a controlled substance without authorization{{ToWit-Particulars}} contrary to section 6(1) of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act''.
|-
| 6(2) CDSA
| possession for the purpose of importing and exporting
|"{{ellipsis1}}, possessed [type of substance], a controlled substance,e for the purpose of export it from Canada, without authorization{{ToWit-Particulars}} contrary to section 6(2) of the ''Controlled Drugs and Substances Act''.
{{DraftEnd}}
{{DraftEnd}}


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==Interpretation==
==Interpretation==


; Offence Completed
; When Offence Completed
The act of importation is completed once the accused clears customs.<ref>
The offence is not a "continuing offence."<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Foster|hq2wj|2018 ONCA 53 (CanLII)|, 360 CCC (3d)213 (ONCA)}}{{perONCA|Watt JA}}
{{CanLIIRx|Anderson|jcbr1|2020 ONCA 780 (CanLII)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}{{atL|jcbr1|1}} ("The offence of importation of a controlled substance is not a continuing offence.")
</ref>
The act of importation is completed once the accused clears customs or when it otherwise is available to the domestic recipient.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Foster|hq2wj|2018 ONCA 53 (CanLII)|360 CCC (3d)213 (ONCA)}}{{perONCA-H|Watt JA}}<br>
{{supra1|Anderson}} ("...an importation is not factually complete until the goods become available to the domestic recipient.")<br>
</ref>
It is not complete when it is waiting on the carousel in an airport or during secondary screening.<ref>
R. v. Foster, 2018 ONCA 53, 360 C.C.C. (3d) 213, at paras. 106, 109, leave to appeal refused, [2018] S.C.C.A. No. 127{{fix}}<br>
R. v. Okojie, 2021 ONCA 773, 158 O.R. (3d) 450, at para. 106, leave to appeal refused, [2022] S.C.C.A. No. 113{{fix}}<bR>
R. v. Dhatt, 2023 ONCA 699, 29 C.R. (7th) 361, at paras. 12-24{{fix}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


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; Maximum Penalties
; Maximum Penalties
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMaxHeader}}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(a) CDSA | {{NA}} | {{MaxLife}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(a) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}} ( | {{NA}} | {{MaxLife}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(b) CDSA | Summary Election | {{Max18Months}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(b) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}| {{summary}} | {{Max18Months}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(c) CDSA | Summary Election | {{Max1Year}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(b) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}| {{indictment}} | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(b) CDSA | Indictable Election | {{Max10Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(c) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}| {{summary}} | {{Max1Year}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(c) CDSA | Indictable Election | {{Max3Years}} }}
{{SProfileMax|s. 6(3)(c) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}| {{indictment}} | {{Max3Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}
{{SProfileEnd}}
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 6(3)(a)|'''{{MaxLife}}'''}}
{{MaxPenaltyIndictment|s. 6(3)(a)|'''{{MaxLife}}'''}}


{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 6(3)(b) and (c)|'''{{Max10Years}}''' under s. 6(3)(b) or '''{{Max3Years}}''' under s. 6(3)(c)|'''{{Max18Months}}''' under s. 6(3)(b) or '''1 year jail''' under s. 6(3)(c)}}
{{MaxPenaltyHybrid|s. 6(3)(b) and (c)|'''{{Max10Years}}''' under s. 6(3)(b) or '''{{Max3Years}}''' under s. 6(3)(c)|'''{{Max18Months}}''' under s. 6(3)(b) or '''{{Max1Year}}''' under s. 6(3)(c)}}
<!--
; Minimum Penalties
{{SProfileMinHeader}}
{{SProfileMin|s. 6(3)(a) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}} | {{NA}} | {{Min1Year}} }}
{{SProfileMin|s. 6(3)(a.1) CDSA {{DescrSec|6(3)(a.1)CDSA}} | {{NA}} | {{Min2Years}} }}
{{SProfileEnd}}


; Minimum Penalties
{{NoMinimumPenalties1|s. 6(3)(b) and (c)}}
{{NoMinimumPenalties}}
-->


; Available Dispositions
; Available Dispositions
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
{{SProfileAvailHeader}}
|s. 6(3)(a) || {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischargeOrCSO}}
|s. 6(3)(a) {{DescrSec|6(3)(a)CDSA}}|| {{NA}} || {{SProfileNoDischarge}}
|-
|-
|s. 6(3)(b), (c) || any || {{SProfileAll}}
|s. 6(3)(b) {{DescrSec|6(3)(b)CDSA}}<br>s. 6(3)(c) {{DescrSec|6(3)(c)CDSA}}|| any || {{SProfileAll}}
|-
|-
{{SProfileEnd}}
{{SProfileEnd}}
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===Principles===
===Principles===
In assessing gravity of the offence, the courts can look at factors including:<reF>
{{CanLIIRP|Saulnier|20ztc|1987 CanLII 2414 (BC CA)| 2 WWR 546}}{{perBCCA|Seaton JA}}
</ref>
# the type of drug;
# whether the drug requires importation to be available;
# the quantity of the drug;
# whether the drug is for personal use or distribution;
# the role the offender played. A "mastermind" who is seldom caught will receive the highest penalty.
# "[t]he conduct of the offender subsequent to the offence";
# cooperation with the police;
# giving evidence as a Crown witness;
Regional variation in penalties are justified to meet the severity of the region's drug problem.<Ref>
{{ibid1|Saulnier}}{{AtL|20ztc|18}}
</ref>


; Constitutionality
; Constitutionality
There is some suggestion that s. 6(3)(a)  is overbroad for failing to distinguish between "hard" and "soft" drugs, and so conditional sentences are available.<ref>
There is some suggestion that s. 6(3)(a)  is overbroad for failing to distinguish between "hard" and "soft" drugs, and so conditional sentences are available.<ref>
''R v Williams'', [http://canlii.ca/t/h6hd8 2017 ONCJ 666] (CanLII){{perONCJ|Renwick J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|Williams|h6hd8|2017 ONCJ 666 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Renwick J}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


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===Ranges===
===Ranges===
{{seealsoRanges|Importing and Exporting Drugs}}
{{seealsoRanges|Importing and Exporting Drugs}}
The range of sentence is recognized as "broad."<Ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Saulnier|20ztc|1987 CanLII 2414 (BC CA)| (1987), 21 BCLR (2d) 232}}{{perBCCA|Seaton JA}}
</ref>
{{reflist|2}}


==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
==Ancillary Sentencing Orders==
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; General Forfeiture Orders
; General Forfeiture Orders
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}
{{GeneralForfeitureOrders}}
==History==
===Prior to November 17, 2022===
{{quotation2|
; Importing and exporting
6 (1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall import into Canada or export from Canada a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}}.
; Possession for the purpose of exporting
(2) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall possess a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}}, II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}} for the purpose of exporting it from Canada.
; Punishment
(3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) {{AnnSecC|6(1)}} or (2) {{AnnSecC|6(2)}}
:(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}} in an amount that is not more than one kilogram, or in Schedule II {{AnnSecC|S-II}}, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life, and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year if
::(i) the offence is committed for the purposes of trafficking,
::(ii) the person, while committing the offence, abused a position of trust or authority, or
::(iii) the person had access to an area that is restricted to authorized persons and used that access to commit the offence;
:(a.1) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I {{AnnSecC|S-I}} in an amount that is more than one kilogram, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years;
:(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III {{AnnSecC|S-III}}, V {{AnnSecC|S-V}} or VI {{AnnSecC|S-VI}},
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and
:(c) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV {{AnnSecC|S-IV}},
::(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
::(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.
{{LegHistoryCDSA|1996, c. 19}}, s. 6;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2012, c. 1}}, s. 40;
{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 4.
{{Annotation}}
|{{CDSASec2|6}}
|{{NoteUpCDSA|6|1|2|3}}
}}


==See Also==
==See Also==
Retrieved from "https://criminalnotebook.ca/index.php/Importing_and_Exporting_Drugs_(Offence)"