Importing and Exporting Drugs (Offence): Difference between revisions
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{{ | [[fr:Importation et exportation de drogue (infraction)]] | ||
{{Currency2|January|2021}} | |||
{{LevelZero}} | {{LevelZero}} | ||
{{HeaderOffences}} | {{HeaderOffences}} | ||
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{{LegHistoryCDSA|2022, c. 15}}, s. 16. | {{LegHistoryCDSA|2022, c. 15}}, s. 16. | ||
{{Annotation}} | {{Annotation}} | ||
| | |{{CDSASec2|6}} | ||
|{{NoteUpCDSA|6|1|2|3}} | |{{NoteUpCDSA|6|1|2|3}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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</ref> | </ref> | ||
The act of importation is completed once the accused clears customs or when it otherwise is available to the domestic recipient.<ref> | The act of importation is completed once the accused clears customs or when it otherwise is available to the domestic recipient.<ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Foster|hq2wj|2018 ONCA 53 (CanLII)|360 CCC (3d)213 (ONCA)}}{{perONCA|Watt JA}}<br> | {{CanLIIRP|Foster|hq2wj|2018 ONCA 53 (CanLII)|360 CCC (3d)213 (ONCA)}}{{perONCA-H|Watt JA}}<br> | ||
{{supra1|Anderson}} ("...an importation is not factually complete until the goods become available to the domestic recipient.")<br> | {{supra1|Anderson}} ("...an importation is not factually complete until the goods become available to the domestic recipient.")<br> | ||
</ref> | |||
It is not complete when it is waiting on the carousel in an airport or during secondary screening.<ref> | |||
R. v. Foster, 2018 ONCA 53, 360 C.C.C. (3d) 213, at paras. 106, 109, leave to appeal refused, [2018] S.C.C.A. No. 127{{fix}}<br> | |||
R. v. Okojie, 2021 ONCA 773, 158 O.R. (3d) 450, at para. 106, leave to appeal refused, [2022] S.C.C.A. No. 113{{fix}}<bR> | |||
R. v. Dhatt, 2023 ONCA 699, 29 C.R. (7th) 361, at paras. 12-24{{fix}}<br> | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
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===Principles=== | ===Principles=== | ||
In assessing gravity of the offence, the courts can look at factors including:<reF> | |||
{{CanLIIRP|Saulnier|20ztc|1987 CanLII 2414 (BC CA)| 2 WWR 546}}{{perBCCA|Seaton JA}} | |||
</ref> | |||
# the type of drug; | |||
# whether the drug requires importation to be available; | |||
# the quantity of the drug; | |||
# whether the drug is for personal use or distribution; | |||
# the role the offender played. A "mastermind" who is seldom caught will receive the highest penalty. | |||
# "[t]he conduct of the offender subsequent to the offence"; | |||
# cooperation with the police; | |||
# giving evidence as a Crown witness; | |||
Regional variation in penalties are justified to meet the severity of the region's drug problem.<Ref> | |||
{{ibid1|Saulnier}}{{AtL|20ztc|18}} | |||
</ref> | |||
; Constitutionality | ; Constitutionality | ||
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===Ranges=== | ===Ranges=== | ||
{{seealsoRanges|Importing and Exporting Drugs}} | {{seealsoRanges|Importing and Exporting Drugs}} | ||
The range of sentence is recognized as "broad" | The range of sentence is recognized as "broad."<Ref> | ||
{{CanLIIRP|Saulnier|20ztc|1987 CanLII 2414 (BC CA)| (1987), 21 BCLR (2d) 232}}{{perBCCA|Seaton JA}} | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
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{{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 4. | {{LegHistoryCDSA|2017, c. 7}}, s. 4. | ||
{{Annotation}} | {{Annotation}} | ||
| | |{{CDSASec2|6}} | ||
|{{NoteUpCDSA|6|1|2|3}} | |{{NoteUpCDSA|6|1|2|3}} | ||
}} | }} | ||