Retrospective Punishments

• < Sentencing
• < Sentencing Procedure

General Principles

Section 11(i) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom protects against the use of retrospective application of criminal punishments. It states:

11. Any person charged with an offence has the right
...

(i) if found guilty of the offence and if the punishment for the offence has been varied between the time of commission and the time of sentencing, to the benefit of the lesser punishment.

– CCRF

All rights under s. 11 of the Charter are considered "crucial fundamental rights". The Charter does not protect against "insignificant or 'trivial' limitations or rights". The state action must "warrant constitutional protections".

Purpose
The purpose of s. 11(i) of the Charter was to enshrine the provisions of the federal and provincial Interpretation Acts that relate to accused benefiting from lesser punishments should legislation change. It prevents the retroactivity of any increase in sanctions. Section 11(g) protecting the right "not to be found guilty on account of any act or omission unless, at the time of the act or omission, it constituted an offence" and s. 11(i) both establish the broader principle that "criminal laws should generally not operate retrospectively".

The two foundational values that the right protects is "fairness of criminal proceedings" and "safeguarding the rule of law". These rights has its origins in the principle that "a citizen, before committing himself to any course of action, should be able to know in advance what are the legal consequences that will flow from it".

Rule Against Retrospective Punishment
The section applies only where there has been a change between the "commission of the offence" and the sentencing. This is sometimes referred to as the "crystallization principle" or the principle of lex mitior.

An accused convicted of an offence that is subsequently repealed after conviction but before sentencing, the accused can only be sentenced for the offence as it existed before the repeal.

Presumptions
There is a presumptions against the retrospective application all changes in legislation unless there is "clear legislative direction".

Application in Non-Criminal Matters
Section 11(i) was not intended to apply outside of criminal matters and certainly should not apply to subsequent civil matters.

Common Law Retrospective Punishment
The right under s. 11(i) only applies to statutory punishment. It has not bearing on the interpretation and application of case law that post-dates the offence itself.

Amendments Favourable to Accused
It is generally said that changes to punishments that are favourable to the accused should be available to an accused.

Punishments

A "punishment" within the meaning of s. 11 of the Charter refers to sanctions imposed by the court in an attempt to meet the purposes and principles of sentencing. It does not include every potential consequence from a conviction that may provide deterrent value. It can include any "severe handling" or "harsh or injurious treatment".

The consequences of an order will amount to punishment where:

1. the measure must be a consequence of a conviction that “forms part of the arsenal of sanctions to which an accused may be liable in respect of a particular offence”; and either
   1. the consequence must be “imposed in furtherance of the purpose and principles of sentencing” or
   2. it has a significant impact on an offender’s liberty or security interests.

A "liberal and purposive approach" must be taken to defining punishment. This requires that the purpose of s. 11(i) should be focused on "the rule of law and fairness in criminal proceedings". However, it does not "encompass every potential consequence of being convicted of a criminal offence".

Certain types of ex post facto treatment of the offender is not viewed as punishment under s. 11(i). That includes deportation following conviction and license suspension under provincial law which is considered a "civil disability".

There is some opinion that a criminal record under the Criminal Records Act itself constitutes a form of punishment.

Established Categories of Orders
Ancillary orders including forfeiture, prohibition, restitution and probation, all "have the potential" to be "additional punishment".

A suspension of driving privileges subsequent to a criminal conviction is a civil or administrative consequence and does not amount to a punishment within the meaning of s. 11(i) of the Charter.

A conditional sentence is a form of "lesser punishment".

Penalties

Where the accused is charged after a legislative amendment to the mandatory minimums in relation to offences that are completed before the amendments, then by function of s. 11(i), the old penalties must apply.

Straddling Range of Dates
Section 11(i) is only to apply where there has been a variation of the penalty between the commission of the offence and the sentencing.

Where an offence occurs over a range of dates that includes the period during which a change in penalty comes into force, the question for the judge to determine is when the "majority of the offending occurred in relation to the coming into force of the Act".

Amendments Reducing the Penalties
A penalty that was available after the commission of the offence but subsequently removed before sentencing may still be available to the accused.

A lesser penalty that was unavailable at the time of the commission of the offence but later made available at the time of sentencing will be available to the accused.

Application in Appellate Proceedings
The rights under s. 11(i) of the Charter do not apply to a review of sentence on appeal.

SOIRA Orders

SOIRA legislation is not considered a "punishment" within the meaning of s. 11(i) of the Charter except where the impact of the order amounts to "harsh treatment". As such, the dominant line of cases suggests that the provisions of SOIRA are retrospective.

A retrospective SOIRA order is a valid order. These orders do not infringe upon s. 7 of the Charter.

DNA Orders

The DNA provisions under s. 487.055(1) is not a "punishment" within the meaning of s. 11 and so changes to the provision can be retrospective without violating s. 11(h) or 11(i) of the Charter.

Retrospective Offences

Section 11(h) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom protects against the use of retrospective application of criminal offences. It states:

11. Any person charged with an offence has the right
...

(g) not to be found guilty on account of any act or omission unless, at the time of the act or omission, it constituted an offence under Canadian or international law or was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations;

– CCRF

This rule found in s. 11(h) of the Charter is a adoption of the "ex post facto doctrine" of law.

This doctrine is also found in article 11(2) of the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states: “No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed”.

Ex post facto laws are considered an "affront to the basic principles which underlie the rule of law...completely counters the notice function of criminal law and is detrimental to basic community values."

See Also

• Double Jeopardy