Juries: Difference between revisions
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==General Principles== | ==General Principles== | ||
The Canadian jury system has been described as one of the "most familiar symbol and manifestation of the Rule of Law in this country".<ref> | The Canadian jury system has been described as one of the "most familiar symbol and manifestation of the Rule of Law in this country".<ref> | ||
''R v Barton'', [http://canlii.ca/t/h4l20 2017 ABCA 216] (CanLII){{TheCourtABCA}}{{ | ''R v Barton'', [http://canlii.ca/t/h4l20 2017 ABCA 216] (CanLII){{TheCourtABCA}}{{atL|h4l20|1}}<br> | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
The jury brings to the system the "values and insights of ordinary citizens" as well as their "common sense".<ref> | The jury brings to the system the "values and insights of ordinary citizens" as well as their "common sense".<ref> | ||
''R v Cabrera'', [http://canlii.ca/t/j08s0 2019 ABCA 184] (CanLII){{perABCA|Fraser CJ}} (2:1){{ | ''R v Cabrera'', [http://canlii.ca/t/j08s0 2019 ABCA 184] (CanLII){{perABCA|Fraser CJ}} (2:1){{atL|j08s0|1}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
An offence with a maximum penalty of 5 years less a day cannot be considered a "more severe punishment" due to the existence of some "collateral negative consequences" to the period of incarceration.<ref> | An offence with a maximum penalty of 5 years less a day cannot be considered a "more severe punishment" due to the existence of some "collateral negative consequences" to the period of incarceration.<ref> | ||
''R v Peers'', [http://canlii.ca/t/gmmtt 2015 ABCA 407] (CanLII){{TheCourtABCA}} (2:1){{ | ''R v Peers'', [http://canlii.ca/t/gmmtt 2015 ABCA 407] (CanLII){{TheCourtABCA}} (2:1){{atL|gmmtt|15}} - the court qualifies by suggesting collateral punishment such as "corporal punishment, banishment from the community, forced labour, or revocation of citizenship" may be enough. (aff'd at [http://canlii.ca/t/gxnpn 2017 SCC 13] (CanLII){{TheCourtSCC}})<br> | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Where an offence violates s. 11(f) the appropriate remedy would not be an entitlement to a jury trial, but rather a "reading down" of the offence maximum penalties.<ref> | Where an offence violates s. 11(f) the appropriate remedy would not be an entitlement to a jury trial, but rather a "reading down" of the offence maximum penalties.<ref> | ||
{{ibid1|Peers}}{{ | {{ibid1|Peers}}{{atL|gmmtt|19}}<br> | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
Jurors bring their own life experience's to their task.<ref> | Jurors bring their own life experience's to their task.<ref> | ||
See ''R v Pan'', [http://canlii.ca/t/5203 2001 SCC 42] (CanLII), [2001] 2 SCR 344{{perSCC|Arbour J}} (9:0){{ | See ''R v Pan'', [http://canlii.ca/t/5203 2001 SCC 42] (CanLII), [2001] 2 SCR 344{{perSCC|Arbour J}} (9:0){{atL|5203|61}}</ref> | ||
A prospective juror is presumed capable of "setting aside their views and prejudices and acting impartially between the prosecution and the accused upon proper instruction by the trial judge on their duties."<ref> | A prospective juror is presumed capable of "setting aside their views and prejudices and acting impartially between the prosecution and the accused upon proper instruction by the trial judge on their duties."<ref> | ||
''R v Find'', [http://canlii.ca/t/521b 2001 SCC 32] (CanLII), [2001] 1 SCR 863{{perSCC|McLachlin CJ}}{{ | ''R v Find'', [http://canlii.ca/t/521b 2001 SCC 32] (CanLII), [2001] 1 SCR 863{{perSCC|McLachlin CJ}}{{atL|521b|26}} | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Revision as of 12:37, 1 September 2019
- < Procedure and Practice
- < Trials
- < Juries
General Principles
The Canadian jury system has been described as one of the "most familiar symbol and manifestation of the Rule of Law in this country".[1]
The jury brings to the system the "values and insights of ordinary citizens" as well as their "common sense".[2]
A jury's task is not to "reconstruct what happened" but rather to determine if the burden of proof sufficient to make out a conviction has been met.[3]
Courts must ensure that nothing is put before a jury in the form of evidence or argument that would play on any emotions or unfair reasoning, including inflamatory remarks.[4]
- ↑
R v Barton, 2017 ABCA 216 (CanLII), per curiam, at para 1
- ↑ R v Cabrera, 2019 ABCA 184 (CanLII), per Fraser CJ (2:1), at para 1
- ↑
R v Pittiman, [2006] 1 SCR 381, 2006 SCC 9 (CanLII), per Charron J (5:0)
- ↑
R v Roberts (1973), 14 CCC (2d) 368 (ONCA)(complete citation pending), at p. 370 ("It has been said on many occasions that the paramount duty of the Crown prosecutor is to see that justice is done, not to strive for a conviction. Certainly, he ought to refrain from language which is likely to inflame the jury and to divert the jury's attention from the real issue that they have to decide.")
R v Vallieres, [1970] 4 CCC 69 (QCCA)(complete citation pending), at p. 82 ("[I]n a trial before a jury, no evidence can be presented, and no statement may be made by counsel for the Crown, which might induce a jury to base a conviction upon psychological or passionate grounds which might affect the most objective and just treatment of the accused, in accordance with cold reason...")
Right to a Jury Trial
Section 11(f) of the Charter provides certain rights to trial by jury:
11. Any person charged with an offence has the right ...
- (f) except in the case of an offence under military law tried before a military tribunal, to the benefit of trial by jury where the maximum punishment for the offence is imprisonment for five years or a more severe punishment;
– CCRF
An offence with a maximum penalty of 5 years less a day cannot be considered a "more severe punishment" due to the existence of some "collateral negative consequences" to the period of incarceration.[1]
Where an offence violates s. 11(f) the appropriate remedy would not be an entitlement to a jury trial, but rather a "reading down" of the offence maximum penalties.[2]
Similarly, s. 471 provides presumption of a right to a jury in all indictable offences:
- Trial by jury compulsory
471. Except where otherwise expressly provided by law, every accused who is charged with an indictable offence shall be tried by a court composed of a judge and jury.
R.S., c. C-34, s. 429.
– CCC
Jurors bring their own life experience's to their task.[3]
A prospective juror is presumed capable of "setting aside their views and prejudices and acting impartially between the prosecution and the accused upon proper instruction by the trial judge on their duties."[4]
Members of the jury are to come to a unanimous conclusion on the verdict. They do not have to agree on the means or path to that verdict.[5]
- ↑
R v Peers, 2015 ABCA 407 (CanLII), per curiam (2:1), at para 15 - the court qualifies by suggesting collateral punishment such as "corporal punishment, banishment from the community, forced labour, or revocation of citizenship" may be enough. (aff'd at 2017 SCC 13 (CanLII), per curiam)
- ↑
Peers, ibid., at para 19
- ↑ See R v Pan, 2001 SCC 42 (CanLII), [2001] 2 SCR 344, per Arbour J (9:0), at para 61
- ↑ R v Find, 2001 SCC 32 (CanLII), [2001] 1 SCR 863, per McLachlin CJ, at para 26
- ↑ R v Thatcher, 1987 CanLII 53 (SCC), [1987] 1 SCR 652, per Dickson CJ
Specific Offences
Offences under s. 469, including first or second degree murder, shall be tried by judge and jury.
- Trial without jury
473. (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Act, an accused charged with an offence listed in section 469 may, with the consent of the accused and the Attorney General, be tried without a jury by a judge of a superior court of criminal jurisdiction.
- Joinder of other offences
(1.1) Where the consent of the accused and the Attorney General is given in accordance with subsection (1), the judge of the superior court of criminal jurisdiction may order that any offence be tried by that judge in conjunction with the offence listed in section 469.
- Withdrawal of consent
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Act, where the consent of an accused and the Attorney General is given in accordance with subsection (1), that consent shall not be withdrawn unless both the accused and the Attorney General agree to the withdrawal.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 473; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 63; 1994, c. 44, s. 30.
– CCC
Topics
- Jury Selection
- Jury Procedure
- Jury Instructions
- Discharging a Juror
- Special Issues Relating to Jurors