Extraordinary Circumstances in Jordan Delay Analysis

From Criminal Law Notebook

General Principles

A presumptive breach of s. 11(b) of the Charter can be rebutted where the breach was under "extraordinary circumstances".[1]

"Extraordinary circumstances" can be established where the delay was "outside the Crown's control" such that:[2]

  1. the delays are "reasonably unforeseen or reasonably unavoidable" and
  2. "Crown counsel cannot reasonably remedy the delays emanating from those circumstances once they arise".

Generally, there are two categories of "extraordinary circumstances":

  1. discrete events or
  2. particularly complex cases.

Analysis should always begin looking at discrete events before looking at complexity.[3]

What type of circumstances are to be considered "extraordinary circumstances" is an open list and will depend on the "good sense and experience" of the trial judge.[4]

It is not necessary that the "extraordinary circumstances" be "rare or entirely uncommon".[5]

Seriousness Not a Factor

The seriousness or gravity of the offence does not pay in the consideration for delay.[6]

  1. ↑ R v Jordan, 2016 SCC 27 (CanLII), per Moldaver, Karakatsanis and Brown JJ, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  2. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  3. ↑ R v Cody, SCC 31 (CanLII), per curiam, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk
  4. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  5. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  6. ↑ Jordan, supra, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3

Discrete Events

Discrete events are the first of two categories of extraordinary circumstances that are permissible forms of delay and so are not calculated against the Jordan ceiling.

They are the events that "disturb the normal course of the matter and which no one [being Crown and Court] ... could do anything to prevent".[1]

The discrete events category require that the developments be "unforeseeable and unavoidable".[2] They must be events that "could not be reasonably mitigated by the Crown and the justice system."[3]

Duty to "mitigate" by "reasonable steps"

Any portion of the delay that "could reasonably have [been] mitigated" will be subtracted from the period of time considered "extraordinary".[4]

Once the discrete event occurs the Crown then has an obligation to try to resolve the issue without causing any more delay.

For any instance of a discrete event, the Crown and justice system "must always be prepared to mitigate the delay".[5] In any claim of a "discrete event, the Crown has the burden to show that "it took reasonable available steps to avoid and address the problem before the delay exceeded the ceiling."[6]

The Crown and justice system must prioritize cases that are delayed due to discrete events.[7]

Reasonable step do not have to be successful, they only need to be responsive to avoid delay.[8]

  1. ↑ R v Rice, 2018 QCCA 198 (CanLII)(complete citation pending), at para 84
  2. ↑ R v Jordan, 2016 SCC 27 (CanLII), per Moldaver, Karakatsanis and Brown JJ, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  3. ↑ R v Cody, [2017] 1 SCR 659, 2017 SCC 31 (CanLII), per curiam, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk
  4. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  5. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
    R v Zikhali, 2019 ONCJ 24 (CanLII), per Burstein J, at para http://canlii.ca/t/hx3t6
  6. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  7. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
    Rice, supra, at para 85
  8. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3

Where "Reasonable Steps" Mitigation is Required

Recanting Witnesses

A witness who recants unexpectedly during trial will be a discrete event.[1] However, it has been found that where the recantation was known to the Crown well in advance of trial it can be rejected as not being discrete event.[2]

Similarly, a witness refuses to testify, that too will generally be considered a discrete event.[3]

Trial Going Overtime

Where Crown and defence significantly underestimate the time required for trial, as long as they were making good-faith efforts to account for the required time, the resultant delay would be a "extraordinary circumstances".[4]

Swapping Out Crown Counsel

Where the Crown bears the burden to establish reasonable steps to mitigate delay, there is a need in certain circumstances for the Crown present evidence explaining the reasons why changing to different Crown counsel may not have been a practical response to a discrete event.[5]

Other Examples of "reasonable steps"

An example of reasonable steps include:

  • seeking the assistance of the court;[6]
  • seeking assistance of defence counsel to streamline evidence or issues for trial;[7]
  • seeking severance where a co-accused is causing delay[8]
  • coordinate the pre-trial applications.[9]
Consequence of Discrete Events

Anytime that a discrete event has been found that delay caused by the time must be deducted from the total calculation.[10]

  1. ↑ R v Jordan, 2016 SCC 27 (CanLII), per Moldaver, Karakatsanis and Brown JJ, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  2. ↑ R v Smythe, 2017 SKQB 86 (CanLII), per McMurtry J, at to 35#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/h35l2#par30 paras http://canlii.ca/t/h35l2#par30{{{3}}}
  3. ↑ R v Tsega, 2017 ONSC 3090 (CanLII), per Aitken J
  4. ↑ R v Testroete, 2017 NSPC 50 (CanLII), per Tax J, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h6bxl
    cf. R v Foroughi-Mobarakeh, 2017 NSSC 100 (CanLII), per Murray J, at to 64#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/h389w#par57 paras http://canlii.ca/t/h389w#par57{{{3}}}
  5. ↑ e.g. Zikhali, supra, at para http://canlii.ca/t/hx3t6
  6. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  7. ↑ Jordan, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  8. ↑ R v Singh, 2016 BCCA 427 (CanLII)(complete citation pending)
  9. ↑ Jordan, supra, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  10. ↑ R v Cody, [2017] 1 SCR 659, 2017 SCC 31 (CanLII), per curiam, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk

When "Discrete Events" Are Not Mitigatable

Certain circumstances have been found to constitute discrete events, including:

  • malfunction of court recording system.[1]
  • a witness refusing to testify[2]

There are circumstances that have been rejected as being discrete events:

  • drafting errors in joint statement of fact[3]
Medical

Personal or medical emergencies for the accused, counsel, judge, or jury member will usually be unavoidable discrete events.[4]

Illnesses[5] </ref> or an important medical conditions or procedures on any justice system participant will also be a discrete event.[6] As would a police officer witness on medical leave.[7]

The condition can include non-participants such as emergencies of the family of the participant.[8]

The Court can take into account the particular circumstances and resources of the jurisdiction in order to determine if a reasonable alternative was available.[9]

Late Notice of Defence Charter Application or Re-Election

Where the accused re-elects to a different court on short notice, the Crown will often not be able to mitigate the delay so it will generally be attributed as an unavoidable discrete event delay.[10] Where notice of re-election is early enough to permit mitigation, the Crown must do it or else the delay will not be counted as discrete.[11]

A defence application that happens after the budgeting of trial time has been done will typically not be mitigatable and so will be a discrete event delay.[12]

Effecting Service on Witnesses

The failure to serve a witness in a timely manner will not usually be a discrete event, even where the difficulty may create complexity to the case.[13] Difficulties in locating witnesses is a "common occurrence" in criminal courts.[14] The Crown should have to show what efforts were made to keep track of, and manage the witness, before the court should venture to call the failure to serve the witness a possible discrete event.[15] Where the witness is known to be reluctant, the Crown is expected to take that into account in the course of their management of the witness.[16]

One of the reasons loss of contact with a witness should not be a discrete event is because Crown should be expected to have "periodic communication" with witnesses where the case will take years to complete.[17]

Late Emergence of New Witnesses

Where there is the discovery of a late-emerging cooperative witness, this can be considered an unavoidable discrete event.[18]

Difficulty Securing an Interpreter

The failure to arrange for an interpreter to attend for trial will not normally be a discrete event.[19]

Under the pre-Jordan framework, the Crown had the responsibility to secure an interpreter for any given Cornw witness.[20]

Judges will consider the circumstances of the particular jurisdiction, including the prevalence of the language in the community and the likelihood that there are qualified interpreters that are readily locatable.[21]

Mistrial

Generally, a mistrial will not be foreseeable and so can be a discrete event.[22] However, there is suggestion that certain mistrials may be foreseeable and therefore not a discrete event.[23]

  1. ↑ R v Waboose, 2017 ONSC 3862 (CanLII), per Warkentin J
  2. ↑ R v Tsega, 2017 ONSC 3090 (CanLII), per Aitken J
  3. ↑ R v Cody, [2017] 1 SCR 659, 2017 SCC 31 (CanLII), per curiam, at to 60#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk#par58 paras http://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk#par58{{{3}}}
  4. ↑ R v Robert, 2018 ONSC 545 (CanLII), per Thomas J
    R v Giles, 2017 BCSC 73 (CanLII)Template:PreBCSC (illness)
    R v Windibank, 2017 ONSC 855 (CanLII), per Howard J (illness)
    R v Nazarek, 2017 BCSC 2340 (illness)
    R v Chandroo, 2017 QCCQ 8155 (illness)
    R v Herman, 2017 BCSC 215 (CanLII)Template:Per BCSC (Crown counsel injury)
    R v Lee, 2017 ONSC 4862
    R v Sachro, 2017 ONCJ 570
     R v Cook, 2017 QCCQ 9785
    R v A(SS), 2017 BCPC 76 (CanLII), per Meyers J (Crown counsel ill)
    R v Hertyk, 2017 ONCJ 641
    R v Akumu, 2017 BCSC 896
    R v Charles, 2017 QCCQ 1321 (CanLII) (defence counsel had car problems and did not make it to court on time)
    R v Coulter, 2016 ONCA 704 (CanLII), at paras 81 to 84 (Crown counsel was in a car accident)
  5. ↑ Giles, supra, at paras 185 to 187
    Windibank, supra, at paras 50 to 52
    Nararek, supra, at para 135
    Chadroo, supra, at paras 38 to 39
    A(SS), supra, at para 21
  6. ↑ R v L(R), 2016 ONSC 8008 (CanLII) (pregnancy)
    R v Sachro, 2016 ONCJ 570 (CanLII), per Kwolek J, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gtrwr (Caesarean operation)
    R v Curry, 2016 BCSC 1435
    R v Cook', 2017 QCCQ 9785 (CanLII) (complainant medical issue)
     R v L(R), 2016 ONSC 8008 (CanLII), per Glithero J, at paras 38 to 42 (complainant's pregnancy, unexpected by the Crown)
  7. ↑ R v Gopie, 2017 ONCA 728 (CanLII), at paras 163 to 164, per Gillese JA R v Hertyk, 2017 ONCJ 641 (CanLII), at para 25 (shoulder injury of police officer)
  8. ↑ R v Robert, 2018 ONSC 545 (CanLII), per Thomas J, at para http://canlii.ca/t/hqd8p
    R Akumu, 2017 BCSC 896 (CanLII), at paras 108 to 109 (juror's family medical emergency)
  9. ↑ e.g. R v Brown, 2017 NSPC 27 (CanLII), per Scovil J, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h4dhw
  10. ↑ R v Truong, 2017 BCSC 736 (CanLII), per Kent J, at to 62#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/h3lfh#par60 paras http://canlii.ca/t/h3lfh#par60{{{3}}}
  11. ↑ R v Eremenko, 2018 BCSC 1138 (CanLII), at para http://canlii.ca/t/hsw4r
  12. ↑ e.g. Truong, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/h3lfh#par68
    R v Cristoferi-Paolucci, 2016 ONSC 6923 (CanLII), per Goldstein J, at to 24#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/gvkfx#par19 paras http://canlii.ca/t/gvkfx#par19{{{3}}} (failure to give notice under mistaken belief of Crown consent to application)
  13. ↑ R v Millar, 2016 BCSC 1887 (CanLII), at para http://canlii.ca/t/gv4pw
    R v Bishop, 2016 ONSC 7734 (CanLII), per Phillips J, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h35l2
    R v Smythe, 2017 SKQB 86 (CanLII), at to 38#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/h35l2#par36 paras http://canlii.ca/t/h35l2#par36{{{3}}}
  14. ↑ Smythe, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/h35l2
  15. ↑ Smythe, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/h35l2
  16. ↑ Smythe, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/h35l2
  17. ↑ Bishop, supra, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h35l2
  18. ↑ R v Jurkus, 2018 ONCA 489 (CanLII) leave refused [2018] SCCA 325
  19. ↑ R v Paauw, 2016 ONSC 7394 (CanLII), per Laliberte J
    R v Sinatra, 2017 ONCJ 101 (CanLII)
    R v Nguyen, 2016 ONCJ 712 (CanLII) (unavailability of vietnamese interpreter was found foreseeable)
    R v Khou, 2-16 ONCJ 865 (CanLII)
  20. ↑ R v Askov, [1990] 2 SCR 1199(complete citation pending)
  21. ↑ Paauw, supra, at to 51#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/gvsvp#par48 paras http://canlii.ca/t/gvsvp#par48{{{3}}}
  22. ↑ e.g. R v Mallozzi, 2017 ONCA 644 (CanLII), per Benotto JA, at to 42#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/h5h73#par41 paras http://canlii.ca/t/h5h73#par41{{{3}}}
    R v Wu, 2017 BCSC 2373 (CanLII), at paras 83, 90 to 91
    R v Chrishurajah, 2017 BCSC 820 (CanLII), at paras 98 to 100
    R v Becket, 2017 BCSC 1116 (CanLII)(complete citation pending)
  23. ↑ e.g. R v T(JH), 2016 BCSC 2382 (CanLII)(complete citation pending), at paras 156 to 173 (crown witness "blurted out" inadmissible bad character evidence)

Complex Cases

Consideration of a case's complexity is a "qualitative" assessment of the case "as a whole".[1]

A complex case is one where "the evidence or the nature of the issues, require[s] an inordinate amount of trial or preparation time".[2]

This assessment is considered in context of whether the complexity is "sufficient to justify its length" and whether the "net delay is reasonabe in view of the case's overall complexity".[3]

The setting of the presumptive ceilings already reflects "increased complexity of criminal cases since Morin"[4] in many aspects including new offences, procedures, obligations and law.[5]

Factors to consider when evaluating the case's complexity include:[6]

  • Voluminous disclosure
  • Number of Witnesses
  • Proceedings Against Multiple Co-Accused and
  • Nature of the Issues, including
    • cross-border evidence[7]
    • multi-party conspiracy allegations[8]
    • multiple languages and the use of interpreters[9]
  1. ↑ R v Cody, 2017 SCC 31 (CanLII), per curiam, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk
  2. ↑ Cody, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk
    R v Jordan, 2016 SCC 27 (CanLII), per Moldaver, Karakatsanis and Brown JJ, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
  3. ↑ Cody, supra, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk
  4. ↑ R v Morin, [1992] 1 SCR 771, 1992 CanLII 89 (SCC), per Sopinka J
  5. ↑ Cody, supra, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk
    Jordan, supra, at and 53#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/gsds3 paras http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3{{{3}}}
  6. ↑ Jordan, supra, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
    R v Jansen and Hall, 2017 ONSC 2954 (CanLII), per Sosna J, at to 66#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/h3w40 paras http://canlii.ca/t/h3w40{{{3}}}
  7. ↑ R v Singh, 2016 BCCA 427 (CanLII)(complete citation pending), at para http://canlii.ca/t/gvg4n
  8. ↑ Singh, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gvg4n
  9. ↑ Singh, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gvg4n

Voluminous disclosure

"Voluminous disclosure" is a "hallmark of particularly complex cases" however it is "not automatically demonstrative of complexity".[1]

Evidence can include an inventory list of documents and number of pages of disclosure.[2]

  1. ↑ R v Jordan, 2016 SCC 27 (CanLII), per Moldaver, Karakatsanis and Brown JJ, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gsds3
    R v Cody, 2017 SCC 31 (CanLII), per curiam, at para http://canlii.ca/t/h4bfk
  2. ↑ e.g. R v Jansen and Hall, 2017 ONSC 2954 (CanLII), per Sosna J, at to 65#parhttp://canlii.ca/t/h3w40 paras http://canlii.ca/t/h3w40{{{3}}}

Multiple Co-Accused

See also: Joinder and Severance of Charges

The delay caused by multiple co-accused is an accepted "fact of life" and must be accounted for in what constitutes a reasonable time for trial.[1]

There will always be scheduling conflicts between the co-accused that result in greater delay of all parties.[2]

Crown cannot ignore situations where one accused is being "held hostage" by the delays caused by the other accused in the course of joint proceedings.[3]

However, severance cannot be seen as a panacea when delay arises from a multi-party indictment.[4]

  1. ↑ R v Vassell, 2016 SCC 26 (CanLII), per Moldaver J, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gs9r9
  2. ↑ R v Dhaliwal, 2017 BCSC 2215 (CanLII), per Ross J, at para http://canlii.ca/t/hp3vq
  3. ↑ Vassell, ibid., at para http://canlii.ca/t/gs9r9
  4. ↑ R v Singh, 2016 BCCA 427 (CanLII), per Goepel JA, at para http://canlii.ca/t/gvg4n
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