Criminal Law Notebook

Concurrent and Consecutive Sentences

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General Principles

Cumulative punishments arising from a single sentencing hearing on multiple offences are known as consecutive sentences. This only applies to jail sentences, all other sentences run concurrently.

All sentences are presumed to be served concurrently. The Code provides for cumulative punishments at section 718.3:

718.3
...

Cumulative punishments

(4) The court that sentences an accused shall consider directing

(a) that the term of imprisonment that it imposes be served consecutively to a sentence of imprisonment to which the accused is subject at the time of sentencing; and
(b) that the terms of imprisonment that it imposes at the same time for more than one offence be served consecutively, including when
(i) the offences do not arise out of the same event or series of events,
(ii) one of the offences was committed while the accused was on judicial interim release, including pending the determination of an appeal, or
(iii) one of the offences was committed while the accused was fleeing from a peace officer.
Cumulative punishments — fines

(5) For the purposes of subsection (4), a term of imprisonment includes imprisonment that results from the operation of subsection 734(4).

...
1995, c. 22, s. 6; 1997, c. 18, s. 141; 2002, c. 1, s. 182; 2015, c. 23, s. 17.


– CCC

Generally, sentences for offences that occur at separate occasions will be served consecutively.[1] While where the offences arise out of the same transaction, the sentences will be typically concurrent.[2]

If the court does not indicate whether sentences are concurrent or consecutive it is presumed concurrent.[3]

It has been observed that the “proper approach to sentencing an offender for multiple offences is unsettled.”[4]

Consideration

Judges should be cautious not to "slavishly impose consecutive sentences merely because offences are... committed on different days." Instead, where there is a "reasonably close" nexus, concurrent sentences can be imposed. [5]

When deciding whether a sentence should be consecutive or concurrent, the court should consider 1) the time frame of the offences, 2) the similarity of the offences, 3) whether a new intent broached each offence, and 4) whether the total sentence is fit and proper.[6]

Procedure

The recommended procedure for dealing with multiple offences suggests that the sentencing judge must first determine whether the sentences should be served consecutively or concurrently. If consecutive, appropriate sentence for each offence is calculated, following this, the totality principle is applied which would adjust the sentence as needed.[7]

Consecutive When There is Single Transaction

A judge may order a sentence to be served consecutively despite the offences arising from the same transaction or incident, such as where the offences "constitute invasions of different legally protected interests, although the principles of totality must be kept in mind"[8] , where the offences "protect different societal interests" or the gravamen of the two offences are different.[9]

Nevertheless, the decision of consecutive sentences is a discretionary one and is entitled to deference.[10]

Sentences may be imposed consecutively in relation to a single transaction where the punishments protect "different societal interests" or "different legal interests".[11] A judge should consider the time frame within which the offences occurred, the similarity of the offences, whether a new intent or impulse initiated each of the offences and whether the total sentence is fit and proper under the circumstances.[12]

Where offences "protect different social interests" the principle requiring concurrency of sentence when the offences arise from the "same transaction or incident" does "not necessarily apply when the offences constitute invasions of different legally protected interests".[13]

  1. ↑ R v Dube, 2006 QCCA 699 (CanLII), per curiam
    R v Leroux, 2015 SKCA 48 (CanLII), per Caldwell JA
  2. ↑ R v Mascarenhas, 2002 CanLII 41625 (ON CA), per Abella JA, at para 31
    R v Veysey, 2006 NBCA 55 (CanLII), per Larlee and Robertson JJA
    R v Desmarest (1986), 2 QAC 151 (*no CanLII links)
    R v Charchuk (1973), 6 NSR (2d) 519 (*no CanLII links)
  3. ↑ cf. R v SPM, 2005 NLCA 36 (CanLII), per Cameron JA, at para 11
  4. ↑ R v Wozny, 2010 MBCA 115 (CanLII), per MacInnes JA
    R v Ahmed, 2017 ONCA 76 (CanLII), per van Rensburg JA, at para 85
  5. ↑ R v Hatch, [1979] NSJ 520 (*no CanLII links)
  6. ↑ R v GAW, 1993 CanLII 5618 (NS CA), (1993), 125 N.S.R. (2d) 312 (NSCA), per Roscoe JA
    R v Maroti, 2010 MBCA 54 (CanLII), per Steel JA
    R v Naugle, 2011 NSCA 33 (CanLII), per Beveridge JA
  7. ↑ R v Draper (T.G.), 2010 MBCA 35 (CanLII), per Steel JA, at paras 29 to 31
  8. ↑ Mascarenhas, supra, at para 31
    R v Gummer (1983), 1 OAC 141, at p. 144, 25 MVR 282 (*no CanLII links)
  9. ↑ R v Berezowsky, 2006 CanLII 7030 (ON SC), per Fuerst J, at para 20
    R v Dua, [1999] OJ No 5068 (SCJ) (*no CanLII links)
  10. ↑ R v TEM, 1997 CanLII 389 (SCC), [1997] 1 SCR 948, per Sopinka J, at para 46
    Maroti, supra
  11. ↑ R v Gillis, 2009 ONCA 312 (CanLII), per curiam
    R v Clarke, 1994 CanLII 4071 (NS CA), (1994), 94 CCC 249 (NSCA), per Hallett JA
  12. ↑ GAW, supra
    Naugle, supra
  13. ↑ R v Clouthier, 2016 ONCA 197 (CanLII), per Watt JA, at para 55 - failing to stay at scene of accident consecutive to impaired driving causing bodily harm
    Gummer, supra, at para 13
    R v Van Puyenbroek, 2007 ONCA 824 (CanLII), 226 CCC (3d) 289, per Feldman JA, at para 63

Consecutive Sentencing Based on Type of Offence

Where offences are committed in prison "must be consecutive", particularly when it involves violence against correctional officers.[1]

Offences committed while out on bail awaiting trial will be consecutive even where the latter offence may be part of an ongoing spree.[2]

Where an offender is convicted of a possession offence and then an offence involving "using or dealing with it". The sentences should be concurrent.[3]

Crime Sprees

Where a judge is sentencing an offender for a series of alike offences, he may order that the individual sentences be all served concurrently to each other and sentence the series of offences as a whole amounting to a "crime spree" or simply a "single" criminal transaction.[4] For the sentences be concurrent as a "crime spree" the acts must be "similar, continuous and recurring" with "the same gravamen within a sustained and relatively short period of time".[5]

Life Sentences

At common law, sentencing judge may not impose consecutive life sentences.[6]

Appellate Review

The decision to give a concurrent or consecutive sentence should be given the same deference as the judge's decision on the length of sentence.[7]

  1. ↑ Ruby, Sentencing (7th ed.) Markham:LexisNexis Canada Inc. 2008, at p. 524
    R v Healey, 2016 CanLII 26778 (NLPC), per Orr J, at para 15
  2. ↑ R v McKinney, 1963 CanLII 360 (SK QB), [1963] SJ No 17, per Disbery J
    Healey, supra, at para 16
  3. ↑ Healey, supra, at para 18
    Ruby, supra, at p. 530
    R v KDH, 2012 ABQB 471 (CanLII), per Manderscheid J, at paras 13 to 54
  4. ↑ e.g. R v Arbuthnot, 2009 MBCA 106 (CanLII), per Chartier JA, at paras 19 and 24
    R v Osachie, [1973] NSJ 112 (NSCA)(*no CanLII links) , at para 10
  5. ↑ Arbuthnot, ibid., at para 24
  6. ↑ R v Hawkins, 2011 NSCA 7 (CanLII), per Beveridge JA, at para 39
  7. ↑ R v McDonnell, 1997 CanLII 389 (SCC), [1997] 1 SCR 948, per Sopinka J

Sexual Offences

718.3
...

Cumulative punishments — sexual offences against children

(7) When a court sentences an accused at the same time for more than one sexual offence committed against a child, the court shall direct

(a) that a sentence of imprisonment it imposes for an offence under section 163.1 be served consecutively to a sentence of imprisonment it imposes for a sexual offence under another section of this Act committed against a child; and
(b) that a sentence of imprisonment it imposes for a sexual offence committed against a child, other than an offence under section 163.1 , be served consecutively to a sentence of imprisonment it imposes for a sexual offence committed against another child other than an offence under section 163.1 .

[[List of Criminal Code Amendments|1995, c. 22, s. 6; 1997, c. 18, s. 141; 2002, c. 1, s. 182; 2015, c. 23, s. 17.]]
[annotation(s) added]


– CCC

This section was added with the Tougher Penalties for Child Predators Act, 2015, c. 23, which came into force July 16, 2015.

Youth Sentencing

See also: Sentencing Young Offenders

718.3...

Cumulative punishments — youth

(6) For the purposes of subsection (4), a sentence of imprisonment includes

(a) a disposition made under paragraph 20(1)(k) or (k.1) of the Young Offenders Act, chapter Y-1 of the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985;
(b) a youth sentence imposed under paragraph 42(2)(n), (o), (q) or (r) of the Youth Criminal Justice Act; and
(c) a sentence that results from the operation of subsection 743.5(1) or (2).

...
1995, c. 22, s. 6; 1997, c. 18, s. 141; 2002, c. 1, s. 182; 2015, c. 23, s. 17.


– CCC

42...

Consecutive youth sentences

(13) Subject to subsections (15) and (16), a youth justice court that sentences a young person may direct that a sentence imposed on the young person under paragraph (2)(n) [custody and supervision with community supervision], (o) [custody and supervision, homicide], (q) [custody and supervision, murder] or (r) [intensive rehabilitative custody and supervision] be served consecutively if the young person

(a) is sentenced while under sentence for an offence under any of those paragraphs; or
(b) is found guilty of more than one offence under any of those paragraphs.

...
2002, c. 1, s. 42; 2012, c. 1, s. 174.


– YCJA

A youth court judge may not order a sentence for open custody followed by a consecutive sentence of deferred custody.[1]

  1. ↑ LSJPA — 1833, 2018 QCCA 1910 (CanLII), per curiam (3:0) see s. 42(13)

Additional Sentences

Additional youth sentences

43 Subject to subsection 42(15) (duration of youth sentences), if a young person who is subject to a custodial sentence imposed under paragraph 42(2)(n), (o), (q) or (r) that has not expired receives an additional youth sentence under one of those paragraphs, the young person is, for the purposes of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, the Criminal Code, the Prisons and Reformatories Act and this Act, deemed to have been sentenced to one youth sentence commencing at the beginning of the first of those youth sentences to be served and ending on the expiry of the last of them to be served.


Custodial portion if additional youth sentence

44 Subject to subsection 42(15) (duration of youth sentences) and section 46 (exception when youth sentence in respect of earlier offence), if an additional youth sentence under paragraph 42(2)(n), (o), (q) or (r) is imposed on a young person on whom a youth sentence had already been imposed under one of those paragraphs that has not expired and the expiry date of the youth sentence that includes the additional youth sentence, as determined in accordance with section 43, is later than the expiry date of the youth sentence that the young person was serving before the additional youth sentence was imposed, the custodial portion of the young person’s youth sentence is, from the date the additional sentence is imposed, the total of

(a) the unexpired portion of the custodial portion of the youth sentence before the additional youth sentence was imposed, and
(b) the relevant period set out in subparagraph (i), (ii) or (iii):
(i) if the additional youth sentence is imposed under paragraph 42(2)(n), the period that is two thirds of the period that constitutes the difference between the expiry of the youth sentence as determined in accordance with section 43 and the expiry of the youth sentence that the young person was serving before the additional youth sentence was imposed,
(ii) if the additional youth sentence is a concurrent youth sentence imposed under paragraph 42(2)(o), (q) or (r), the custodial portion of the youth sentence imposed under that paragraph that extends beyond the expiry date of the custodial portion of the sentence being served before the imposition of the additional sentence, or
(iii) if the additional youth sentence is a consecutive youth sentence imposed under paragraph 42(2)(o), (q) or (r), the custodial portion of the additional youth sentence imposed under that paragraph.


Supervision when additional youth sentence extends the period in custody

45 (1) If a young person has begun to serve a portion of a youth sentence in the community subject to conditions under paragraph 42(2)(n) or under conditional supervision under paragraph 42(2)(o), (q) or (r) at the time an additional youth sentence is imposed under one of those paragraphs, and, as a result of the application of section 44, the custodial portion of the young person’s youth sentence ends on a day that is later than the day on which the young person received the additional youth sentence, the serving of a portion of the youth sentence under supervision in the community subject to conditions or under conditional supervision shall become inoperative and the young person shall be committed to custody under paragraph 102(1)(b) or 106(b) until the end of the extended portion of the youth sentence to be served in custody.

Supervision when additional youth sentence does not extend the period in custody

(2) If a youth sentence has been imposed under paragraph 42(2)(n), (o), (q) or (r) on a young person who is under supervision in the community subject to conditions under paragraph 42(2)(n) or under conditional supervision under paragraph 42(2)(o), (q) or (r), and the additional youth sentence would not modify the expiry date of the youth sentence that the young person was serving at the time the additional youth sentence was imposed, the young person may be remanded to the youth custody facility that the provincial director considers appropriate. The provincial director shall review the case and, no later than forty-eight hours after the remand of the young person, shall either refer the case to the youth justice court for a review under section 103 or 109 or release the young person to continue the supervision in the community or the conditional supervision.

Supervision when youth sentence additional to supervision

(3) If a youth sentence has been imposed under paragraph 42(2)(n), (o), (q) or (r) on a young person who is under conditional supervision under paragraph 94(19)(b) or subsection 96(5), the young person shall be remanded to the youth custody facility that the provincial director considers appropriate. The provincial director shall review the case and, no later than forty-eight hours after the remand of the young person, shall either refer the case to the youth justice court for a review under section 103 or 109 or release the young person to continue the conditional supervision.


Exception when youth sentence in respect of earlier offence

46 The total of the custodial portions of a young person’s youth sentences shall not exceed six years calculated from the beginning of the youth sentence that is determined in accordance with section 43 if

(a) a youth sentence is imposed under paragraph 42(2)(n), (o), (q) or (r) on the young person already serving a youth sentence under one of those paragraphs; and
(b) the later youth sentence imposed is in respect of an offence committed before the commencement of the earlier youth sentence.


History of s. 718.3

The previous version of 718.3(4) read:

718.3.
...

Cumulative punishments

(4) The court or youth justice court that sentences an accused may direct that the terms of imprisonment that are imposed by the court or the youth justice court or that result from the operation of subsection 734(4) or 743.5(1) or (2) shall be served consecutively, when

(a) the accused is sentenced while under sentence for an offence, and a term of imprisonment, whether in default of payment of a fine or otherwise, is imposed;
(b) the accused is found guilty or convicted of an offence punishable with both a fine and imprisonment and both are imposed;
(c) the accused is found guilty or convicted of more than one offence, and
(i) more than one fine is imposed,
(ii) terms of imprisonment for the respective offences are imposed, or
(iii) a term of imprisonment is imposed in respect of one offence and a fine is imposed in respect of another offence; or
(d) subsection 743.5(1) or (2) applies.

1995, c. 22, s. 6; 1997, c. 18, s. 141; 2002, c. 1, s. 182.


– CCC

Sections 718.3(5) to (7) were first introduced in 2012.

Mandatory Consecutive Sentences

Certain sentences must be ordered to be served consecutively:

  1. Possession of Explosive Substance in association with criminal organization (s. 82 and 82.1)
  2. offences under s. 83.02 to 83.04 and 83.18 to 83.23
  3. Commission of indictable offence to advantage a terrorist group (s. 83.2 and s. 83.26)
  4. Instructing activity for terrorist group (s. 83.21(1) and s. 83.26)
  5. Instructing terrorist activity (s. 83.22(1) and s. 83.26)
  6. Using Firearm in Commission of Offence (s. 85(4))
  7. offences under s. 270(1), 270.01(1) or 270.02 committed against a law enforcement officer (270.03)
  8. Killing or injuring certain animals (445.01)
  9. Instructing commission of offence for criminal organization (s. 467.13(1) and s. 467.14)

The decision on whether a sentence should be concurrent or consecutive "should be treated with the same deference owed by appellate courts to sentencing judges concerning the length of sentences ordered."[1]

  1. ↑ R v McDonnell, 1997 CanLII 389 (SCC), [1997] 1 SCR 948, per Sopinka J, at para 17

See Also

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