Criminal Law Notebook

Section 487 Search Warrants

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General Principles

See also: Applying for Judicial Authorizations

A s. 487 search warrant authorizes, for a limited time, the "search" of a "place" for the purpose of "seizing" a "thing". Once the "things" are seized they are then ordered detained under a s. 490 detention order.

The face of the warrant is what empowers a peace officer to search the identified location for specified evidence.[1]

Relationship Between the Warrant and the ITO

The Information to Obtain (ITO) is the evidence that gives the issuing justice grounds to grant the order to search. [2] The ITO is not part of the warrant that the authorized officer is expected to examine. They only need to be familiar with the face of the order to understand the scope of the search.[3]

Proper interpretation can be done through the use of the "fellow officer test", which asks whether a fellow officer would understand what is being sought and where the search is permitted based solely on reviewing the face of the warrant.[4]

Place

A search warrant for a "place" will generally give authority to also search places and receptacles in that place.[5]

  1. ↑ R v Townsend, 2017 ONSC 3435 (CanLII), per Varpio J, at para 53
    Re Times Square Book Store and the Queen, 1985 CanLII 170 (ON CA), 21 CCC (3d) 503, per Cory JA
    R v Parent, 1989 CanLII 217 (YK CA), , 47 CCC (3d) 385, per Locke JA (3:0)
    R v Ricciardi, 2017 ONSC 2788, per Di Luca J
    R v Merritt, 2017 ONSC 80, per F Dawson J
  2. ↑ Townsend, supra, at para 53
  3. ↑ Townsend, supra, at para 53
  4. ↑ Townsend, supra, at para 53
    R v Rafferty, 2012 ONSC 703, per Heeney J, at para 103
  5. ↑ R v Vu, 2013 SCC 60 (CanLII), per Cromwell J, at para 39

Power to Authorize a Warrant

The section states:

Information for search warrant

487 (1) A justice who is satisfied by information on oath in Form 1 [forms] that there are reasonable grounds to believe that there is in a building, receptacle or place

(a) anything on or in respect of which any offence against this Act or any other Act of Parliament has been or is suspected to have been* committed,
(b) anything that there are reasonable grounds to believe will afford evidence with respect to the commission of an offence, or will reveal the whereabouts of a person who is believed to have committed an offence, against this Act or any other Act of Parliament,
(c) anything that there are reasonable grounds to believe is intended to be used for the purpose of committing any offence against the person for which a person may be arrested without warrant, or
(c.1) any offence-related property,

may at any time issue a warrant authorizing a peace officer or a public officer who has been appointed or designated to administer or enforce a federal or provincial law and whose duties include the enforcement of this Act or any other Act of Parliament and who is named in the warrant

(d) to search the building, receptacle or place for any such thing and to seize it, and
(e) subject to any other Act of Parliament, to, as soon as practicable, bring the thing seized before, or make a report in respect thereof to, the justice or some other justice for the same territorial division in accordance with section 489.1 [restitution of property or report by peace officer].

[omitted (2), (2.1), (2.2), (3), (4)]
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 487; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 68; 1994, c. 44, s. 36; 1997, c. 18, s. 41, c. 23, s. 12; 1999, c. 5, s. 16; 2008, c. 18, s. 11; 2019, c. 25, s. 191.


* [see below re Constitutionality]

[annotation(s) added]

– CCC

Note up: 487(1)

Purpose of Search

The purpose of s. 487 warrants is the "allow the investigators to unearth and preserve as much relevant evidence as possible" by authorizing them "to locate, examine and preserve all the evidence relevant to events which may have given rise to criminal liability".[1]

  1. ↑ CanadianOxy Chemicals Ltd. v Canada (Attorney General), 1999 CanLII 680 (SCC), per Major J (7:0), at para 22

Test to Authorize a Search

See also: Reasonable and Probable Grounds

Section 487(1) requires that the "justice" be "satisfied by the information on oath" that there are "reasonable grounds to believe" that:[1]

  • there is a thing in a "building, receptacle or place";
  • the thing is:
    • "on or in respect of which any offence against this Act or any other Act of Parliament has been or is suspected to have been committed" (487(1)(a)),
    • that for which "there are reasonable grounds to believe will afford evidence with respect to the commission of an offence, or will reveal the whereabouts of a person who is believed to have committed an offence, against this Act or any other Act of Parliament,"(487(1)(b))
    • that for which "there are reasonable grounds to believe is intended to be used for the purpose of committing any offence against the person for which a person may be arrested without warrant" (487(1)(c))
    • "offence-related property" (487(1)(c.1))

 

The warrant provisions of the Criminal Code also applies to all other federal statutes even those with search provisions. [2]

A warrant under section 486(1)(b) cannot authorize the search and seizure of "things... that are being sought as evidence in respect of the commission, suspected commission or intended commission of an offence..."[3]

Medical staff who inform the police of the existence of a blood sample taken from the suspect patient is not violating confidentiality of medical records.[4]

"Justice"

A "justice" is defined in s. 2 of the Code as referring to provincial court level judges.[5]

  1. ↑ see also R v Ha, 2009 ONCA 340, per MacPherson JA
    R v Canadian Broadcasting Corp. v Lessard, 1991 CanLII 49 (SCC), , [1991] 3 SCR 421
  2. ↑ R v Multiform Manufacturing Co., 1990 CanLII 79 (SCC), , [1990] 2 SCR 624, per Lamer J
  3. ↑ R v Branton, 2001 CanLII 8535 (ON CA), per Weiler JA, at para 35
  4. ↑ R v Decap, 2003 SKQB 301, per Barclay J
  5. ↑ Definition of Judicial Officers and Offices

"Building, Receptacle or Place" to be Searched

Section 487 permits the search of "a building, receptacle or place".

The meaning of "place" is primarily treated as a territorial concept rather than an informational one.[1]

Motor Vehicles

The motor vehicle can be the thing to be searched for or the place to be searched, depending on the circumstances. Where it is the thing to be searched for, it can be seized by police and then subject to any examinations necessary. Where it is the place to be searched, it must be returned to the older immediately on completion of the search.[2]

  1. ↑ R v Marakah, 2017 SCC 59 (CanLII), per McLachlan CJ (“The factor of ‘place’ was largely developed in the context of territorial privacy interests, and digital subject matter, such as an electronic conversation, does not fit easily within the strictures set out by the jurisprudence.”)
  2. ↑ R v Rafferty, 2012 ONSC 703, per Heeney J, at para 48

"Thing" to be Searched For

A search warrant can only be used to seize tangible objects. This means that intangibles, such as money, are not applicable.[1]

Computer Devices

A computer can be a "thing" and not a "place" within the meaning of s. 487.[2] This is generally since a "thing" is generally a corporeal object and the data on the machine does not meet that definition. The computer, once seized, can be examined pursuant to police access rights to items held under s. 490.

Articles Worn by Person

Such a warrant, however, cannot be used to search a person or seize anything on a person.[3]

Finger Prints

Finger prints cannot be taken with a 487 warrant.[4]

Foreign Objects Found inside a Person

A bullet found inside an accused person cannot be included.[5]

DNA on Bandages

A standard warrant may be used to seize a disposed bandage in order to perform a DNA test on it. DNA warrant is not necessary.[6] However, where the bandage is still being worn at the time there is a suggestion that a 487 warrant would not be valid and a DNA warrant would be the correct route.[7]

Blood Vials

A warrant may be used to seize blood vials taken from the accused. There is no need to exhaust other options such as making a blood demand first.[8]

Motor Vehicles

The motor vehicle can be the thing to be searched for or the place to be searched, depending on the circumstances. Where it is the thing to be searched for, it can be seized by police and then subject to any examinations necessary. Where it is the place to be searched, it must be returned to the older immediately on completion of the search.[9]

  1. ↑ R v Bank du Royal Du Canada (1985) 18 CCC (3d) 44(*no CanLII links)
  2. ↑ R v Barwell, [2013] OJ No 3743 (C.J.)(*no CanLII links) , per Paciocco J
    R v Weir, 2001 ABCA 181, per curiam (3:0), at para 19
    R v Fedan, 2016 BCCA 26 (CanLII), per Smith JA (3:0), at para 73 - airbag data recorder
    cf. R v KZ, 2014 ABQB 235, per Hughes J
  3. ↑ R v Legere, 1988 CanLII 129 (NB CA), per Angers JA (3:0)
  4. ↑ R c Bourque, 1995 CanLII 4764 (QC CA), per Tourigny JA (3:0)
  5. ↑ R v Laporte (1972) 8 CCC (2d) 343, 1972 CanLII 1209 (QC CS), per Hugessen J
  6. ↑ R v Kaba, 2008 QCCA 116 (CanLII), per Doyon JA (3:0), at para 32
  7. ↑ R v Miller, 1987 CanLII 4416 (ON CA), per Goodman JA - bandage not permitted while person is wearing it
  8. ↑ R v O’Brien, 2005 CarswellOnt 10009(*no CanLII links) aff’d 2007 ONCA 138 (CanLII), per curiam (3:0)
  9. ↑ R v Rafferty, 2012 ONSC 703, per Heeney J, at para 48

Relationship Between "Thing" and Offence

Section 487 sets out four types of relationships between the thing to be searched for and seized and the offence investigated. They are:

  1. "anything on or in respect of which an offence ... has been ... committed" (s. 487(1)(a))
  2. "anything that there are reasonable grounds to believe will afford evidence with respect to the commission of an offence, or will reveal the whereabouts of a person who is believed to have committed an offence..." (s. 487(1)(b))
  3. "anything that there are reasonable grounds to believe is intended to be used for the purpose of committing any offence against the person for which a person may be arrested without warrant" (s. 487(1)(c))
  4. "any offence-related property" (s. 487(1)(c.1))
Constitutionality

The clause "suspected to have been" made in s. 487(1)(a) is likely to be found unconstitutional and should be read out of the section.[1]

  1. ↑ See also R v Fedossenko, 2013 ABCA 164, at paras 19 to 20
    R v Chabinka, 2009 ONCJ 175, at paras 34 to 44

"Will Afford Evidence"

The phrase "will afford evidence" is treated as interchangable with "may be obtained", "could be obtained", "will be obtained", and "may afford evidence". They all will require "credibility based probability" that the thing sought will be found.[1]

  1. ↑ R v Brand and Ford, 2006 BCSC 305, per Blair J, at paras 28, 32 to 33

Power to Order

Section 487(1) permits the justice, once satisfied he is able to authorize a search warrant, may order a "peace officer" to "search the building, receptacle or place for any such thing and to seize it", and, "as soon as practicable, bring the thing seized before, or make a report in respect thereof to, the justice".

Content of the 487 Warrant

The body of the warrant must meet several requirements to be facially valid. There must be:[1]

  • an authorized officer;
  • an authorized device, investigative technique, procedure, or act; and
  • private property to be searched or seized.

The sufficiency of the description of the place must be assessed based on the face of the warrant, separately from the contents of the ITO or the manner it was executed.[2] Failure to name a place on the warrant "is not a mere matter of procedural defect, but so fundamental as to render the document of no legal effect."[3]

There is no need to specify the identity of the suspect, and simply refer to them as "persons unknown".[4]

Forms

Section 487(3) requires that Form 5 be used in a search warrant:

487
[omitted (1), (2), (2.1) and (2.2)]

Form

(3) A search warrant issued under this section may be in the form set out as Form 5 [forms] in Part XXVIII [Pt. XXVIII – Miscellaneous (ss. 841 to 849)], varied to suit the case.

(4) [Repealed, 2019, c. 25, s. 191]

R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 487; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 68; 1994, c. 44, s. 36; 1997, c. 18, s. 41, c. 23, s. 12; 1999, c. 5, s. 16; 2008, c. 18, s. 11; 2019, c. 25, s. 191.

[annotation(s) added]

– CCC

Note up: 487(3)

Types of Devices to be Searched

Where a warrant authorizes a residential search for documents without mention of whether computers are included, may still permit the officers to search computer equipment so long as they are only searching for the documents authorized by the warrant. No special mention of computers is needed.[5]

  1. ↑ see the language of s. 487.01
  2. ↑ R v Parent, 1989 CanLII 217 (YK CA), per Locke JA (3:0) - no address whatsoever on warrant, but address present in ITO
  3. ↑ Parent
  4. ↑ R v Sanchez, 1994 CanLII 5271 (ON SC), per Hill J
  5. ↑ R v Vu, 2011 BCCA 536 (CanLII), per Frankel JA -- appealed to 2013 SCC 60 (CanLII)

Name of Authorized Officer

A warrant under 487 and 487.1 need not state in the body of the warrant the identity of the officer authorized to execute the search. Failure to do so will not be fatal.[1]

  1. ↑ {R v Lucas, 2009 CanLII 43418 (ON SC), , [2009] OJ No. 5333 (Ont Sup Ct J), per Nordheimer J, at paras 9 to 12
    R v Benz, (1986), 27 CCC (3d) 454 (Ont. C.A.), 1986 CanLII 4641 (ON CA), per MacKinnon ACJO
    R v KZ, 2014 ABQB 235 (CanLII), per Hughes J

Description of Premises to be Searched

A search warrant must specify the premises that is to be searched.[1]

A warrant of a premises must accurately describe the location to be searched. If it fails to do so the warrant will be invalid.[2]

If the address in the warrant is wrong, the search becomes warrantless.[3]

See also: Information to Obtain a Search Warrant#Error in Address

  1. ↑ s. 487(1)
    McGregor and The Queen, Re, 1985 CanLII 3539 (MB QB), per Oliphant J
  2. ↑ Re McAvoy (1970), 12 C.R.N.S. 56 (NWTSC)(*no CanLII links) , at para 57 ("To avoid search warrants becoming an instrument of abuse it has long been understood that if a search warrant ... fails to accurately describe the premises to be searched ... then it will be invalid")
  3. ↑ see R v Krammer, 2001 BCSC 1205 (CanLII), [2001] BCJ No. 2869 (S.C.), per McEwan J
    R v Silvestrone, 1991 CanLII 5759 (BC CA), (1991), 66 CCC (3d) 125 (BCCA), per Toy JA (2:1), at pp. 130-132

Special Use Cases

It is permissible to use a s. 487 warrant to re-seize things in the custody of police under a s. 490 detention order in order to authorize additional examination.[1]

Computer Searches

Computers are an exception to the receptacle rule as they are "to a certain extent" a separate place that require a separate authorization.[2] This is because of the high degree of privacy that exists in a home computer and the immense amount of information that they can contain, including information that is automatically generate by the user's activities, and the enduring nature of the data.[3]

A residential warrant that contemplates the seizure of a computer authorizes the police to examine its data.[4]

  1. ↑ R v Stillman, 1997 CanLII 384 (SCC), [1997] 1 SCR 607, per Cory J (4:3), at para 128
    R v Jones, 2011 ONCA 632 (CanLII), per Blair JA, at para 36
    R v Cole, 2012 SCC 53 (CanLII), per Fish J, at para 65 ("The police may well have been authorized to take physical control of the laptop and CD temporarily, and for the limited purpose of safeguarding potential evidence of a crime until a search warrant could be obtained. " [emphasis removed])
  2. ↑ R v Vu, [2013] 3 SCR 657, 2013 SCC 60 (CanLII), per Cromwell J, at paras 39, 46, 47, 51 and 54
  3. ↑ Vu, ibid., at paras 40 to 43
  4. ↑ Vu, ibid.
    R v Telus Communications Co, [2013] 2 SCR 3, 2013 SCC 16 (CanLII), per Cromwell J (dissenting on another issue)

Manner of Search

See also: Execution of Search Warrants and Special Search Issues

Searches Intruding on Solicitor-Client Privilege

See also: Searches Intruding on Solicitor-Client Privilege


When searching a lawyer's office, the police have a duty to minimize which requires:[1]

  1. that a search not be authorized unless there is no other reasonable solution and,
  2. that the authorization be given in terms that, to the extent possible, limit the impairment of solicitor-client privilege

Where police can anticipate the search of a location where they have reasonable grounds to believe there may be solicitor-client privilege, the warrant and ITO should include special provisions to protect solicitor-client privilege.[2]

Where a warrant authorizes the seizure of "legal correspondence", which is presumptively privileged, the correct procedures requires that the documents be placed under seal and then the applicant must identify the documents which are presumed privileged so that the reviewing judge may determine whether privilege actually exists.[3]

The method of review is a matter of judicial discretion.[4]

  1. ↑ Maranda v Richer, 2003 SCC 67 (CanLII), [2003] 3 SCR 193, per LeBel J
  2. ↑ e.g. R v Schultz, 2018 ONCA 598 (CanLII), per Brown JA (3:0), at para 5
  3. ↑ R v Douglas, 2017 MBCA 63 (CanLII), per Cameron J
  4. ↑ R v Husky Energy Inc., 2017 SKQB 383 (CanLII), per Kalmakoff J, at para 12

Computer Search

See Also

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