Criminal Law Notebook

Public and Judicial Documents

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This page was last substantively updated or reviewed January 2019. (Rev. # 95730)

Public Documents

Legislation and Regulations

Under s. 19, 20, 21, and 22 of the Canada Evidence Act, Acts of Parliament and provincial legislation is admissible without proof.[1] There is no need for certification, and all copies are deemed admissible unless proven otherwise.

Copies by Queen’s Printer

19. Every copy of any Act of Parliament, public or private, published by the Queen’s Printer, is evidence of that Act and of its contents, and every copy purporting to be published by the Queen’s Printer shall be deemed to be so published, unless the contrary is shown.
R.S., 1985, c. C-5, s. 19; 2000, c. 5, s. 52.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 19

Imperial proclamations, etc.

20. Imperial proclamations, orders in council, treaties, orders, warrants, licences, certificates, rules, regulations or other Imperial official records, Acts or documents may be proved

(a) in the same manner as they may from time to time be provable in any court in England;
(b) by the production of a copy of the Canada Gazette, or a volume of the Acts of Parliament purporting to contain a copy of the same or a notice thereof; or
(c) by the production of a copy of them purporting to be published by the Queen’s Printer.

R.S., 1985, c. C-5, s. 20; 2000, c. 5, s. 53.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 20

Proclamations, etc., of Governor General

21. Evidence of any proclamation, order, regulation or appointment, made or issued by the Governor General or by the Governor in Council, or by or under the authority of any minister or head of any department of the Government of Canada and evidence of a treaty to which Canada is a party, may be given in all or any of the following ways:

(a) by the production of a copy of the Canada Gazette, or a volume of the Acts of Parliament purporting to contain a copy of the treaty, proclamation, order, regulation or appointment, or a notice thereof;
(b) by the production of a copy of the proclamation, order, regulation or appointment, purporting to be published by the Queen’s Printer;
(c) by the production of a copy of the treaty purporting to be published by the Queen’s Printer;
(d) by the production, in the case of any proclamation, order, regulation or appointment made or issued by the Governor General or by the Governor in Council, of a copy or extract purporting to be certified to be true by the clerk or assistant or acting clerk of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada; and
(e) by the production, in the case of any order, regulation or appointment made or issued by or under the authority of any minister or head of a department of the Government of Canada, of a copy or extract purporting to be certified to be true by the minister, by his deputy or acting deputy, or by the secretary or acting secretary of the department over which he presides.

R.S., 1985, c. C-5, s. 21; 2000, c. 5, s. 54.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 21

Proclamations, etc., of lieutenant governor

22 (1) Evidence of any proclamation, order, regulation or appointment made or issued by a lieutenant governor or lieutenant governor in council of any province, or by or under the authority of any member of the executive council, being the head of any department of the government of the province, may be given in all or any of the following ways:

(a) by the production of a copy of the official gazette for the province purporting to contain a copy of the proclamation, order, regulation or appointment, or a notice thereof;
(b) by the production of a copy of the proclamation, order, regulation or appointment purporting to be published by the government or Queen’s Printer for the province; and
(c) by the production of a copy or extract of the proclamation, order, regulation or appointment purporting to be certified to be true by the clerk or assistant or acting clerk of the executive council, by the head of any department of the government of a province, or by his deputy or acting deputy, as the case may be.
Territories

(2) Evidence of any proclamation, order, regulation or appointment made by the Lieutenant Governor or Lieutenant Governor in Council of the Northwest Territories, as constituted prior to September 1, 1905, or by the Legislature of Yukon, of the Northwest Territories or for Nunavut, may be given by the production of a copy of the Canada Gazette purporting to contain a copy of the proclamation, order, regulation or appointment, or a notice of it.
R.S., 1985, c. C-5, s. 22; 1993, c. 28, s. 78; 2000, c. 5, s. 55; 2002, c. 7, s. 96; 2014, c. 2, s. 5.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 22(1) and (2)

  1. ↑ Canada Evidence Act s. 19, 20, 21, 22

Official Government Documents

Section 24 states:

Certified copies

24. In every case in which the original record could be admitted in evidence,

(a) a copy of any official or public document of Canada or of any province, purporting to be certified under the hand of the proper officer or person in whose custody the official or public document is placed, or
(b) a copy of a document, by-law, rule, regulation or proceeding, or a copy of any entry in any register or other book of any municipal or other corporation, created by charter or Act of Parliament or the legislature of any province, purporting to be certified under the seal of the corporation, and the hand of the presiding officer, clerk or secretary thereof,

is admissible in evidence without proof of the seal of the corporation, or of the signature or official character of the person or persons appearing to have signed it, and without further proof thereof.
R.S., c. E-10, s. 24.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 24

Certificates of provincial incorporation can be admitted under s. 24 and 37 of the CEA.[1]

Aeronautical charts produced by the Government of Canada are admissible without notice due to their inherent reliability.[2]

  1. ↑ R v John & Murray Motors Ltd, 1979 CanLII 2984 (BCCA), (1979) 47 CCC (2d) 49 (BCCA), per Carrothers JA
  2. ↑ R v Inuvik Coast Airways, 1983 CanLII 3494 (NWT SC), (1984) 10 CCC (3d) 89, per de Weerdt J

Federal Government Books

Books kept in offices under Government of Canada

26 (1) A copy of any entry in any book kept in any office or department of the Government of Canada, or in any commission, board or other branch in the federal public administration, shall be admitted as evidence of that entry, and of the matters, transactions and accounts therein recorded, if it is proved by the oath or affidavit of an officer of the office or department, commission, board or other branch in the federal public administration that the book was, at the time of the making of the entry, one of the ordinary books kept in the office, department, commission, board or other branch in the federal public administration, that the entry was made in the usual and ordinary course of business of the office, department, commission, board or other branch in the federal public administration and that the copy is a true copy thereof.

Proof of non-issue of licence or document

(2) Where by any Act of Parliament or regulation made under an Act of Parliament provision is made for the issue by a department, commission, board or other branch in the federal public administration of a licence requisite to the doing or having of any act or thing or for the issue of any other document, an affidavit of an officer of the department, commission, board or other branch in the federal public administration, sworn before any commissioner or other person authorized to take affidavits, setting out that he or she has charge of the appropriate records and that after careful examination and search of those records he or she has been unable to find in any given case that any such licence or other document has been issued, shall be admitted in evidence as proof, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that in that case no licence or other document has been issued.

Proof of mailing departmental matter

(3) Where by any Act of Parliament or regulation made under an Act of Parliament provision is made for sending by mail any request for information, notice or demand by a department or other branch in the federal public administration, an affidavit of an officer of the department or other branch in the federal public administration, sworn before any commissioner or other person authorized to take affidavits, setting out that he or she has charge of the appropriate records, that he or she has a knowledge of the facts in the particular case, that the request, notice or demand was sent by registered letter on a named date to the person or firm to whom it was addressed (indicating that address) and that he or she identifies as exhibits attached to the affidavit the post office certificate of registration of the letter and a true copy of the request, notice or demand, shall, on production and proof of the post office receipt for the delivery of the registered letter to the addressee, be admitted in evidence as proof, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, of the sending and of the request, notice or demand.

Proof of official character

(4) Where proof is offered by affidavit pursuant to this section, it is not necessary to prove the official character of the person making the affidavit if that information is set out in the body of the affidavit.
R.S., 1985, c. C-5, s. 26; 2003, c. 22, s. 104(E).

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 26(1), (2), (3), and (4)

Publicly Accessible Documents under the CEA

Section 25 concerns the admissibility of documents of a "public nature":

Books and documents

25. Where a book or other document is of so public a nature as to be admissible in evidence on its mere production from the proper custody, and no other Act exists that renders its contents provable by means of a copy, a copy thereof or extract therefrom is admissible in evidence in any court of justice or before a person having, by law or by consent of parties, authority to hear, receive and examine evidence, if it is proved that it is a copy or extract purporting to be certified to be true by the officer to whose custody the original has been entrusted.
R.S., c. E-10, s. 25.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 25

This typically would include books available in a library, newspapers, website printouts, brochures, and other documents that are readily accessible in public.

Public Documents at Common Law

A document is admissible at common law as a public document where the following criteria are satisfied:[1]

  1. the document must have been made by a public official, that is a person on whom a duty has been imposed by the public,
  2. the public official must have made the document in the discharge of a public duty or function,
  3. the document must have been made with the intention that it serve as a permanent record, and
  4. the document must be available for public inspection.

A Pre-sentence report may be considered a public document at common law.[2]

  1. ↑ R v P(A), 1996 CanLII 871 (ON CA), 109 CCC (3d) 385, per Laskin JA
  2. ↑ R v William Batisse, 2012 ONSC 6504 (CanLII), per Wilcox J

Judicial Documents

Judicial Proceedings

Under s. 23, records of judicial proceedings may be entered in as evidence:

Evidence of judicial proceedings, etc.

23 (1) Evidence of any proceeding or record whatever of, in or before any court in Great Britain, the Supreme Court, the Federal Court of Appeal, the Federal Court or the Tax Court of Canada, any court in a province, any court in a British colony or possession or any court of record of the United States, of a state of the United States or of any other foreign country, or before any justice of the peace or coroner in a province, may be given in any action or proceeding by an exemplification or certified copy of the proceeding or record, purporting to be under the seal of the court or under the hand or seal of the justice, coroner or court stenographer, as the case may be, without any proof of the authenticity of the seal or of the signature of the justice, coroner or court stenographer or other proof whatever.

Certificate where court has no seal

(2) Where any court, justice or coroner or court stenographer referred to in subsection (1) has no seal, or so certifies, the evidence may be given by a copy purporting to be certified under the signature of a judge or presiding provincial court judge or of the justice or coroner or court stenographer, without any proof of the authenticity of the signature or other proof whatever.
R.S., 1985, c. C-5, s. 23; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 203; 1993, c. 34, s. 15; 1997, c. 18, s. 117; 2002, c. 8, s. 118.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 23(1) and (2)

A court transcript admissible as a record of a judicial proceedings (or "public document") without notice under the common law.[1]

  1. ↑ R v C(WB), 2000 CanLII 5659 (ON CA), 142 CCC (3d) 490, per Weiler JA, at paras 29 to 48 citing Tatomir (1989) 51 CCC (3d) 321

Court Documents and Orders

An information and probation order that were not made under seal or signed by a judge of the court (thus not admissible under s. 23 of the CEA re. judicial records) are admissible as a "public document" under the common law.[1] To be admissible it must:

  1. be made by a public official upon whom a public duty had been imposed
  2. made by the public official in the discharge of a public duty or function
  3. intended to serve as a permanent record;
  4. were available for public inspection.[2]

In proving probation order, an original certified copy of the order may be submitted as an exhibit without notice at the common law.[3]. This likewise is the case in proving an order of disqualification from driving.[4]

The court's file on a matter is admissible and must be received by the court if it is relevant to the case.[5]

A judge has a right to review and rely upon the contents of the Court file when in the presence of counsel.[6]

Both a provincial court and superior court "has the authority to examine its own records and take judicial notice of their contents."[7]

A court may "compare the disputed handwriting with admitted or proven handwriting, and act upon its own judgment."[8]

Unclear notations on a court document may require that the clerk of the court be called to explain them.[9]

The records do not need to be certified.[10]

These public documents can also be admitted under the principled exception to hearsay.[11]

Where original copies of a search warrant and Report to Justice were filed before the end of the Crown case, the judge must accept them under the common law rule.[12]

  1. ↑ R v Tatomir, 1989 ABCA 233 (CanLII), 51 CCC (3d) 321, per Hetherington JA - affirms common law admissibility of court documents
  2. ↑ R v P(A), 1996 CanLII 871 (ON CA), 109 CCC (3d) 385, per Laskin JA
  3. ↑ R v Lebreux, [1993] NWTJ No 97(*no CanLII links)
  4. ↑ Tatomir, supra
  5. ↑ R v Tkachuk, 2009 BCSC 834 (CanLII), per Chamberlist J, at paras 13, 19
  6. ↑ R v Truong, 2008 BCSC 1151 (CanLII), 235 CCC (3d) 547, per Smart J, at para 60
  7. ↑ R v Tysowski, 2008 SKCA 88 (CanLII), 311 Sask R 113, per Jackson JA, at para 19
    R v Sinclair, 2007 ABPC 353 (CanLII), 436 AR 385, per Bridges J
    R v Ouellette, 2005 ABCA 282 (CanLII), 200 CCC (3d) 353, per Côté JA
    R v Zinyk, 2010 ABPC 40 (CanLII), per Creagh J
    R v Evaglok, 2010 NWTSC 35 (CanLII), per Charbonneau J
  8. ↑ Alan Bryant, Sidney Lederman, and Michelle Fuerst, "The Law of Evidence, (3rd Ed) Markham, Ontario:LexisNexis 2009
  9. ↑ Truong, supra, at para 49
  10. ↑ R v Jerace, 2016 ABCA 70 (CanLII), AJ No 239, per curiam, at para 7
  11. ↑ R v C(WB), 2000 CanLII 5659 (ON CA), 142 CCC (3d) 490, per Weiler JA
  12. ↑ R v Akpalialuk, 2016 NUCA 1 (CanLII), per curiam

Notice

All documents and records, whether private or public, are addressed under s. 28 of the Canada Evidence Act:

Notice of production of book or document

28 (1) No copy of any book or other document shall be admitted in evidence, under the authority of section 23 [certified judicial documents], 24 [certified govt docs, laws, regs, etc], 25 [certified docs of public nature], 26 [copy of fed govt books with affidavit] or 27 [quebec notarized docs], on any trial, unless the party intending to produce the copy has before the trial given to the party against whom it is intended to be produced reasonable notice of that intention.

Not less than 7 days

(2) The reasonableness of the notice referred to in subsection (1) shall be determined by the court, judge or other person presiding, but the notice shall not in any case be less than seven days.
R.S., c. E-10, s. 28.
[annotation(s) added]

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 28(1) and (2)

Section 28 requires notice be provided for documents relying on:

  • s. 23: exemplified or certified document of a judicial proceeding;
  • s. 24: certified copies of provincial or federal documents, by-law, regulations, etc
  • s. 25: certified copy (or authenticated) of a "public nature" document;
  • s. 26: copy of federal government books with affidavit est. reliability; and
  • s. 27: Quebec notarized documents.

While government records are admissible under s. 24, s. 28 still requires that there be at least 7 days notice for their admission.[1] Late notice to produce documents however is not necessarily fatal.[2]

Notice must be given to the accused of intention to admit the recognizance under s. 23, 28. Notice must include information on the offence specified, location of the offence, and accused person.[3]

  1. ↑ R v Connor (1990) 98 NSR (2d) 356(*no CanLII links) - certificate of motor vehicle ownership excluded
  2. ↑ eg. R v Bourque (1990) 102 NSR (2d) 385 (NSCA)(*no CanLII links) - documents admitted with 11 days notice (only 4 were working days)
  3. ↑ R v Verde, 2012 ONCJ 368 (CanLII), per Wright J

Exemplification of Court Documents

At common law, court documents, including court orders, are admissible without notice where the court document is an original or a photocopy under seal.[1] The court, however retains discretion to exclude the record where its admission would be unfair.[2] This has been considered available under the hearsay exception for public documents and judicial proceedings.[3] However, it has been said that the court still retains the discretion to exclude these documents where the defence is prejudiced by the lack of notice.[4]

Exemplifications are photocopies of official court documents that have the official seal of the court. It cannot apply to any non-court generated document attached to the court file. Section 28 has no application to exemplified document.

A regular copy of the document is all that is necessary to serve to comply with s.28 of the CEA. There is no requirement that the copy be certified.[5]

This rule applies to court orders including recognizances.[6]

  1. ↑ R v Lebreux [1993] NWTJ No 97(*no CanLII links)
    R v Tatomir, 1989 ABCA 233 (CanLII), 99 AR 188, per Hetherington JA - admits driving prohibition order
    R v Reid, 2007 ABPC 34 (CanLII), 414 AR 24, per Semenuk JA
    Documentary Evidence in Canada (1984), J. Douglas Ewart Stated, at p. 183 ("At common law, judicial documents must be proved by the production of the original record or an exemplification under the seal of the court to which the record belongs. No notice is required.")
    R v John, 2015 ONSC 2040 (CanLII), per Goldstein J, at para 26 ("At common law an exemplification of a court document was admissible without notice: ...Section 36 of the CEA notes that Part I is deemed in addition to and not derogating from any existing statute or law. As a result, the common law still applied.")
  2. ↑ R v WBC, 2000 CanLII 5659 (ON CA), [2000] O.J. No. 397, 130 O.A.C. 1, 142 CCC (3d) 490, per Weiler JA
  3. ↑ R v P(A), 1996 CanLII 871 (ON CA), 109 CCC (3d) 385, per Laskin JA at 389-390
    R v C(WB), 2000 CanLII 5659 (ON CA), 142 CCC (3d) 490, per Weiler JA at 29-31
    R v Schellenberg, 2011 MBQB 240 (CanLII), 271 Man R (2d) 103, per Oliphant J
    See Hearsay
  4. ↑ R v Williams, 2004 ONCJ 80 (CanLII), OJ No 2557, per Kenkel J, at paras 17-18{{{3}}}
  5. ↑ R v Dixon, 2006 NBQB 197 (CanLII), 788 APR 290, per Clendening J
  6. ↑ R v Rowen, 2013 ONSC 789 (CanLII), OJ No 508, per Cavarzan J, at para 16

Police Documents

Notice Under S. 258 (Repealed December 13, 2018)

Notice of Intention to produce a certificates of analysis require notice. Where it is a certificate for a breathalyzer test, section 258(7) applies:

258
[omitted (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6)]

Notice of intention to produce certificate

(7) No certificate shall be received in evidence pursuant to paragraph (1)(e), (f), (g), (h) or (i) unless the party intending to produce it has, before the trial, given to the other party reasonable notice of his intention and a copy of the certificate.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 258; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 36, c. 32 (4th Supp.), s. 61; 1992, c. 1, s. 60(F); 1994, c. 44, s. 14(E); 1997, c. 18, s. 10; 2008, c. 6, s. 24.

– CCC (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 258(7)

This requires that the crown prove that service was made, that it was made in a reasonable time, and that the notice communicated the intention to produce the materials at trial.

Where notice to produce a certificate of analysis is served upon an accused person, there is a rebuttable presumption that the person understand the notice.[1]

  1. ↑ R v Hamm, 1976 CanLII 177 (SCC), [1977] 2 SCR 85, per Ritchie J

Calculating Notice Periods

NB: this time limited is subject to the "Holiday Rule" that moves the date to the next non-holiday day (see s. 26 of Interpretation Act)

Foreign Public Documents

Part III of the Evidence Act states:

Application of this Part

52. This Part extends to the following classes of persons:

(a) officers of any of Her Majesty’s diplomatic or consular services while performing their functions in any foreign country, including ambassadors, envoys, ministers, charges d’affaires, counsellors, secretaries, attaches, consuls general, consuls, vice-consuls, pro-consuls, consular agents, acting consuls general, acting consuls, acting vice-consuls and acting consular agents;
(b) officers of the Canadian diplomatic, consular and representative services while performing their functions in any foreign country or in any part of the Commonwealth and Dependent Territories other than Canada, including, in addition to the diplomatic and consular officers mentioned in paragraph (a), high commissioners, permanent delegates, acting high commissioners, acting permanent delegates, counsellors and secretaries;
(c) Canadian Government Trade Commissioners and Assistant Canadian Government Trade Commissioners while performing their functions in any foreign country or in any part of the Commonwealth and Dependent Territories other than Canada;
(d) honorary consular officers of Canada while performing their functions in any foreign country or in any part of the Commonwealth and Dependent Territories other than Canada;
(e) judicial officials in a foreign country in respect of oaths, affidavits, solemn affirmations, declarations or similar documents that the official is authorized to administer, take or receive; and
(f) persons locally engaged and designated by the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs or any other person authorized by that Deputy Minister while performing their functions in any foreign country or in any part of the Commonwealth and Dependent Territories other than Canada.


R.S., 1985, c. C-5, s. 52; 1994, c. 44, s. 92; 1997, c. 18, s. 118.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 52

Oaths and Solemn Affirmations
Oaths taken abroad

53. Oaths, affidavits, solemn affirmations or declarations administered, taken or received outside Canada by any person mentioned in section 52 are as valid and effectual and are of the like force and effect to all intents and purposes as if they had been administered, taken or received in Canada by a person authorized to administer, take or receive oaths, affidavits, solemn affirmations or declarations therein that are valid and effectual under this Act.
R.S., c. E-10, s. 50.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 53

Documentary Evidence
Documents to be admitted in evidence

54 (1) Any document that purports to have affixed, impressed or subscribed on it or to it the signature of any person authorized by any of paragraphs 52(a) to (d) to administer, take or receive oaths, affidavits, solemn affirmations or declarations, together with their seal or with the seal or stamp of their office, or the office to which the person is attached, in testimony of any oath, affidavit, solemn affirmation or declaration being administered, taken or received by the person, shall be admitted in evidence, without proof of the seal or stamp or of the person’s signature or official character.

Status of statements

(2) An affidavit, solemn affirmation, declaration or other similar statement taken or received in a foreign country by an official referred to in paragraph 52(e) shall be admitted in evidence without proof of the signature or official character of the official appearing to have signed the affidavit, solemn affirmation, declaration or other statement.
R.S., 1985, c. C-5, s. 54; 1994, c. 44, s. 93.

– CEA (CanLII), (DOJ)

Note up: 54(1) and (2)

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