Reasonable Grounds Under Section 254(3) (Until December 13, 2018)

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General Principles

See also: Impaired Driving, Over 80 and Refusal (Offence), Breath Sample Demand, Reasonable and Probable Grounds, and Reasonable Suspicion

254.
...
(3) If a peace officer has reasonable grounds to believe that a person is committing, or at any time within the preceding three hours has committed, an offence under section 253 as a result of the consumption of alcohol, the peace officer may, by demand made as soon as practicable, require the person [to give a sample of breath]...
...


– CCC

Under s. 254(3), a officer may demand that an accused give a sample of his breath where he had reasonable and probable grounds to believe that he has committed an offender under s. 253(1)(a) or 253(1)(b) within the proceeding 3 hours.

The three hour limit has nothing to do with the two hour limit required for the application of s. 258(1)(c), the presumption of identity.   It is irrelevant whether the offence did in fact occur within the past three hours, it only matters whether he subjectively believed it and was reasonable in the belief.

When Grounds Must be Proven
The Crown does not need to prove reasonable and probable grounds where no Charter challenge has been made. In other words, a challenge to the reasonable grounds must come by way of a Charter application. Without such an application, the judge cannot take into account whether or not there were grounds to make the demand.[1] The lack of reasonable and probable grounds does not invalidate or render inadmissible the certificate of analysis.[2]

Burden
The burden is upon the Crown to prove the existence of reasonable grounds to make the demand under s. 254(3) since the knowledge of the grounds is in the "peculiar knowledge" of the Crown.[3]

Standard of Proof
Where the accused challenges the sufficiency of the grounds supporting a breath demand, the issue for the judge is "whether, on the whole of the evidence adduced, a reasonable person standing in the shoes of the officer would have believed the individual’s ability to operate a motor vehicle was impaired".[4]

In the context of a breath demand, the standard of reasonable grounds is not considered "onerous".[5]

“Reasonable and probable grounds” lays below proof beyond reasonable doubt and a prima facie case.[6] It is a standard that is a "reasonably-based probability".[7] It should be at the level of trial evidence.[8] However, it should not be so low that it "threatens individual freedoms".[9]

The grounds must be established objectively and subjectively. The subjective component requires the officer to have an honest belief of the commission of the offence (that the accused’s ability to operate a motor vehicle was impaired to any amount by a drug or alcohol.[10] The objective component requires that the belief be supported by objective evidence.[11]

The question is never whether the officer could have investigated further, only whether there were sufficient grounds.[12]

"Totality of the Evidence"
Each indicia may in isolation have other reasonable inferences to be drawn, the question to be asked is whether on the "totality of the evidence" the officer was reasonable to draw the inference required under s. 254(3).[13] It is an error of law to consider each indicia independently of the other.[14]

There is no fixed formula or list of indicia that must be applied mathematically.[15] The factors however should not be treated as a "mathematical formula" or a "scorecard" to make a conclusion of reasonable grounds.[16]

There is no obligation that the accused must be "in a state of extreme intoxication" before the officer can have grounds.[17]

Subjective Considerations
In determining reasonable and probable grounds to make the demand the officer must consider everything that he had seen or knew at the time the demand was made. [18] This obviously excludes from consideration information that may not have been known at the time as it cannot be analysis from hindsight.[19]

Only the facts known or available to the peace officer at the time he formed his reasonable belief that the accused was impaired is applicable.[20]

The officer should take into account all that is available to him and is entitled to disregard information that he has reason to believe is unreliable.[21]

The officer need not dispel reasonable alternative inferences from the evidence.[22]

Duration of Investigation
There is nothing "surprising or unusual" about an officer being able to form a belief in less than a minute of observations.[23]

Valid Indicia of Impairment

The Court may consider factors including:[24]

  1. Poor Driving (including collision with curb, driving outside lines)
  2. Failure to Stop Immediately for Police
  3. Odor of Alcohol in Vehicle
  4. Unsteadiness on Feet
  5. Fumbling or Dropped Driver’s Licence
  6. Odor of Alcohol on Breath
  7. Admitted Consumption of Alcohol
  8. Geographical Confusion
  9. Slowed or Slurred Speech
  10. Experienced Opinion of Officer

Evidence of eyes and speech may be problematic where the officer has no prior contact with the accused.[25]

Absence of Indicia
The absence of typical indicia will not necessarily undermine the reasonableness of the grounds based on observations.[26]

Irrelevant Factors
It is not relevant whether the officer chose not to conduct a roadside screening into whether the grounds existed.[27] There is no obligation for the officer to take a roadside sample.[28]

It is not necessary for the officer to make full inquiry into the accused's version of events to form reasonable and probable grounds.[29]

  1. ↑ R v Charette, 2009 ONCA 310 (CanLII)
  2. ↑ R v Rilling, [1976] 2 SCR 183, 1975 CanLII 159 (SCC)
  3. ↑ Shepherd at para 16
  4. ↑ Gunn, supra at paras 7 to 8
  5. ↑ see R v Wang, 2010 ONCA 435 (CanLII) at para 17
  6. ↑ R v Censoni [2001] O.J. No. 5189 (S.C.)(*no CanLII links) at para 31
    R v Shepherd 2009 SCC 35 (CanLII) at para 23
    R v Wang, 2010 ONCA 435 (CanLII) at para 17
  7. ↑ R v Hall (1995) 22 OR (3d) 289 (CA), 1995 ABCA 348 (CanLII)
    R v Reilly, 2008 CanLII 1177 (ON SC), [2008] OJ No 164 (SCJ)
  8. ↑ R v Bush, 2010 ONCA 554 (CanLII), [2010] O.J. No. 3453 at para 43
  9. ↑ Bush, ibid. at para 43
  10. ↑ R v Bernshaw, 1995 CanLII 150 (SCC), [1995] 1 SCR 254 at para 51
  11. ↑ R v Berlinski, 2001 CanLII 24171 (ON CA), [2001] O.J. No. 377 (C.A.) at para 3
  12. ↑ Bush, supra at para 70
  13. ↑ R v Huddle, 1989 ABCA 318 (CanLII) ("True, the smell of alcohol does not show impairment; slurred speech alone does not show impairment by alcohol; glassy eyes may be associated with crying; but, the question is whether the total of the evidence offered provided reasonable and proper grounds, on an objective standard.")
  14. ↑ Usher, supra at paras 31, 38
  15. ↑ R v Bush, 2010 ONCA 554 (CanLII), [2010] O.J. No. 3453 at para 56
  16. ↑ R v Pavlovsky, 2013 ONSC 6800 (CanLII) at para 7
  17. ↑ R v Deighan, 1999 CanLII 2574 (ON CA), [1999] O.J. No. 2413 (C.A.) at para 1
  18. ↑ R v Singer 1999 CanLII 12875 (SK QB), (1999), 25 C.R. (5th) 374 (Sask. Q.B.)
    R v Oduneye (1995), 169 A.R. 353, 1995 ABCA 295 (CanLII)
  19. ↑ R v Cornell, 2010 SCC 31 (CanLII) at paras 4, 23
  20. ↑ R v Musurichan, 1990 ABCA 170 (CanLII), (1990) 56 CCC (3d) 570 (ABCA) at p.574
    R v McClelland (1995) 29 Alta LR (3d) 351 (ABCA), 1995 ABCA 199 (CanLII) at para 21, 22
    R v Oduneye (1995), 1995 ABCA 295 (CanLII), 169 AR 353 (ABCA) at para 20
    R v Waters (2011) 37 Alta LR (5th) 136 (ABQB)(*no CanLII links) at para 22
  21. ↑ R v Golub 1997 CanLII 6316 (ONCA)
  22. ↑ R v Gunn, 2012 SKCA 80 (CanLII) at para 22 ("dispel innocent or innocuous inferences which might also be reasonably drawn from his or her observations")
  23. ↑ Bush, supra at para 70
  24. ↑ summarized in Pavlovsky, supra at para 8
  25. ↑ R v Donaldson, 2009 ONCJ 337 (CanLII)
  26. ↑ R v Costello (2002), 2002 CanLII 32350 (ON CA), 22 M.V.R. (4th) 165 (Ont. C.A.) at para 2
    Wang, at para 21
  27. ↑ Gunn, supra at para 21
  28. ↑ Bush, supra at para 60
  29. ↑ R v Rodriguez [2001] OJ No 2592 (ONSC)(*no CanLII links)

Evidence Considered

The officer can form grounds based on hearsay evidence.[1]

Limitations on Orbanski Evidence
The officer may question the suspect about alcohol consumption without giving them a right to counsel.[2] However, the response about alcohol consumption may only be used for the purpose of establishing grounds for demand and not for the purpose of establishing impairment. [3] There does not appear to be any limitation on utterances not specifically about alcohol consumption.[4]

The Orbanski limitation only applies to evidence that was "obtained from compelled direct participation by the motorist in the roadside test" authorized by provincial legislation.[5] It does not include incidental observations made by the officer in "while carrying out other authorized duties".[6]

The distinction between compelled participation evidence and incidental observations, depends on an analysis to "identify the purpose for the officer's directions to the motorist after the roadside stop".[7]

Despite suspension of 10(b) rights, there is still the obligation to inform the suspect of the reason for detaining them.[8]

  1. ↑ R v Debot, 1989 CanLII 13 (SCC), [1989] 2 SCR 1140 at p. 1167 and 1168;
    R v Lewis, 1998 CanLII 7116 (ON CA), (1998), 38 O.R. (3d) 540 (C.A.) at paras 15
    Censoni, supra at para 57
    R v Strongquill (1978), 1978 CanLII 1815 (SK CA), 4 C.R. (3d) 182 (Sask. C.A.) at para 7, 9 (hearsay evidence is "admissible to establish the state of mind of the officer that there were probable and reasonable grounds for his belief that the respondent had been the driver of the motor vehicle.")
  2. ↑ R v Orbanski; R v Elias, 2005 SCC 37 (CanLII) -- suspect stated he had "one beer that night" without being given right to counsel
  3. ↑ Orbanski, ibid. at para 59
  4. ↑ Orbanski, ibid. at para 59 - The
  5. ↑ R v Milne, 1996 CanLII 508 (ONCA), 197 CCC (3d) 118 (ONCA) per Moldaver JA
  6. ↑ Milne, ibid. at p. 132
  7. ↑ R v Visser, 2013 BCCA 393 (CanLII), at para 64
  8. ↑ Orbanski, ibid. at para 31
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