Stay of Proceedings by Crown

From Criminal Law Notebook

General Principles

See also: Stay of Proceedings and Judicial Stay of Proceedings

A stay of proceedings initiated by the Crown is separate and apart from a judicial stay of proceedings.

The Crown may direct that a proceedings be stayed under s. 579:

Attorney General may direct stay

579. (1) The Attorney General or counsel instructed by him for that purpose may, at any time after any proceedings in relation to an accused or a defendant are commenced and before judgment, direct the clerk or other proper officer of the court to make an entry on the record that the proceedings are stayed by his direction, and such entry shall be made forthwith thereafter, whereupon the proceedings shall be stayed accordingly and any recognizance relating to the proceedings is vacated.
(2)...
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 579; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 117.


– CCC

This section is a codification of the old common law power of the Crown, nolle prosequi that permits a stay proceedings.[1]

Discretion of Stay

This is a right of the crown on the basis that all criminal proceedings are on behalf of the Queen.[2]

The decision to enter a stay is unilateral. The judge has no ability to control or direct the actions of the Crown in staying a proceeding.[3] The entering of a stay is to be directed to the clerk of the court and not the judge him or herself.[4]

Reason for Stay

It is not necessarily an abuse of process to stay a proceedings to protect informer identity and then recommence the proceedings at a later time.[5] The onus is upon the applicant to show that there was an abuse of process in staying the proceedings.[6]

Effects of a Stay

Once a Crown stay has been entered, all custody or bail orders are released.[7]

However, not all matters relating to the prosecution die upon entering a stay. Breaches of conditions and failures to attend court while the charges were in force will continue.[8]

The accused's election of mode of trial remains in place for the duration of the stay up until the point that the stay becomes permanent.[9]

Constitutionality

The power of the Crown to stay a proceeding is not unconstitutional.[10]

  1. ↑ Whitehead v Ferris, P.C.J., and Saskatchewan (Attorney General), 1989 CanLII 4656 (SK QB), per Wimmer J, at para 4
  2. ↑ R v Cooke, Dingman and Whitton (1948), 91 CCC 310, 1948 CanLII 357 (AB QB), per McBride J
    R v McKay, 1979 CanLII 2185 (SK CA), (1979), [1979] 4 W.W.R. 90, 9 C.R. (3d) 378, per Culliton CJ
  3. ↑ R v Cunsolo, 2008 CanLII 48640 (ON SC), [2008] OJ No 3754; 180 C.R.R. (2d) 174 (Ont. Sup. Ct.), per Hill J, at para 27
    R v Larosa, 2002 CanLII 45027 (ON CA), (2002), 166 CCC (3d) 449 (Ont. C.A.), per Doherty JA (3:0), at para 41
    R v Smith, 1992 CanLII 325 (BC CA), per Hollinrake JA (3:0), at para 25
  4. ↑ McKay, supra, at para 12
  5. ↑ R v Scott, [1990] 3 SCR 979, 1990 CanLII 27 (SCC), per Cory J (5:4)
  6. ↑ R v N(D), 2004 NLCA 44 (CanLII), per Wells CJ
  7. ↑ Cunsolo, supra, at para 27
  8. ↑ R v CW, 2011 ABPC 205 (CanLII), per Lefever DCJ, at paras 36 to 37
  9. ↑ R v Mann, 2012 BCSC 1248 (CanLII), per Bernard J
  10. ↑ Cunsolo, supra, at para 27
    R v Fortin, [1989] OJ No 123 (C.A.)(*no CanLII links) , at para 1

Re-Initiating a Stayed Proceeding

See also: Plea of Not Guilty and Other Pleas

To recommence the proceedings the Crown must give notice to the clerk of the court. A new information is not required.[1]

The Crown must provide personal service to the accused and may use a summons to compel the accused to return to court.[2]

The decision to stay a proceeding under s. 579 is part of the core prosecutorial function and attracts a high degree of deference.[3]

579 (1) ...

Recommencement of proceedings

(2) Proceedings stayed in accordance with subsection (1) may be recommenced, without laying a new information or preferring a new indictment, as the case may be, by the Attorney General or counsel instructed by him for that purpose giving notice of the recommencement to the clerk of the court in which the stay of the proceedings was entered, but where no such notice is given within one year after the entry of the stay of proceedings, or before the expiration of the time within which the proceedings could have been commenced, whichever is the earlier, the proceedings shall be deemed never to have been commenced.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 579; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 117.


– CCC

Abusive Reinstatement

There is some suggestion that the use of a Crown stay of proceedings for the purpose of avoiding an adjournment request is abusive.[4]

  1. ↑ R v Velvick (1977), 33 CCC (2d) 447, 1976 CanLII 1300 (AB QB), per McFadyen J
  2. ↑ R v Dube (1986), 17 W.C.B. 213 (Ont. Dist. Ct.)(*no CanLII links)
  3. ↑ R v Cunsolo [2008] OJ No 3754; 2008 CanLII 48640 (ON SC), per Hill J, at para 27
  4. ↑ R v Cole, 1998 CanLII 2425 (NS SC), per Hood J
    R v Parkin (1986), 1986 CanLII 4640 (ON CA), 28 CCC (3d) 252, 16 W.C.B. 167 (Ont. C.A.), per Thorson J
    R v Quinn (1989), 1989 CanLII 959 (QC CA), 48 C.R.R. 314, 54 C.C.C. (3d) 157 (Que. C.A.), per curiam
    Cf. R v Cole, 2000 NSCA 42 (CanLII), per Bateman JA, at para 49 (The Court had “grave doubts as to the propriety of the [application judge’s] ruling” and considered the decision a "novel" interpretation of of Crown discretion)
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