Charter Delay (Cases)

< Procedure and Practice
< Cases

Section 11(b) - trial in reasonable time

See also: Right to a Trial Within a Reasonable Time

Case Name	Charge	delay	s.11(b) stay	Comments
R v Lemioer, 2017 SKQB 106 (CanLII), per Elson J	Cocaine trafficking and firearms		granted
R v McConnell, 2017 ONCJ 104 (CanLII), per P Wright J	Over 80	24 months (Prov Crt)	granted
R v Shum, 2017 ONSC 336 (CanLII), per Maranger J	Federal Statute	28 months (Sup Crt)	denied	Total time calculated from 35 months.
R v Xiu Jin Teng, 2017 ONSC 568 (CanLII), per MacDonnell J	murder		denied
R v Dass, 2016 BCSC 1701 (CanLII), per Johnston J	theft and fraud	33 months imprisonment	granted	Total time was 39 before subtracting defence time.
R v JM, 2017 ONCJ 4 (CanLII), per Paciocco J	sexual offences	12 months and 12 days	granted	The accused was a youth.

Exceptional Circumstances Cases

Case Name	delay	Comments
R v Regan, 2018 ABCA 55 (CanLII), per curiam	not complex	{{{5}}}
R v Truax, 2018 ABPC 215 (CanLII), per Stevenson J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Klassen, 2018 ABCA 258 (CanLII), per curiam	not complex	{{{5}}}
R v Carey, 2018 ONCJ 255 (CanLII), per Lamert J	not complex	{{{5}}}
R v Giles, 2017 BCSC 73 (CanLII), per Ross J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v McBride, 2017 BCSC 1480 (CanLII), per Betton J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Tsekouras, 2017 ONSC 7112 (CanLII), per P. Smith J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Pavao, 2017 ONSC 6873 (CanLII), per Dow J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Barra, 2017 ONSC 6008 (CanLII), per Labrosse J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Houle, 2017 ONCA 772 (CanLII), per Trotter JA	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Klaus, 2017 ABQB 537 (CanLII), per Little J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Noftall, 2017 CanLII 61603 (NL SC), per Faour J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Millard, 2017 ONSC 4030 (CanLII), per Code J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Majeed, 2017 ONSC 3554 (CanLII), per Nakatsuru J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Tsega, 2017 ONSC 3090 (CanLII), per Aitken J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Picard, 2017 ONCA 692 (CanLII), per Rouleau JA	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Powell, 2017 ONSC 5658 (CanLII), per Dunphy J	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Basha, 2017 ONSC 5697(no CanLII links) , per* J \|\| \|\| complex \|\| \|\| {{{5}}}
R v Gopie, 2017 ONCA 728 (CanLII), per Gillese JA	complex	{{{5}}}
R v Amero, 2017 QCCQ 17971 (CanLII), per J	not complex	{{{5}}}
R v Beaulieu, 2017 ONSC 6543 (CanLII), per Barnes J	not complex	{{{5}}}
R v Rosenthal, 2017 ONSC 6523 (CanLII), per J	not complex	{{{5}}}
R v Jackson, 2017 ONSC 5925 (CanLII), per J	not complex	{{{5}}}
R v Shaheen, 2017 ONCJ 638 (CanLII), per J	not complex	{{{5}}}

Below Ceiling Cases

Case Name	delay	s.11(b) stay
R v Belle, 2018 ONSC 7728 (CanLII), per Harris J	28 months imprisonment	stayed
R v RT, 2018 NLSC 44 (CanLII) , per Murphy J	26+ months	not stayed
R v Cola, 2018 QCCS 334 (CanLII) , per Royer J	17.5 months	not stayed
R v Buckley, 2018 NSSC 3 (CanLII) , per Arnold J	26 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Lecompte, 2018 NBCA 33 (CanLII) , per Quigg JA	16 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Carter 2018 ABQB 657 (CanLII), per Poelman J	28 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Jerace, 2018 ABCA 152 (CanLII), per Velduis JA	15 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Nafke, 2018 ABPC 1104(no CanLII links) , per* Fradsham J \|\| \|\| 16 months imprisonment \|\| not stayed \|\|
R v Brown, 2018 ONCJ 799 (CanLII) , per Mulligan J	16.5 months	stayed
R v RG, 2018 ONSC 130 (CanLII), per Gordon J	25.6 months	not stayed
R v Nowack, 2018 ONSC 826 (CanLII), per Ducharme J	29 months+	not stayed
R v Patrois, 2018 ONSC 934 (CanLII), per RJ Smith J	28.5 months	not stayed
R v MacIsaac, 2018 ONCA 650 (CanLII), per Huscroft JA	13 months (trial) 17 months (appeal)	stayed
R v KN, 2018 BCCA 246 (CanLII), per Fenlon JA	<9 months	not stayed
R v Pipping, 2018 BCPC 73 (CanLII), per Gill J	<18 months	not stayed
R v McLean, 2018 BCSC 191 (CanLII), per Tindale J	28+ months	not stayed
R v Nazarek, 2017 BCSC 2340 (CanLII), per Watchuk J	27+ months	not stayed
R v DCR, 2017 BCPC 326 (CanLII), per Fisher J	28.5 months	not stayed
R v Truong, 2017 BCSC 736 (CanLII), per Kent J	24.5 months	not stayed
R v Wu, 2017 BCSC 2373 (CanLII), per Watchuk J	28 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Harris, 2017 BCSC 1091 (CanLII), per Gray J	28+ months	not stayed
R v Hammer, 2017 BCPC 377 (CanLII), per Keyes J	17 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Matheson, 2017 BCSC 166 (CanLII), per MacKenzie J	29 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Gambilla, 2017 ABCA 347 (CanLII), per Watson JA	29+ months	not stayed
R v Nasery, 2017 ABQB 564, per Gates J	28 and 26 months	not stayed
R v Heerema, 2017 ABQB 787, per Yamauchi J	23+ months	not stayed
R v Mitchell, 2017 ABQB 717, per Yamauchi J	<30 months	not stayed
R v Tetrault, 2017 ABQB 534, per Renke J	19.5 months	not stayed
R v Paulishyn, 2017 ABQB 61, per Yamauchi J	22 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Grayson, 2017 ABQB 108, per Wilson J	28+ months	not stayed
R v Khalon, 2017 ABQB 627 (CanLII), per Yungwirth J	29+ months	not stayed
R v Jerace, 2017 ABQB 580, per Mandescheid J	12+ months	not stayed
R v Ferstl, 2017 ABPC 266, per Fradsham J	4.6 months	not stayed
R v Chonkolay, 2017 ABQB 148, per Topolniski J	18+ months	not stayed
R v Abzakh, 2016 ABQB 694, per Gill J	29.5 months	not stayed
R v Jones, 2016 ABQB 691, per Nielsen J	23+ months	not stayed
R v Jerace, 2016 ABPC 691, per MacDonald J	11+ months	not stayed
R v Fauolo, 2016 ABPC 192, per Semenuk J	13 months	not stayed
R v Moosomin, 2017 SKQB 182, per Smith J	?	not stayed
R v Keller, 2016 SKQB 319, per Layh J	17.5 months	not stayed
R v McNab, 2016 SKQB 333, per McMurtry J	27.5 months	not stayed
R v Park, 2016 SKPC 137, per Martinez J	17+ months	not stayed
R v Schenkels, 2017 MBCA 62 (CanLII), per Hamilton JA	29+ months	Not stayed
R v Richard, 2017 MBQB 11 (CanLII), per Simonsen J	27 months (trial #1) 22.5 months (trial #2)	not stayed
R v Grant, 2017 MBQB 39 (CanLII), per Toews J	15.5 months	not stayed
R v Mebrahtu, 2017 MBQB 59 (CanLII), per Greenberg J	28 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Arbique, 2017 NSPC 11 (CanLII), per Landry J	25+ months	not stayed
R v Testroete, 2017 NSPC 50 (CanLII), per Tax J	16.5 months	not stayed
R v Bowers, 2017 NSPC 21 (CanLII), per Tax J	16 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Mahar, 2017 NSPC 9 (CanLII), per Derrick J	13 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Longaphy, 2017 NSPC 67 (CanLII), per Tax J	18 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Aecon, 2017 NSPC 61 (CanLII), per Lenehan J	17+ months	not stayed
R v Melvin, 2017 NSSC 149 (CanLII), per Gabriel J	21 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v McCully, 2017 NSPC 70 (CanLII), per Tax J	17.5 months	not stayed
R v Curtis, 2017 MBPC 55 (CanLII), per Rolston J	17+ months	not stayed
R v Creglia, 2018 ONCJ 262 (CanLII) , per Pringle J	24 months imprisonment	stayed
R v Gnanaasubramaniam, 2017 ONCJ 14 (CanLII) , per J	17 months+	stayed
R v Jeyakanth, 2017 ONCJ 31 (CanLII), per Henschel J	14 months+	not stayed
R v Falkowski, 2017 ONCA 253 (CanLII)	16.5 months	not stayed
R v Tsekouras, 2017 ONSC 7112 (CanLII), per Smith J	25.5 months	not stayed
R v Brissett, 2017 ONSC 402 (CanLII), per Code J	27 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Tsega, 2017 ONSC 3090 (CanLII), per Aiken J	17 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Taylor, 2017 ONSC 2263 (CanLII), per Gordon J	24 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Shum, 2017 ONSC 336 (CanLII), per Maranger J	28 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Gordon, 2017 ONSC 1428 (CanLII), per Ducharme J	17 months+	not stayed
R v Garcia, 2017 ONSC 4021 (CanLII), per Mitchell J	25 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Patel, 2017 ONSC 5827 (CanLII), per Sutherland J	30 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Bomberry, 2017 ONSC 7147 (CanLII), per Del Frate J	29 months+	not stayed
R v WH, 2017 ONSC 5014 (CanLII), per Quigley J	29 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Clarke, 2017 ONSC 4880 (CanLII), per O'Marra J	28 months+	not stayed
R v Mallozzi, 2017 ONCA 644 (CanLII), per Benotto JA	23 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Belcourt, 2017 ONSC 3934 (CanLII), per Fregeau J	27.9 months	not stayed
R v Bassaragh, 2017 ONSC 4668 (CanLII), per O'Marra J	26.9 months	not stayed
R v Basha, 2017 ONSC 337 (CanLII), per Maranger J	28 and 29 months	not stayed
R v Barra, 2017 ONSC 6008 (CanLII), per Labrosse J	26+ and 27 months	not stayed
R v Magiri, 2017 ONSC 2818 (CanLII), per McWatt J	28 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v RD, 2017 ONSC 1770 (CanLII), per Molloy J	28 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v MB, 2017 ONSC 2882 (CanLII), per Allen J	27 months+	not stayed
R v Green, 2017 ONSC 2628 (CanLII), per Newton J	24 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Green, 2017 ONSC 1538 (CanLII), per Beaudoin J	21 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Codina, 2017 ONSC 4886 (CanLII), per Akhtar J	25 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Corner, 2017 ONSC 5629 (CanLII), per McKelvey J	25 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Dabreo, 2017 ONSC 5425 (CanLII), per Seppi J	29+ months	not stayed
R v Jansen, 2017 ONSC 2954 (CanLII), per Sosna J	27.5 months	not stayed
R v Saccoccia, 2017 ONSC 2737 (CanLII), per Thorburn J	28.5 months	not stayed
R v Fox, 2016 BCSC 2496 (CanLII), per Kelleher J	?	not stayed
R v Dutra, 2016 BCPC 448 (CanLII), per Rounthwaite J	16 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v RL, 2016 ONSC 8008 (CanLII), per Glithero J	26 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Coulter, 2016 ONCA 704 (CanLII), per Gillese JA	17 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Isaacs, 2016 ONSC 6214 (CanLII), per LeMay J	22+ and 24 months	not stayed
R v Gandhi, 2016 ONSC 5612 (CanLII), per Code J	27 months imprisonment	not stayed
R v Ching, 2016 ONSC 7533 (CanLII), per Ducharme J	32 months	stayed
R v Gasana, 2016 ONCJ 724 (CanLII), per Monahan J	15+ months	not stayed
R v Porter, 2016 ONSC 7173 (CanLII), per Monahan J	23.9 months	not stayed
R v Manh, 2016 ONSC 6970 (CanLII), per Edwards J	28+ months	not stayed
R v Maione, 2016 ONSC 7207 (CanLII), per Varpio J	27+ months	not stayed
R v Ashraf, 2016 ONCJ 584 (CanLII), per Band J	17 months+	stayed
R v Reynolds, 2016 ONCJ 606 (CanLII), per Monahan J	15.5 months	stayed
R v DeSouza, 2016 ONCJ 588 (CanLII) , per Kenkel J	15 months	stayed
R v Han, 2016 ONCJ 648 (CanLII) , per Pringle J	17 months+	stayed
R v Noltcho, 2016 SKPC 26 (CanLII) , per Martinez J	15 months imprisonment	stayed
R v Keller, 2016 SKQB 316 (CanLII) , per Layh J	17.5 months	stayed

Pre-Jordan Cases

2010 to July 2016

Case Name	Charge	delay	s.11(b) stay	Comments
R v Jaworek, 2016 ONCJ 349 (CanLII), per Kenkel J	assault	12 months imprisonment	denied
R v Gould, 2016 CanLII 34478 (NL SCTD), per Mennie J	drug trafficking	43 months imprisonment	denied
R v Bromley, 2016 ABPC 52 (CanLII), per Groves J	impaired	8.5 months	denied
R v Boutin, 2016 SKQB 77 (CanLII), per Kalmakoff J	impaired	7 years, 2 months	stayed
R v Levesque and Lankisch, , 2016 NBQB 81 (CanLII), per Stephenson J	robbery	31.5 months	denied
R v Fernandes, 2016 ONSC 2915 (CanLII), per Sproat J	drug trafficking	44.5 months	stayed
R v Chamassian, 2015 ONSC 3150 (CanLII), per Quinlan J	impaired	12 months (inst.)	stayed
R v Nash, 2014 ONSC 6025 (CanLII), per Bale J	impaired	11.3 months	stayed
R v Shepherd, 2014 SKCA 123 (CanLII), per Herauf JA	impaired	37 months imprisonment	denied
R v Desjarlais, 2014 SKPC 154 (CanLII), per B Wright J	assault	27 months imprisonment	denied
R v Ahmed, 2013 ONCJ 56 (CanLII), per McArthur J	impaired	13 months	denied
R v Krywucky and Segal,, 2013 ONSC 1112 (CanLII), per A Goodman J		28 month	stayed
R v Durocher, 2012 ABQB 705 (CanLII), per Ouellette J	sexual assault	2.5 years	granted
R v Richards, 2012 SKCA 120 (CanLII), per Richards JA	trafficking	2 years 9 months	denied	appeal from stay
R v Milani, 2012 ONSC 6892 (CanLII), per Pierce J	B&E	301 days	stayed
R v Jordan, 2012 BCSC 1735 (CanLII), per Verhoeven J	trafficking	25 months imprisonment	denied
R v Patrick, 2012 SKQB 331 (CanLII), per McMurtry J	trafficking	28 months imprisonment	stayed
R v Anderson, 2012 ABPC 146 (CanLII), per Creighton J	assault		stayed
R v Richards, 2012 ONSC 3479 (CanLII), per Kelly J	impaired	24 months imprisonment	denied
R v Sasikaran, 2012 ONCJ 794 (CanLII), per Bourque J	impaired	27 months imprisonment	denied
R v Rutherford, 2012 ONSC 2969 (CanLII), per Code J	impaired		denied	appeal from stay
R v McAllister, 2012 ONSC 2857 (CanLII), per Trotter J	impaired	8.5 months	denied	appeal from a stay
R v Carlston, 2012 SKQB 150 (CanLII), per Zarzeczny J	B&E	11 months imprisonment	stayed
R v Lauber, 2012 MBPC 12 (CanLII), per Preston J	impaired	24 months	stayed
R v Joe, 2012 BCPC 84 (CanLII), per Merrick J	arson	24 months imprisonment	stayed
R v Farano, 2012 ONCJ 495 (CanLII), per M Green J	impaired	15 months imprisonment	denied
R v Haglof, 2012 BCSC 449 (CanLII), per Williams J	refusal	19 months imprisonment	denied	overturned from provincial decision
R v Warlow, 2012 ONCJ 28 (CanLII), per Reinhardt J	impaired	15 months imprisonment	stayed
R v Sivanandamoorthy, 2012 ONSC 3629 (CanLII), per Kelly J	impaired	18 months imprisonment	denied
R v Sanderson, 2012 ONCJ 41 (CanLII), per Maund J	impaired	13 months imprisonment	denied
R v Flumerfelt, 2011 BCPC 389 (CanLII), per Merrick J	uttering threats	19 months imprisonment	denied
R v Austin, 2011 BCPC 387 (CanLII), per Merrick J	indecent act and prowling	16 months	stayed
R v Reichwald, 2011 ABPC 391 (CanLII), per Kerby J	aggravated assault	28 months imprisonment	stayed
R v Tran, 2012 ONCA 18 (CanLII), per Simmons JA	19 months imprisonment	drug trafficking	denied
R v McDevitt, 2011 ONCJ 773 (CanLII), per MacLean J	impaired	16.4 months	stayed
R v De La Torre, 2011 ONCJ 775 (CanLII), per Chisvin J	impaired	14 months imprisonment	stayed
R v Thomas, 2011 ONSC 7005 (CanLII), per MacDonnell J	aggravated sexual assault	42 months	stayed
R v Mahmood, 2011 ONCJ 779 (CanLII), per Grossman J	sexual assault	18 months imprisonment	stayed
R v MacIntosh, 2011 NSCA 111 (CanLII), per Beveridge JA aff'd 2013 SCC 23 (CanLII), per McLachlin CJ	sexual interference	14 years	stayed
R v Goreski, 2011 ABPC 361 (CanLII), per Anderson J	impaired driving	15.5 months	stayed
R v Cheung, 2011 ONCJ 585 (CanLII), per M Green J	production	22 months imprisonment	stayed
R v Ouellette, 2011 ONCJ 555 (CanLII), per Schwarzl J	impaired driving	18 months imprisonment	denied
R v Matadin, 2011 ONCJ 512 (CanLII), per Feldman J	impaired	13 months imprisonment	granted
R v Unger, 2011 BCPC 248 (CanLII), per RR Smith J	care and control	24 months imprisonment	granted
R v Amiri, 2011 ABPC 293 (CanLII), per Fraser J	aggravated assault	24.5 months	granted
R v Howser, 2011 ONCJ 534 (CanLII), per M Green J	public disturbance	15.5 months	denied
R v Kaiser, 2011 BCPC 168 (CanLII), per Brecknell J	assault causing bodily harm		granted
R v Routledge, 2010 NSPC 45 (CanLII), per Ross J		10 months	denied
R v Bagga, 2010 ONCJ 97 (CanLII), per M Green J	impaired	16.5 months	stayed
R v HSO, 2010 BCPC 15 (CanLII), per Bennett J	assault	24 months imprisonment	granted
R v Trenaman, 2011 BCPC 62 (CanLII), per O'Bryne J	Impaired/.08	26 months imprisonment
R v Ghislieri, 2010 BCPC 321 (CanLII), per MacKay J	Impaired/.08	25 months imprisonment
R v Cantrill, 2010 BCPC 318 (CanLII), per Daley J	Impaired/.08	32 months imprisonment
R v Moskal, 2010 BCPC 294 (CanLII), per Gulbransen J	Impaired/refusal	32 months imprisonment
R v Archibald, 2010 BCPC 273 (CanLII), per O'Byrne	Impaired/.08	36 months
R v McComber, 2010 BCPC 255 (CanLII), per Brecknell J	Impaired/refusal	20.5 months
R v Baldini, 2010 BCPC 254 (CanLII), per R Smith J	Fraud	17 months	denied
R v Teske, 2010 BCPC 246 (CanLII), per Daley J	Impaired/.08	18 months imprisonment
R v Pederson, 2010 BCPC 224 (CanLII), per O'Byrne	Traffic ticket	17.5 months
R v Bains, 2010 BCCA 178 (CanLII), per D Smith J	Drug conspiracy	45 months	denied
R v Ghavami, 2010 BCCA 126 (CanLII), per Donald and Huddart JJA	Drug conspiracy	45 months	denied
R v Ollenberger, 2010 BCPC 93 (CanLII), per O'Byrne J	Impaired/.08	18 months

2000 to 2009

Case Name	Charge	delay	s.11(b) stay	Comments
R v Oliveira, 2009 CanLII 14794 (ONSC), per Himel J	Impaired/.08	16 months total, 2 months of which attributed to defence	stayed	Successful defence appeal of denied stay.
R v Chen, 2009 ONCJ 417 (CanLII), per Blouin J	Drugs	21 months imprisonment
R v Thomson, 2009 ONCA 771 (CanLII), per curiam	aggravated assault	48.5 months	granted
Do and Ngo, 2009 ONCJ 402 (CanLII), per Armstrong J	drug production		stayed
R v Kvlividze, 2009 ONCJ 280 (CanLII), per Grossman J	impaired	11 months (institution)	denied
R v Godin, 2009 SCC 26 (CanLII), per Cromwell J	Sexual assault	30 months imprisonment
R v Holowaty, 2008 BCPC 364 (CanLII), per Bowry J	Sexual assault	22.5 months
R v Carapiet, 2008 ONCJ 453 (CanLII), per Kehoe J	Impaired/.08	11.5 months
R v Deosaran 2008 OJ No 3850(*no CanLII links)	impaired	12 months
R v Adair, 2008 ONCJ 554 (CanLII), per Campbell J	Impaired/.08	14 months imprisonment
R v Tricker, 2008 ONCJ 510 (CanLII), per Finnestad J	Impaired/.08	17 months imprisonment
R v McCullough, 2008 ONCJ 509 (CanLII), per Finnestad J	Impaired/.08	25 months imprisonment
R v Allain 2008 NBPC 49 (CanLII), per Duffie J	Impaired/.08	12.5 months
R v Guilbride, 2006 BCCA 392 (CanLII), per Finch CJ	Drug conspiracy	62 months	denied
R v Moffatt, 2004 CanLII 1539 (ON SC), per Dunnet J	impaired	13 months imprisonment	stayed	10 to 11 months Crown or institutional delay.
R v SRC Law Corp., 2003 BCSC 64 (CanLII), per Koenigsberg J	speeding ticket	18 months	stayed
R v Newbold, 2002 BCPC 142 (CanLII), per Pothecary J	Impaired/.08	17 months
R v Alliston, 2000 BCPC 60 (CanLII), per Bruce J	Impaired/.08	20 months

1980 to 1999

{{DelayCaseR v Askov,
1990 CanLII 45 (SCC), , [1990] 2 SCR 1199, perCory J | Extortion| 30 months imprisonment | | }}

Case Name	Charge	delay	s.11(b) stay
R v Sarava, 1999 CanLII 5316 (BC SC, per Humpheries J	impaired	20 months imprisonment	denied
R v Fagan [1998] BCJ No. 2886 (BCCA)(*no CanLII links)	Drugs	33 months	denied
R v Loewen, 1997 CanLII 4338 (MB CA), per Helper JA	Money laundering	33 months
R v Pilon, 1996 CanLII 8447 (BCSC), per Parrett J	Aggravated assault	48 months	denied
R v Allan, 1996 CanLII 4011 (ON CA), per Doherty JA	Fraud	46 months	denied
R v Morin [1992] 1 SCR 771, 1992 CanLII 89 (SCC), per Sopinka J	Impaired/.08	14.5 months
R v Conway 1989 CanLII 66 (SCC), [1989] 1 SCR 1659, per Lamer J and L'Heureux‑Dubé J
R v Mills, 1986 CanLII 17 (SCC), [1986] 1 SCR 863, per McIntyre J and La Forest J