Mandatory Minimum Penalties

From Criminal Law Notebook

General Principles

See also: Statutory Maximum Penalties

The Criminal Code give judges a wide range of sentencing options that are to be guided by the sentencing principles rather than constrained by sentencing grids and minimums as occurs in other countries.[1] Judicial discretion is a "central feature of the sentencing process in Canada."[2]

Effect of Minimum on Range of Sentence

It has been agreed upon by several courts that mandatory minimums act as an "inflationary floor" and sets a new minimum punishment for the best offender.[3]

The mininum "introduces a higher starting point" which creates "a narrower range" within which sentencing principles operate. [4]

When Minimums are Applied

It would be wrong to impose the minimum on the least culpable offender in the least serious circumstances and then provide the same sentence upon someone who is more culpable and for a more serious offence where they would have received that sentence under the old regime.[5]

Raised minimums should not create a standard sentence to be "imposed on all but the very worst offender ... in the very worst circumstances".[6]

Minimums cannot be applied retrospectively.[7]

Remand Credit

Section 719(3) permits taking into account remand credit to sentence, and can have the effect of bringing a sentence below the mandatory minimum penalty.[8]

  1. ↑ R v Thurairajah, 2008 ONCA 91 (CanLII), per Doherty JA, at para 26
  2. ↑ Thurairajah, ibid.
  3. ↑ R v Morrisey, 2000 SCC 39 (CanLII), per Gonthier J, at para 75 - discussed in minority decision
    R v Colville, 2005 ABCA 319 (CanLII), per curiam, at paras 21 to 26
    R v Ferguson, 2006 ABCA 261 (CanLII), per Fruman JA, at paras 71 to 72, 85
    R v BCM, 2008 BCCA 365 (CanLII), per Neilson JA
    R v Newman, 2009 NLCA 32 (CanLII), per Welsh JA
    R v Hammond, 2009 ABCA 415 (CanLII), per Watson JA, at para 8
  4. ↑ BCM, supra, at para 31
  5. ↑ BCM, supra, at para 56
  6. ↑ Morrisey, supra, at para 75
  7. ↑ R v Serdyuk, 2012 ABCA 205 (CanLII), per Martin JA (2:1)
  8. ↑ R v Wust, 2000 SCC 18 (CanLII), per Arbour J
    R v Arrance, 2000 SCC 20 (CanLII), per Arbour J
    R v Arthurs, 2000 SCC 19 (CanLII), per Arbour J

Notice for Minimum Sentences under the CDSA

Notice

8 The court is not required to impose a minimum punishment unless it is satisfied that the offender, before entering a plea, was notified of the possible imposition of a minimum punishment for the offence in question and of the Attorney General’s intention to prove any factors in relation to the offence that would lead to the imposition of a minimum punishment.
2012, c. 1, s. 42.

– CDSA

Note up: 8

Constitutionality of Minimums

See also: Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Certain mandatory minimums have been assessed on the basis of cruel and unusual punishments:

Offence Section Min Penalty Finding Cases
Using firearm while committing an offence 85(3)(a) 1 year Constitutional R v Stephenson, 2019 ABCA 453 (CanLII), 382 CCC (3d) 285, per curiam

R v Superales, 2019 ONCA 792 (CanLII), [2019] OJ No 5008, per curiam
R v Al-Isawi, 2017 BCCA 163 (CanLII), 348 CCC (3d) 524, per Stromberg-Stein JA

Possession of a restricted or prohibited firearm 95(2)(a)(ii) 5 years Unconstitutional R v Nur, 2015 SCC 15 (CanLII), per McLachlin CJ

R v Charles, 2013 ONCA 681 (CanLII), per Cronk JA

Possession of weapon obtained by crime 96(2) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Bressette, 2010 ONSC 3831
Possession of weapon obtained by crime 96(2) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Robertson, 2020 BCCA 65 (CanLII), per Frankel JA
99(2) 3 years Unconstitutional R v Trepanier, 2016 NBPC 2 (CanLII), per Jackson J
Sexual Interference (until 2015) 151(a) 45 days Constitutional R v Lonegren, 2010 BCSC 960 (CanLII), 260 CCC (3d) 367, per Barrow J

R v Craig, 2013 BCSC 2098 (CanLII), [2013] BCJ No 2518, per Bracken J

Sexual Interference (prior to 2015) 151(a) 45 days Unconstitutional R v BJT, 2019 ONCA 694 (CanLII), per Feldman JA
Invitation to sexual touching (I) 152(a) 1 year Constitutional

R v EMQ, 2015 BCSC 201 (CanLII)

Invitation to sexual touching (I) 152(a) 1 year Unconstitutional

R v Scofield, 2019 BCCA 3 (CanLII) R v Ford, 2019 ABCA 87 (CanLII) R v Hood, 2018 NSCA 18 (CanLII) R v JED, 2018 MBCA 123 (CanLII) Caron Barrette c R, 2018 QCCA 516 (CanLII) R v WG, 2019 ONSC 1146 (CanLII) R v HL, 2018 ONSC 1026 (CanLII) R v AW, 2018 CanLII 94529 (NLPC)

Invitation to sexual touching (S) 152(b) 90 days Constitutional

R v CBA, 2020 BCPC 111 (CanLII) R v D (E), 2020 CanLII 42688 (NLPC) R c Bisson, 2019 ONCJ 576 (CanLII)

Invitation to sexual touching (S) 152(b) 90 days Unconstitutional

R v CGJ, 2020 BCPC 26 (CanLII) R v Pye, 2019 YKTC 21 (CanLII) R v Drumonde, 2019 ONSC 1005 (CanLII)

Distribution of child pornography (S) 163.1(3) 1 year Constitutional R v Schultz, 2008 ABQB 679 (CanLII), per Topolniski J
Possession of child pornography (S) 163.1(4)(b) 6 months Constitutional R v Leroux, 2021 QCCQ 202 (CanLII), per Cote J

R v Redekopp, 2020 BCPC 29 (CanLII), per Morgan J

Possession of child pornography (S) 163.1(4)(b) 6 months Unconstitutional R v Cole, 2021 BCSC 293 (CanLII)

R v Nepon, 2020 MBPC 48 (CanLII)
R v Cantin-Fardet, 2021 QCCQ 1056 (CanLII)
R v Zhang, 2018 ONCJ 646 (CanLII)

Possession of child pornography (I) 163.1(4) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Walker, 20201 ONSC 837 (CanLII)

R v Hamlin, 2019 BCSC 2266 (CanLII)

Accessing child pornography (S) Constitutional R v Cvitko, 2021 ABPC 52 (CanLII)
Accessing child pornography (S) Unconstitutional R v Doucette, 2201 ONSC 371

R v Quested, 2019 BCPC 95 (CanLII)

[[Child Pornography (Offence)|Accessing child pornography (I) Constitutional R v Walker, 2021 ONSC 837 (CanLII), per Bryne J

R v Hamlin, 2091 BCSC 2266 (CanLII)
R v Hunt, 20291 CanLII 42426 (NL PC)

Accessing child pornography (I) Unconstitutional
Householder permitting sexual activity under 18 171 Unconstitutional R v Johnson, 2019 ONCJ 224 (CanLII), per Konyer J
Making sexually explicit materials available 171.1(2)(a) Constitutional R v Allen, 2018 ONSC 252 (CanLII)
Making sexually explicit materials available 171.1(2)(a) Unconstitutional R v Koenig, 2019 BCPC 83 (CanLII)
171.1(2)(b) Constitutional R v Clarke, 2018 CanLII 116038 (NL PC), per Gorman J
171.1(2)(b) Unconstitutional R v Demers, 2020 QCQ 2656
172.1(2)(a) 1 year Unconstitutional R v CDR, 2020 ONSC 645 (CanLII), per De Sa J
Agreeing to or arranging sexual offence against child 172.2(2)(a) 1 year Unconstitutional R v CDR, 2020 ONSC 645 (CanLII), per De Sa J
Possession for the purpose of trafficking 100(3) 1 year Unconstitutional R v McInnis, 2017 NSCA 79 (CanLII)
Criminal negligence causing death (firearm) 220(a) 4 years Constitutional R v Morrisey, 2000 SCC 39 (CanLII), [2000] 2 SCR 90

R v Dockrill, 2016 NSSC 56 (CanLII)

Manslaughter (with firearm) 236(a) 4 years Constitutional R v Penner, 20217 BCSC 1688 (CanLII)

R v Lacroix, 2016 QCCQ 402 (CanLII)

Attempted murder 239(1)(a)(i) 4 years Constitutional R v Forcillo, 2018 ONCA 402 (CanLII)
Attempted murder 239(1)(a.1) 4 years Constitutional R v Ziegler, 20217 ABQB 411 (CanLII)
244.2(1)(b) R v Nungusuituq, 2019 NUCJ 6 (CanLII) per Charlesworth J
recklessly discharging a firearm 244.2(3)(a)(i) 5 years Constitutional R v Abdullahi, 2014 ONSC 272 (CanLII), per McWatt J
244.2(3)(a)(ii) 7 years Constitutional R v Mohamed, 2016 ONCJ 492 (CanLII), per Wadden J
244.2(3)(b) 4 years Constitutional R v Itturiligaq, 2020 NUCA 6 (CanLII)
R v Ookowt, 2020 NUCA 5 (CanLII), per Schutz JA
Sexual Assault CBH / Weapon (Under 16) 272(2)(a.2) 5 years Unconstitutional R v Trottier, 2020 QCCA 703 (CanLII), per curiam
trafficking in persons – no aggravated factors 279.01(1)(b) 4 years Unconstitutional R v Antoine, 2020 ONSC 181 (CanLII)

R v Jean, 2020 OSNC 624 (CanLII)

279.02(2) 2 years Unconstitutional R v Webber, 2019 NSSC 147 (CanLII)
286.1(2)(a) 6 months Unconstitutional R v CDR, 2020 ONSC 645 (CanLII), per De Sa J
286.2(2) 2 years Unconstitutional R v Joseph, 2020 ONCA 733 (CanLII), per curiam
286.3(2) 5 years Unconstitutional R v JG, 2021 ONSC 1095 (CanLII)

R v Safieh, 2018 ONSC 4468 (CanLII), 142 OR (3d) 592, per McKelvey J

344(1)(a)(i) 5 years Constitutional R v McIntyre, 2019 ONCA 161 (CanLII)

R v McIvor, 2018 MBCA 29 (CanLII)
R v Stocker, 2017 BCSC 542 (CanLII)

344(1)(a)(i) 5 years Unconstitutional R v Hilbach, 2020 ABCA 332 (CanLII)
334(1)(a.1) 4 years Constitutional
334(1)(a.1) 4 years Unconstitutional R v Hilbach, 2020 ABCA 332 (CanLII)
Robbery with Firearm 344(1)(a.1) 4 years Unconstitutional R v Hilbach, 2020 ABCA 332 (CanLII) (2:1)
346(1.1)(a.1) 4 years Constitutional R v Villeneuve, 2007 QCCQ 3748 (CanLII), per Lortie J
Drug Trafficking 5(3)(a)(i)(D) CDSA Unconstitutional R v Lloyd, 2014 BCCA 224 (CanLII), per Groberman JA upheld 2016 SCC 13 (CanLII), per McLachlin CJ
importation of controlled substances (Sch I) 5(1) NCA 7 years Unconstitutional R v Smith (Edward Dewey), 1987 CanLII 64 (SCC), [1987] 1 SCR 1045, per Lamer J

The mandatory minimum of 90 days (summary) and 12 months (indictment) for child luring was upheld as not cruel and unusual.[1]

  1. ↑ R v Stapley, 2014 ONCJ 184 (CanLII), per Griffin J

Consequence of Unconstitutional Minimums

Where a mandatory minimum was found unconstitutional, the removal of a minimum "does not operate to diminish the whole previously established sentencing pattern" proportionate to the previous minimum.[1] The removal of the floor will have some "ameliorating effect" on sentencing but not a "wholesale" reduction, which would otherwise defeat the parliamentary intent to characterize the offence as serious.[2]

However, elimination of minimums "permits the court to treat the less serious cases less seriously".[3]

  1. ↑ R v Mediratta (1988), 29 OAC 333(*no CanLII links) , per Zuber JA, at p. 334
  2. ↑ Mediratta, ibid., at p. 334
  3. ↑ R v Saulnier, 1987 CanLII 2414 (BCCA), 21 BCLR (2d) 232, per Seaton JA, at para 6
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