List of Mandatory Minimum Challenges

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This page was last substantively updated or reviewed July 2021. (Rev. # 95297)

Sections

See also: Mandatory Minimum Penalties and Statutory Maximum Penalties

Certain mandatory minimums have been assessed on the basis of cruel and unusual punishments:

Offence Section Min Penalty Finding Cases
Using firearm while committing an offence 85(3)(a) 1 year Constitutional R v Stephenson, 2019 ABCA 453 (CanLII), 382 CCC (3d) 285, per curiam

R v Superales, 2019 ONCA 792 (CanLII), [2019] OJ No 5008, per curiam
R v Al-Isawi, 2017 BCCA 163 (CanLII), 348 CCC (3d) 524, per Stromberg-Stein JA

Possession of a restricted or prohibited firearm 95(2)(a)(ii) 5 years Unconstitutional R v Nur, 2015 SCC 15 (CanLII), [2015] 1 SCR 773, per McLachlin CJ (on hypothetical)

R v Charles, 2013 ONCA 681 (CanLII), 303 CCC (3d) 352, per Cronk JA (on hypothetical)

Possession of weapon obtained by crime 96(2) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Robertson, 2020 BCCA 65 (CanLII), per Frankel JA (on hypothetical)
firearms trafficking 99(2) 3 years Unconstitutional R v Trepanier, 2016 NBPC 2 (CanLII), per Jackson J (on facts and hypothetical)
Possession for the purpose of trafficking 100(3) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Ayotte c R, 2019 QCCA 1241 (CanLII), per Gagnon JA
making automatic firearm 102(2)(a) 1 year Constitutional R v Montague, 2010 ONCA 141 (CanLII), 73 CR (6th) 359
importation of weapons 103(2)(a) 3 years Unconstitutional R v Lefrancois, 2018 QCCA 1793 (CanLII), EXP 2905
Sexual Interference (prior to 2015) 151(a) 45 days Constitutional R v Lonegren, 2010 BCSC 960 (CanLII), 260 CCC (3d) 367, per Barrow J

R v Craig, 2013 BCSC 2098 (CanLII), [2013] BCJ No 2518, per Bracken J

Sexual Interference (prior to 2015) 151(a) 45 days Unconstitutional R v BJT, 2019 ONCA 694 (CanLII), per Feldman JA (on hypothetical)
Sexual Interference 151(a) 1 year Unconstitutional R v CBA, 2021 BCSC 2107 (CanLII) (working hyperlinks pending)
Sexual Interference (after 2015)
Invitation to sexual touching (I) 152(a) 1 year Constitutional R v EMQ, 2015 BCSC 201 (CanLII), 329 CRR (2d) 29, per Pearlman J
Invitation to sexual touching (I) 152(a) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Scofield, 2019 BCCA 3 (CanLII), 52 CR (7th) 379, per Harris J (on hypothetical)

R v Ford, 2019 ABCA 87 (CanLII), 371 CCC (3d) 250, per Martin JA (on hypothetical)
R v Hood, 2018 NSCA 18 (CanLII), 45 CR (7th) 269, per Beveridge JA and MacDonald CJ (on hypothetical)
R v JED, 2018 MBCA 123 (CanLII), 368 CCC (3d) 212, per Steel JA (on hypothetical)
Caron-Barrette c R, 2018 QCCA 516 (CanLII), 46 CR (7th) 400, per curiam (on facts and hypothetical)
R v ML, 2016 ONSC 7082 (CanLII), 367 CRR (2d) 268, per De Sousa J (on hypothetical)
R v AW, 2018 CanLII 94529 (NLPC), per Linehan J (on facts)

Invitation to sexual touching (S) 152(b) 90 days Constitutional

R v CBA, 2020 BCPC 111 (CanLII), per Frame J
R v D(E), 2020 CanLII 42688 (NLPC), per Linehan J
R v Bisson, 2019 ONCJ 576 (CanLII), per Loignon J

Invitation to sexual touching (S) 152(b) 90 days Unconstitutional

R v CGJ, 2020 BCPC 26 (CanLII), per McCarthy J (on facts and hypothetical)
R v Pye, 2019 YKTC 21 (CanLII) per Ruddy J (on hypothetical)
R v Drumonde, 2019 ONSC 1005 (CanLII), per Schreck J

Making of child pornography 163.1(2) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Esposito, 2020 ABQB 165 (CanLII), per Gates J, at para 170 (on facts and hypothetical)

R v Joseph, 2020 ONCA 733 (CanLII), 153 OR (3d) 145, per curiam (on hypothetical)
R v KM, 2022 BCSC 360 (CanLII), per Donegan J (on hypothetical)

Distribution of child pornography 163.1(3) 1 year Constitutional R v Schultz, 2008 ABQB 679 (CanLII), 239 CCC (3d) 535, per Topolniski J

R v Watts, 2016 ABPC 57 (CanLII), per FK Macdonald J

Distribution of child pornography 163.1(3) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Mollon, 2019 BCSC 423 (CanLII), per Crossin J (on hypothetical)
Possession of child pornography (S) (prior to 2015) 163.1(4)(b) 45 days Constitutional R v Walker, 2017 BCSC 1301 (CanLII), 386 CRR (2d) 222, per Brown J
Possession of child pornography (I) (prior to 2015) 163.1(4)(b) 6 months Unconstitutional R v Alexander, 2019 BCCA 100 (CanLII), per MacKenzie JA (on hypothetical)
Possession of child pornography (S) 163.1(4)(b) 6 months Constitutional R v Leroux, 2021 QCCQ 202 (CanLII), per Cote J

R v Redekopp, 2020 BCPC 29 (CanLII), per Morgan J

Possession of child pornography (S) 163.1(4)(b) 6 months Unconstitutional

R v Nepon, 2020 MBPC 48 (CanLII), per Devine J (on facts)
R v Booth, 2019 BCPC 160 (CanLII), per J (on hypothetical)
R v Zhang, 2018 ONCJ 646 (CanLII), per Bentley J (on hypothetical)
R v Swaby, 2018 BCCA 416 (CanLII), 367 CCC (3d) 439, per Bennett JA (on hypothetical)
R v Cole, 2021 BCSC 293 (CanLII), per Williams J
R v John, 2018 ONCA 702 (CanLII), 366 CCC (3d) 136, per Pardu JA

Possession of child pornography (I) 163.1(4) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Walker, 2021 ONSC 837 (CanLII), per Bryne J

R v Hamlin, 2019 BCSC 2266 (CanLII), per Winteringham J
R v Jenkins, 2021 PESC 6 (CanLII), per Cann J

Accessing child pornography (S) 163.1(4.1) 6 months Constitutional R v Cvitko, 2021 ABPC 52 (CanLII), per Saccomani J
Accessing child pornography (S) 163.1(4.1) 6 months Unconstitutional R v Doucette, 2021 ONSC 371 (CanLII), per Schreck J (on hypothetical)

R v Quested, 2019 BCPC 95 (CanLII), per Higinbotham J (on facts)

Accessing child pornography (I) 163.1(4.1) 1 year Unconstitutional R v Walker, 2021 ONSC 837 (CanLII), per Bryne J

R v Hamlin, 2019 BCSC 2266 (CanLII), per Winteringham J
R v Hunt, 2019 CanLII 42426 (NL PC), per Gorman J

Householder permitting sexual activity under 18 171 Unconstitutional R v Johnson, 2019 ONCJ 224 (CanLII), per Konyer J
Making sexually explicit materials available 171.1(2)(a) Constitutional R v Allen, 2018 ONSC 252 (CanLII), per DiTomaso J
Making sexually explicit materials available 171.1(2)(a) Unconstitutional R v Koenig, 2019 BCPC 83 (CanLII), per Skilnik J
Making Sexually Explicit Materials Available to Child 171.1(2)(b) Constitutional R v Clarke, 2018 CanLII 116038 (NL PC), per Gorman J
Making Sexually Explicit Materials Available to Child 171.1(2)(b) Unconstitutional R v Demers, 2020 QCCQ 2656 (CanLII), per Magnan J
Luring a child 172.1(2)(a) 1 year Unconstitutional R v CDR, 2020 ONSC 645 (CanLII), per De Sa J (on facts)

R v Melrose, 2021 ABQB 73 (CanLII), per Renke J
R v Ward, 2019 NSPC 72 (CanLII) (On both)
R v Hood, 2018 NSCA 18 (CanLII)
R v Bertrand Marchand, 2023 SCC 26 (CanLII), per Martin J

Agreeing to or arranging sexual offence against child 172.2(2)(a) 1 year Unconstitutional R v CDR, 2020 ONSC 645 (CanLII), per De Sa J (on facts)
Criminal negligence causing death (firearm) 220(a) 4 years Constitutional R v Morrisey, 2000 SCC 39 (CanLII), [2000] 2 SCR 90

R v Dockrill, 2016 NSSC 56 (CanLII), per Arnold J

First degree murder 235 R v Elton, 2014 BCSC 693 (CanLII), 11 CR (7th) 382, per Truscott J
Second degree murder 235 R v Newborn, 2020 ABCA 120 (CanLII), 390 CCC (3d) 86, per curiam
Second degree murder, with prior murder conviction 237 Life with 25 year parole ineligibility Constitutional R v Falkner, 2004 BCSC 986 (CanLII), 188 CCC (3d) 406
Manslaughter (with firearm) 236(a) 4 years Constitutional R v Penner, 2017 BCSC 1688 (CanLII), per Pearlman J

R v Lacroix, 2016 QCCQ 402 (CanLII), per Palletier J

Manslaughter (with firearm) 236(a) 4 years Unconstitutional R v Penner, 2022 BCSC 175(complete citation pending)
Attempted murder 239(1)(a)(i) 4 years Constitutional R v Forcillo, 2018 ONCA 402 (CanLII), 361 CCC (3d) 161, per curiam
Attempted murder 239(1)(a.1) 4 years Constitutional R v Ziegler, 2017 ABQB 411 (CanLII), per Renke J
recklessly discharging a firearm (with a prohibited firearm or for a crim org) (without priors) 244.2(3)(a)(i) 5 years Constitutional R v Abdullahi, 2014 ONSC 272 (CanLII), OJ No 701, per McWatt J
(with a prohibited firearm or for a crim org) (with priors) 244.2(3)(a)(ii) 7 years Constitutional R v Mohamed, 2016 ONCJ 492 (CanLII), per Wadden J
recklessly discharging a firearm (other than prohibited firearm or crim org) 244.2(3)(b) 4 years Constitutional R v Itturiligaq, 2020 NUCA 6 (CanLII)
R v Ookowt, 2020 NUCA 5 (CanLII), 392 CCC (3d) 200, per Schutz JA

R v Nungusuituq, 2019 NUCJ 6 (CanLII) per Charlesworth J

impaired driving 255(1) fine Constitutional R v Luke, 2021 ONSC 3550 (CanLII), per Woodley J

R v Sabattis, 2020 ONCJ 242 (CanLII), per Henschel J
R v Ankur, 2023 NSCA 55 (CanLII), per Bryson JA

Sexual Assault CBH / Weapon (Under 16) 272(2)(a.2) 5 years Unconstitutional R v Trottier, 2020 QCCA 703 (CanLII), per curiam
trafficking in persons – no aggravated factors 279.01(1)(b) 4 years Unconstitutional R v Antoine, 2020 ONSC 181 (CanLII), per Lemay J

R v Jean, 2020 ONSC 624 (CanLII), per R Smith J

Trafficking in Persons (Offence) ) [material benefit from trafficking, under 18] 279.02(2) 2 years Unconstitutional R v Webber, 2019 NSSC 147 (CanLII), per Brothers J
Commodification of Sexual Services (Offence) [comm. to obtaining sexual services, under 18] 286.1(2)(a) 6 months Unconstitutional R v CDR, 2020 ONSC 645 (CanLII), per De Sa J
Commodification of Sexual Services (Offence) [material benefit from sexual services, under 18] 286.2(2) 2 years Unconstitutional R v Joseph, 2020 ONCA 733 (CanLII), 153 OR (3d) 145, per curiam
Commodification of Sexual Services (Offence) [procuring into sex serv., under 18] 286.3(2) 5 years Unconstitutional R v JG, 2021 ONSC 1095 (CanLII), per Barnes J

R v Safieh, 2018 ONSC 4468 (CanLII), 142 OR (3d) 592, per McKelvey J

impaired driving 320.14(1) and 320.19(1) fine Constitutional R v Tebay, 2020 NSPC 43 (CanLII), per Sherar J
320.19(1) 30 days Constitutional R v Jimmy, 2010 BCPC 257 (CanLII)
Robbery (Offence) [robbery with non restricted firearm] 344(1)(a)(i) 5 years Constitutional R v McIntyre, 2019 ONCA 161 (CanLII)

R v McIvor, 2018 MBCA 29 (CanLII), 407 CRR (2d) 255, per LeMaister J
R v Stocker, 2017 BCSC 542 (CanLII), 376 CRR (2d) 361, per Rogers J

Robbery (Offence) [robbery with non restricted firearm] 344(1)(a)(i) 5 years Unconstitutional R v Hilbach, 2020 ABCA 332 (CanLII), per curiam (2:1) (on facts and hypothetical)
Robbery (Offence) [robbery with restricted firearm or for benefit of criminal organization] 344(1)(a.1) 4 years Constitutional R v Hailemolokot, 2013 MBQB 285 (CanLII), per Simonsen J
Robbery (Offence) [robbery with restricted firearm or for benefit of criminal organization] 344(1)(a.1) 4 years Unconstitutional R v Hilbach, 2020 ABCA 332 (CanLII), per curiam (2:1) (on facts and hypothetical)
Robbery (Offence) [robbery with restricted firearm or for benefit of criminal organization] 344(1)(a.1) 4 years Unconstitutional R v Hilbach, 2020 ABCA 332 (CanLII), per curiam (2:1) (on facts and hypothetical)
Extortion (Offence) 346(1.1)(a.1) 4 years Constitutional R v Villeneuve, 2007 QCCQ 3748 (CanLII), per Lortie J
Drug Trafficking 5(3)(a)(i)(D) CDSA Unconstitutional R v Lloyd, 2014 BCCA 224 (CanLII), 12 CR (7th) 190, per Groberman JA upheld 2016 SCC 13 (CanLII), per McLachlin CJ
importation of controlled substances (Sch I) 5(1) NCA 7 years Unconstitutional R v Smith (Edward Dewey), 1987 CanLII 64 (SCC), [1987] 1 SCR 1045, per Lamer J

The mandatory minimum of 90 days (summary) and 12 months (indictment) for child luring was upheld as not cruel and unusual.[1]

  1. ↑ R v Stapley, 2014 ONCJ 184 (CanLII), 307 CRR (2d) 147, per Griffin J
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