View source for Operation, Care or Control of a Vehicle (Until December 13, 2018)

{{Currency2|January|2019}}
{{LevelOne}}
{{HeaderOffencesMV}}
==General Principles==

The offence of having care or control of a vehicle under s. 253(1) is considered a separate offence from the offence of driving while impaired under the same section.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Toews|1ftzx|1985 CanLII 46 (SCC)|[1985] 2 SCR 119}}{{perSCC-H|McIntyre J}}{{atL|1ftzx|9}} ("As I have noted earlier, the offence of having care or control of a motor vehicle while the ability to drive is impaired by alcohol or a drug is a separate offence from driving while the ability is impaired.")<br>
</ref> 

{{reflist|2}}
==Operation==

Section 214 definition of "operate" was repealed by {{LegHistory10s|2018, c. 21}}, s. 13. It previously read:
{{quotation2|
; Definitions
214 In this Part,<br>
{{ellipsis}}
'''"operate"'''<br>
:(a) means, in respect of a motor vehicle, to drive the vehicle,
:(b) means, in respect of railway equipment, to participate in the direct control of its motion, whether
::(i) as a member of the crew of the equipment,
::(ii) as a person who, by remote control, acts in lieu of such crew, or
::(iii) as other than a member or person described in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), and
:(c) includes, in respect of a vessel or an aircraft, to navigate the vessel or aircraft;
{{ellipsis}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 214; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 33, c. 32 (4th Supp.), s. 56; 
{{LegHistory00s|2002, c. 13}}, s. 9.
|{{CCCSec2|214}}
|{{NoteUp|214}}
}}

The definition only applies to Part VIII of the Code, which includes offences that relate to motor vehicles.

A vehicle which is completely unable to be moved in any direction cannot be operated within the meaning of s. 214.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Danji|1jx2p|2005 ONCJ 70 (CanLII)|[2005] OJ No 917 (ONCJ)}}{{perONCJ|Feldman J}}</ref> 
However, a vehicle that is stuck and can only move a matter of 1 or 2 feet is still in operation.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Bui|1nxwj|2006 ONCJ 265 (CanLII)|[2006] OJ No 2869 (ONCJ)}}{{perONCJ|Kenkel J}} car in snowbank can only move 1-2 feet</ref> 

A passenger who grabs the steering wheel and controls the direction of the vehicle operates it.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Belanger|g09b8|1970 CanLII 222 (SCC)|[1970] SCR 567}}{{perSCC|Ritchie J}} </ref>

The use of the steering wheel of a vehicle that is being towed constitutes operation.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Morton|, [1970] BCJ No 532 (BCPC)}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Care and Control==
An essential element to proving an offence under s. 253 or 254, the Crown must prove that the accused was in "care and control" of the motor vehicle at the relevant time.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Penno|1fssx|1990 CanLII 88 (SCC)|[1990] 2 SCR 865}}{{Plurality}}, page 124</ref>

Care and control of a vehicle is criminalized on the basis that an impaired person has a recognized diminished capacity to make safe decisions and may attempt to drive, putting others at risk.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Coleman|frx4c|2012 SKCA 65 (CanLII)|288 CCC (3d) 429}}{{perSKCA|Richards JA}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Pelletier|1fb2c|2000 CanLII 4181 (ON CA)|6 MVR (4th) 152; [2000] OJ 848 (CA)}}{{TheCourtONCA}}<br>
</ref>

Care and control can be proven by showing actual use of the vehicle or actions which present a risk of putting the car in motion.<ref>
{{CanLIIRPC|The Queen v Toews|1ftzx|1985 CanLII 46 (SCC)|[1985] 2 SCR 119}}{{perSCC-H|McIntyre J}}{{atL|1ftzx|10}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Vansickle|, [1988] OJ No 2935 }}<br>
</ref>

"Care or control" under s. 253(1) generally requires:<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Boudreault|ftf2v|2012 SCC 56 (CanLII)|[2012] 3 SCR 157}}{{perSCC-H|Fish J}}
</ref>
# an intentional course of conduct associated with a motor vehicle;
# by a person whose ability to drive is impaired, or whose blood alcohol level exceeds the legal limit; and,
# in circumstances that create a realistic risk of danger to persons or property.

Section 258(1)(a) creates a presumption of care and control where the accused is found in the driver's seat.<ref>
see below for details<br>
</ref>

Proof of care and control absent the presumption under s. 258(1)(a) requires:<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Smith|1ljd4|2005 NSSC 191 (CanLII)|[2005] NSJ No 307 (N.S.S.C.)}}{{perNSSC|Warner J}}</ref>
# an act involving the use of the motor vehicle, its fittings or equipment, or a course of conduct associated with the vehicle
# an element of risk of setting the vehicle in motion, either intentionally or unintentionally; and,
# element of dangerousness arising from the risk of setting the vehicle in motion

Dangers include the risk of the vehicle being set in motion unintentionally, negligently, or intentionally where the driver changes his or her mind not to drive.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ferguson|1jm4m|2005 CanLII 1060 (ONSC)|[2005] OJ No 182 (SCJ)}}{{perONSC|Thomas J}} <br>
{{CanLIIRP|McLachlan|22zrv|2009 BCSC 431 (CanLII)|242 CCC (3d) 362}}{{perBCSC|Ker J}}</ref>Where an accused was found in a stationary vehicle, it is not necessary for the Crown to prove that the accused intended to set the vehicle in motion.<ref>
{{supra1|Ford}}, p 399<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Buckingham|1r2qf|2007 SKCA 32 (CanLII)|218 CCC (3d) 203}}{{AtL|1r2qf|11}} (“An intention to drive is not an essential element of the offence.”)<br>
</ref>

The Crown, however, must establish that the accused performed "some act or series of acts involving the use of the car, its fittings or equipment...whereby the vehicle may unintentionally be set in motion creating the danger the section is designed to prevent.”<ref>
{{supra1|Ford}}, p 399</ref>
The key to the determination is the risk of setting the vehicle in motion and become dangerous.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Barlow|1nq4c|2006 SKQB 220 (CanLII)|281 Sask R 15}}{{perSKQB| Allbright J}}{{AtsL|1nq4c|32|, 33}}</ref>

Where it is less than actual driving, to establish "care and control" it must be determined whether, as part of the actus reus, the accused's use of a motor vehicle or its "fittings and equipment" or the accused's conduct would involve the risk of putting the vehicle into motion and become dangerous.<ref> 
See {{supra1|Ford}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Toews|1ftzx|1985 CanLII 46 (SCC)|[1985] 2 SCR 119}}{{perSCC-H|McIntyre J}}<br>
{{supra1|Buckingham}}<br>
see also: {{CanLIIRP|Wren|1fb33|2000 CanLII 5674 (ON CA)|144 CCC (3d) 374}}{{perONCA|Feldman JA}}
{{CanLIIRP|Anderson|fqs4q|2012 SKCA 37 (CanLII)|[2012] S.J. No 184}}{{perSKCA|Caldwell JA}}{{atL|fqs4q|5}}<br> 
</ref>

The determination is highly contextual and so the "[c]ircumstances in which acts of care and control may be found will vary widely."<ref>
{{supra1|Toews}}{{atp|220}}</ref>

; Risk of Danger
Danger is an essential part of care and control. Even where the accused did not specifically intend to put the vehicle in motion, where some operation of the vehicle creates the risk that the vehicle will be set in motion, even if by accident, will satisfy the requirements of care and control.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Burbella|5jg7|2002 MBCA 106 (CanLII)|167 CCC (3d) 495}}{{perMBCA|Scott CJ}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Decker|4vdg|2002 NFCA 9 (CanLII)|162 CCC (3d) 503}}{{perNLCA|Cameron JA}}<br>
</ref>

"Risk of danger" requires proof that the risk is "realistic" and "not just theoretically possible."<ref>
{{supra1|Boudreault}}{{atsL|ftf2v|34|, 35}}</ref>

; Operations of Fittings and Equipment
Many acts that are less than driving can constitute care and control.<ref>
{{supra1|Ford}}<br>
{{supra1|Buckingham}}{{AtL|1r2qf|11}}<br>
</ref>

Not all operation of the "fittings and equipment" will result in care and control.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Hannemann|1wd14|2001 CanLII 28423 (ON SC)|43 CR (5th) 168 }}{{perONSC|Hill J}}</ref> 
However, certain acts such as turning on the ignition will "almost always" be characterized as an act of care and control.<ref>
{{ibid1|Hannemann}}{{atL|1wd14|51}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Presumption in Driver's Seat==
Care and control can be proven through the presumption created by establishing that a person was in the driver's seat under s. 258(1)(a).<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Toews|1ftzx|1985 CanLII 46|[1985] 2 SCR 119}}{{perSCC-H|McIntyre J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ford|1lpbs|1982 CanLII 16 (SCC)|[1982] 1 SCR 231}}{{perSCC|Ritchie J}}<br> 
{{CanLIIRP|Penno|1fssx|1990 CanLII 88|[1990] 2 SCR 865}}{{plurality}}<br>
</ref>

{{quotation2|
; Proceedings under section 255
258 (1) In any proceedings under subsection 255(1) in respect of an offence committed under section 253 or subsection 254(5) or in any proceedings under any of subsections 255(2) to (3.2),
:(a) where it is proved that the accused occupied the seat or position ordinarily occupied by a person who operates a motor vehicle, vessel or aircraft or any railway equipment or who assists in the operation of an aircraft or of railway equipment, the accused shall be deemed to have had the care or control of the vehicle, vessel, aircraft or railway equipment, as the case may be, unless the accused establishes that the accused did not occupy that seat or position for the purpose of setting the vehicle, vessel, aircraft or railway equipment in motion or assisting in the operation of the aircraft or railway equipment, as the case may be;<br>
{{removed|(2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 258; 
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.)}}, s. 36, c. 32 (4th Supp.), s. 61; 
{{LegHistory90s|1992, c. 1}}, s. 60(F); 
{{LegHistory90s|1994, c. 44}}, s. 14(E); 
{{LegHistory90s|1997, c. 18}}, s. 10; 
{{LegHistory00s|2008, c. 6}}, s. 24.
|{{CCCSec2|258}}
|{{NoteUp|258|1}}
}}

The presumption is engaged at the time the driver's seat was first occupied, not simply when the accused was observed by police.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hatfield|6h40|1997 CanLII 2938 (ON CA)|115 CCC (3d) 47}}{{perONCA-H|Goudge JA}}</ref>
This presumption can be rebutted by calling evidence that the driver's seat was not occupied for the purpose of operating the vehicle on the balance of probabilities.<ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Whyte|1ftd1|1988 CanLII 47|[1988] 2 SCR 3}}{{perSCC|Dickson CJ}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Miller|1gw37|2004 CanLII 24819 (ON CA)|[2004] O.J. No.1464 (CA)}}{{TheCourt}} aff’g [2002] OJ No 4896 (SCJ)<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Saulteaux|1l9sr|2000 SKQB 470 (CanLII)|[2000] S.J. No 633 (Q.B.)}}{{perSKQB|MacLeod J}}</ref>

The purpose of the presumption is to "discourage intoxicated people from even placing themselves in a position where they could set a vehicle in motion" while still excluding those who enter a car for reasons other than to set the car in motion.<ref>
{{ibid1|Whyte}}{{atL|1ftd1|47}}
</ref>

The presumption will be in effect even where the driver's seat has been fully reclined.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hatfield|6h40|1997 CanLII 2938 (ON CA)|[1997] OJ No 1327}}{{perONCA|Goudge JA}}</ref>

The presumption will not be available where the accused is sleeping across the front seats.<ref>
{{supra1|Toews}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Volk|g8bw1|1985 CanLII 2713 (SKQB)|[1985] SJ No 842}}{{perSKQB|McIntyre J}}</ref>

Where the presumption is engaged, it is not necessary to establish a risk was set out in Wren.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hayes|1wgtp|2008 NSCA 23 (CanLII)|843 APR 314}}{{perNSCA|Hamilton JA}}{{atL|1wgtp|29}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Mallery|1vvd3|2008 NBCA 18 (CanLII)|231 CCC (3d) 203}}{{perNBCA|Robertson JA}}{{atL|1vvd3|46}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ferguson|1jm4m|2005 CanLII 1060 (ONSC)|[2005] 15 MVR (5th) 74 (ONSC)}}{{perONSC|Thomas J}}{{atL|1jm4m|13}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Smith|1g5rb|2004 CanLII 34316 (ONSC)| (2004) 3 MVR (5th) 101 (ONSC)}}{{perONSC|Thomas J}}{{atsL|1g5rb|20|}}, {{atsL-np|1g5rb|25|}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Mark|, [2002] OJ No 870 (ONSC)}}<br>
</ref> 
It is not relevant whether the vehicle is immobile.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Amyotte|26v7l|2009 CanLII 66900 (ONSC)|[2009] OJ 5122 (ONSC)}}{{perONSC|Durno J}} {{atL|26v7l|127}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Weir|1m9hn|2005 BCSC 1740 (CanLII)|[2005] BCJ No 2845 (BCSC)}}{{perBCSC|MacKenzie J}}<br>
</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

===Rebutting Presumption===
Rebutting the presumption requires the accused to establish under s. 258(1)(a) "that the accused did not occupy that seat or position for the purpose of setting the vehicle, vessel, aircraft or railway equipment in motion or assisting in the operation of the aircraft or railway equipment, as the case may be". This requires evidence negating the ''mens rea'' of the offence.

Rebuttal of the presumption is on the balance of probabilities.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Whyte|1ftd1|1988 CanLII 47 (SCC)|[1988] 2 SCR 3, (1988) 42 CCC (3d) 97}}{{perSCC|Dickson CJ}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Appleby|1nfms|1971 CanLII 4 (SCC)|[1972] SCR 303}}{{perSCC|Ritchie J}}<br>
</ref>

There is a division in the case law on the time at which the ''mens rea'' is established.

Some say that the initial intention upon the entry into the vehicle establishes the mens rea.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Decker|4vdg|2002 NFCA 9 (CanLII)|162 CCC (3d) 503}}{{perNLCA|Cameron JA}}{{atL|4vdg|6}}</ref>
A change of intention does not rebut the presumption.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Ahunu-Kumi|', [2006] OJ No 2285 (ONSC) }}</ref>

Saskatchewan cases suggest that the time to assess intention is the "overlap period" in the proceeding 2 hours before the breath test.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Shuparski|5c3t|2003 SKCA 22 (CanLII)|173 CCC (3d) 97}}{{perSKCA|Bayda JA}}</ref>

It is not sufficient that there be a "bald assertion" that the accused did not intent to drive.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Nicholson|1tsdk|2007 ABCA 373 (CanLII)|[2007] AJ No 1261 (ABCA)}}{{perABCA|Berger JA}}</ref>

If the presumption has been rebutted, the accused may still be convicted where there was a danger that the accused could have put the vehicle in motion. <ref> 
{{CanLIIRP|Wren|1fb33|2000 CanLII 5674 (ON CA)|144 CCC (3d) 374}}{{perONCA|Feldman JA}}</ref>  

Ontario cases suggest that the accused must establish that the occupancy began without the intention to put the vehicle in motion.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Hatfield|6h40|1997 CanLII 2938 (ON CA)|115 CCC (3d) 47}}{{perONCA|Goudge JA}}</ref>
The fact that the accused intended to sleep at the time of discovery does not rebut the presumption.<ref>
{{ibid1|Hatfield}}</ref>

Evidence that the vehicle is immobile is not generally sufficient to rebut the presumption.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Danji|1jx2p|2005 ONCJ 70 (CanLII)|[2005] OJ No 917}}{{perONCJ|Feldman J}}{{atL|1jx2p|36}}</ref>

Indecision of the accused does not rebut the presumption.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Weir|1m9hn|2005 BCSC 1740 (CanLII)|[2005] BCJ No 2845 (BCSC)}}{{perBCSC|MacKenzie J}}{{atL|1m9hn|37}} ("mere indecision as to whether to drive or to sleep will be indecision to rebut presumption")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|George|1nplx|1994 CanLII 4529 (NL CA)|, (1994) 5 MVR (3d) 1}}{{perNLCA|Goodridge JA}}</ref>

If the accused is unconscious following an accident it is "impossible" to rebut this presumption.<ref>
{{ibid1|Weir}}<br>
</ref>

The driver who says "I'll only drive when I am sober" will not rebut the presumption.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Szymanski|25f0t|2009 CanLII 45328 (ONSC)|[2009] OJ 3623 (ONSC)}}{{perONSC|Durno J}}{{atsL|25f0t|59| to 65}}</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

==Factors of Risk==
The risk of danger of a change of mind has been described as a "real risk"<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Szymanski|25f0t|2009 CanLII 45328 (ONSC)|[2009] OJ 3623 (ONSC)}}{{perONSC|Durno J}}{{atL|25f0t|91}}</ref>, a "realistic risk"<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Ferguson|1jm4m|2005 CanLII 1060 (ONSC)|15 MVR (5th) 74 (S.C.)}}{{perONSC|Thomas J}}{{atL|1jm4m|24}}</ref> and a risk "going beyond mere possibility", "more than speculative" and “concrete and tangible”.<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Ross|1qlhh|2007 ONCJ 59 (CanLII)|44 MVR (5th) 275}}{{perONCJ|Duncan J}}{{atL|1qlhh|13}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Sandhu|21kkh|2008 CanLII 59324 (ONSC)|76 MVR (5th) 305 (S.C.)}}{{perONSC|Thomas J}}{{atL|21kkh|71}}<br>
for all examples see {{supra1|Smits}}</ref>

The risk does not need to be immediate.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Banks|24tcg|2009 ONCA 482 (CanLII)|84 MVR (5th) 24}}{{TheCourtONCA}}</ref>

A risk of a change of mind must be established by the crown. There must be a "real risk that the particular accused would change his or her mind and intentionally set the vehicle in motion."<ref>
{{supra1|Szymanski}}<br>
See also: {{CanLIIRP|Coleman|frx4c|2012 SKCA 65 (CanLII)|288 CCC (3d) 429}}{{perSKCA|Richards JA}}<br>
</ref>

Where the accused is not in actual operation of the vehicle, the court must consider the risk of danger that the accused poses. The risk of danger that an intoxicated person poses has been broken down into three categories:<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Smits|fs6tn|2012 ONCA 524 (CanLII)|294 OAC 355}}{{perONCA|Brown RSJ}}</ref>
#The risk that the vehicle will unintentionally be set in motion<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Ford|1lpbs|1982 CanLII 16 (SCC)|[1982] 1 SCR 231}}{{perSCC|Ritchie J}}</ref>
#The risk that through negligence a stationary or inoperable vehicle may endanger the individual or others<ref>
see {{CanLIIR-SN|Vansickle|, [1990] OJ No 3235 (CA)}} aff’g [1988] OJ No 2935 (Dist. Ct.)</ref>
# The risk that the individual who has decided not to drive will change his or her mind and drive while still impaired<ref>
see {{CanLIIRP|Pelletier|1fb2c|2000 CanLII 4181 (ON CA)|6 MVR (4th) 152 (CA)}}{{TheCourt}}</ref>

When considering whether an accused was at risk of danger by putting the vehicle in motion, the court may consider the following factors:<ref>
{{supra1|Smits}}{{atL|fs6tn|63}} citing Szymanski{{infra}}<br>
{{supra1|Szymanski}}{{atL|25f0t|93}}<br>
</ref>
#The level of impairment, which is relevant to the likelihood of exercising bad judgment and the time it would take for the accused to become fit to drive;
#Whether the keys were in the ignition or readily available to be placed in the ignition;
#Whether the vehicle was running;
#The location of the vehicle;
#Whether the accused had reached his or her destination or if the accused was still required to travel to his or her destination;
#The accused’s disposition and attitude;
#Whether the accused drove the vehicle to the location where it was found;
#Whether the accused started driving after drinking and pulled over to “sleep it off” or started using the vehicle for purposes other than driving;
#Whether the accused had a plan to get home that did not involve driving while impaired or over the legal limit;
#Whether the accused had a stated intention to resume driving;
#Whether the accused was seated in the driver’s seat regardless of the applicability of the presumption;
#Whether the accused was wearing his or her seatbelt;
#Whether the accused failed to take advantage of alternate means of leaving the scene;
#Whether the accused had a cell phone with which to make other arrangements and failed to do so.

{{reflist|2}}

==Sleeping in Vehicle==
There has been some debate about whether sleeping in the driver's seat with no intention to drive should be caught under the impair driving offences.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Chung|fpfw6|2011 ONCJ 757 (CanLII)|OJ No 5945}}{{perONCJ|Pringle J}} {{atL|fpfw6|13}}
</ref>
However, much case law leans towards the conclusion that where a person is found in the driver's seat, and no evidence is lead of a specific plan to support a changed intent to drive, the presumption will be allowed.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Miller|, [2004] OJ No 1464}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Hatfield|6h40|1997 CanLII 2938 (ON CA)|[1997] OJ No 1327 (CA)}}{{perONCA|Goudge JA}} <br>
{{CanLIIR-SN|Ahunu-Kumi|, [2006] OJ No 2285 (SCJ)}} <br>
{{CanLIIRP|Szymanski|25f0t|2009 CanLII 45328 (ON SC)|88 MVR (5th) 182}}{{perONSC|Durno J}}<br>
</ref> 
So for example, a person who sits in the driver's seat of a vehicle to sleep off the effects of alcohol will be in care and control.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Rousseau|1ncnw|1997 CanLII 10217 (QC CA)|121 CCC (3d) 571}}{{TheCourt}}<br>
</ref>

Thus, to overcome this finding some evidence is necessary. The distinction can be made where the accused is merely a custodian of the vehicle and there is no ''risk'' of the car being set in motion.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Decker|4vdg|2002 NFCA 9 (CanLII)|162 CCC (3d) 503, [2002] NJ No 38 (NLCA)}}{{perNLCA|Cameron JA}} -- found there were too many steps to get vehicle started to be a risk</ref>

Courts have found persons sleeping in their vehicle will not amount to care and control in the following circumstances:
* accused had not place to stay and so slept in vehicle; vehicle was off <ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Bird|1l7mc|1999 CanLII 12387 (SK PC)}}{{perSKPC|Goliath J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Sherbrook|1nv0q|1998 CanLII 13896 (SK QB)|37 WCB (2d) 483}}{{perSKQB|Smith J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Barber|1nqrq|1998 CanLII 13333 (SK PC)|[1998] S.J. No 708 (Prov.Ct.)}}{{perSKPC|Diehl J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Grover|5mtw|2000 ABQB 779 (CanLII)|276 AR 77}}{{perABQB| LoVecchio J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Gerrard|5qwc|2000 ABPC 182 (CanLII)|275 AR 122}}{{perABPC|Fraser J}}<br>
</ref>
* the vehicle was turned on to keep accused warm <ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Amendt|1f5k8|1997 CanLII 1624 (BC SC)}}{{perBCSC| Meiklem J}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Boyd|, [1990] NSJ No 517 }}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|McNabb|56gz|2003 SKPC 118 (CanLII)|58 WCB (2d) 402}}{{perSKPC|Henning J}}<br>
</ref>
* car off and keys in ignition<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Martindale|1ds05|1995 CanLII 1928 (BC SC)|45 CR (4th) 111}}{{perBCSC|Oliver J}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Coleman|fm8c3|2011 SKQB 262 (CanLII)|380 Sask R 127}}{{perSKQB|Smith J}}<br>
</ref>

Courts have found persons sleep in their vehicle were in care and control in the following circumstances:
* sleeping in front seat with vehicle off; keys were accessible<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Diotte|1lk9f|1991 CanLII 2407 (NB CA)|64 CCC (3d) 209}}{{perNBCA|Stratton CJ}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Pilon|4jft|1998 CanLII 4717 (ON CA)|131 CCC (3d) 236}}{{perONCA|Morden CJ}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|Ferrier|fnmbb|2011 ABPC 289 (CanLII)|AJ No 1126}}{{perABPC|Groves J}}<br>
</ref>
* car running but intended to turn it off/no intention to drive<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lockerby|1f8s5|1999 NSCA 122 (CanLII)|139 CCC (3d) 314}}{{perNSCA|Cromwell JA}}</ref>

{{Reflist|2}}

==Car Disabled==
Where a vehicle is immobilized due to a flat tire, the driver has often been found not to be in care and control.<ref>
{{CanLIIR-N|Dowse|, [2011] OJ No 2935 }}</ref>
Similarly, where a car is found in mobilized in a ditch there is no "risk of danger" that would result in the accused being in care and control. <ref>
{{CanLIIRx|Banks|21mqq|2008 CanLII 60700 (ON SC)}}{{perONSC|Corbett J}}</ref>
{{Reflist|2}}

==Outside Vehicle==
In certain circumstances, a person can be in care and control of a vehicle without being found inside the vehicle. 

An accused found near the car while in possession of the vehicle's keys can be sufficient.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Rupolo|g12xg|1970 CanLII 546 (ONSC)|2 CCC (2d) 327}}{{perONSC|Sprague J}}<br>
{{CanLIIR-N|McQuarrie|, [1980] NSJ 38 }}<br>
</ref> 
Where the accused is directing tow truck, it may be care and control.<ref>
{{CanLIIRP|Lackovic|g9sz7|1988 CanLII 7075 (ON CA)|[1988] OJ No 1732}}{{perONCA|Griffiths J}}</ref>

{{reflist|2}}

==Case Digests==
* See [[Impaired_Driving_and_Over_80_(Offence_Cases)]]