Trafic de drogue, annexe I (peine)

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Drug Trafficking, Schedule I
Art. 5(1), (2) du
élection / plaidoyer
choix du mode de poursuite	acte d’accusation
Jurisdiction	Cour prov. Cour sup. avec jury (*) Cour sup. avec juge seul (*) * Doit être inculpable. Enquête préliminaire également disponible.
disposition des actes d'accusation
dispositions disponible	Absolution (730) Ordonnances de probation (731(1)(a)) Amende (734) Amende + Probation (731(1)(b)) prison (718.3, 787) Prison + Probation (731(1)(b)) Prison + Amande (734) Ordonnances de sursis (742.1)
minimum	Aucun
maximum	Vie
Référence
Éléments d'infraction résumé des cas de la peine

Overview

See Trafic de drogue (infraction)

Legislation

Trafficking in substance

5 (1) No person shall traffic in a substance included in Schedule I [opiates and related], II [cannaboids], III [psychedelics], IV [barbiturates] or V [repealed] or in any substance represented or held out by that person to be such a substance.

Possession for purpose of trafficking

(2) No person shall, for the purpose of trafficking, possess a substance included in Schedule I [opiates and related], II [cannaboids], III [psychedelics], IV [barbiturates] or V [repealed].

Punishment

(3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) [trafficking in controlled substances] or (2) [possession of controlled substances for purpose of trafficking]

(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I [opiates and related] or II [cannaboids], is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life;

(a.1) [Repealed, 2018, c. 16, s. 196]

(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III [psychedelics] or V [repealed],

(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or

(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and

(c) where the subject-matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV [barbiturates],

(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or

(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

(4) [Repealed, 2012, c. 1, s. 39]

Interpretation

(5) For the purposes of applying subsection (3) [trafficking in substance – punishment] in respect of an offence under subsection (1) [trafficking in controlled substances], a reference to a substance included in Schedule I [opiates and related], II [cannaboids], III [psychedelics], IV [barbiturates] or V [repealed] includes a reference to any substance represented or held out to be a substance included in that Schedule.

(6) [Repealed, 2018, c. 16, s. 196]

1996, c. 19, s. 5; 2012, c. 1, s. 39; 2017, c. 7, s. 3; 2018, c. 16, s. 196; 2022, c. 15, s. 15.

[annotation(s) ajoutée(s)]

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Sentencing Principles and Ranges

For General Sentencing Principles for all drug offences, see Condemnation pour infractions liées aux drogues

Maximum Penalties

Les infractions en vertu de l'art. s. 5(3)(a) sont directement passibles d'une mise en accusation. La peine maximale est de incarcération à vie.

Available Dispositions

Offence(s)	Choix du mode de poursuite	Absolution l'art. 730	Ordonnances de probation l'art. 731(1)(a)	Amendes autonome l'art. 731(1)(b)	Détenues sous garde l'art. 718.3, 787	Détenues sous garde and Probation l'art. 731(1)(b)	Détenues sous garde and Amende l'art. 734	Ordonnances du sursis (ODS) l'art. 742.1
s. 5(3)(a)	N/A

Les infractions de moins de s. 5(3)(a) [with aggravating factors] sont assorties d'une peine minimale obligatoire. Il n'existe pas d'absolution, d'peine avec sursis, d'amende autonome ou d'peine avec sursis.

Consecutive Sentences

Il n'y a aucune exigence légale selon laquelle les peines doivent être consécutives.

Principles

Gravity

There is a distinction made in law between hard drugs (such as cocaine) and soft drugs (such as marijuana).

The societal costs of drug abuse and trafficking are significant. They include the effects on health care, lost productivity and financial loss due to enforcement.

Many courts have spoken to the societal harm of drug trafficking. Trafficking and use of cocaine has a close connection with violent crime.

Schedule I drugs, including cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamines, are "highly addictive and inflict great harm on individuals and society. Trafficking in these drugs is rightly considered a serious offence."

When dealing with Schedule I drugs including cocaine, the emphasis must be on dedication and general deterrence.

The destructive nature of methamphetamines “mirror those of two other hard drugs, heroin and cocaine”.

MDMA/Ecstacy

This drug is usually in pill or capsule form, not powder.

MDMA is a "dangerous drug that can be toxic and cause long-term central nervous disorders."

Other characteristics of MDMA include:

1. It is a drug frequently used by young people at large crowded dance parties called "raves" and is used to postpone fatigue and allow the user to dance for hours and have feelings of euphoria;
2. It's most consistent physiological effect is the induction of hypothermia [the elevation of the core body temperature] that can lead to heat stroke, and in some reported cases, death. This effect is exacerbated in the rave setting;
3. Ecstasy is referred to as a "designer drug" because it is a combination of synthetic substances to create a "blend of amphetamine-like and mescaline-like effects;"
4. Ecstasy can be produced by those who have working knowledge of organic chemistry and is usually sold in a tablet form. Because it can be produced so easily, one of the dangers is that the actual composition of ecstasy tablets can vary greatly and the user cannot know what is being consumed;
5. Ecstasy can be toxic and slow to leave the system and has been known to cause liver damage, serious irregularities of heart rhythm, elevated blood pressure, swelling of the brain leading to convulsions and long-term central nervous system effects such as depression, paranoia and panic disorders;
6. There is no conclusive evidence that ecstasy is addictive;
7. In addition, expert evidence tendered during the appeal hearing by a senior police officer confirmed that ecstasy is not connected with other crimes that are often committed to obtain funds to fuel addictions, such as robbery and break and enters.

Fentanyl

Fentanyl is considered one of the "most highly addictive and dangerous drugs" and so objectives in sentencing should focus on general deterrence and denunciation.

The drug is 20 times more powerful that heroin.

There is an elevated chance of fatal overdose.

It is one of the main reasons for there being an opiate epidemic.

Disposition

Trafficking in cocaine is typically a jail sentence. This is particularly true in "dial-a-dope" schemes which are a form of commercial trafficking. Even first time offenders should expect a “significant” penitentiary sentence.

Exceptional Circumstances

It has been suggested that only in "exceptional circumstances" should a sentence be outside of the normal range of jail. These circumstances can take the form of the existence of "multiple mitigating factors."

Factors

Smuggling any amount of drugs into a correctional facility is an aggravating factor.

Ranges

General Ranges

Sentencing ranges vary between provinces.

In Nova Scotia, an appropriate sentence for trafficking of Schedule I substances will range will typically span from 3 to 5 years. As such, conditional sentences are rarely available.

In Saskatchewan, the range is between 18 months to 4 years for trafficking.

In Newfoundland, trafficking in small quantities of cocaine is a sentence in the range of 6 to 18 months.

It is infrequent that it will go below two years and so will virtually guarantee a federal sentence. There is no fixed minimum, however. There is still significant discretion.

However, it is not unreasonable in certain exceptional circumstances to have sentences below two years. The starting point for commercial trafficking in cocaine in small quantities is three years for most provinces.

In Manitoba, there are several recognized levels of trafficking in cocaine:

1. Low (street dealer): sentences typically start at less than two years and can range up to four years.
2. Low-Mid (mere courier): sentences for couriers can be between 3 to 6 years.
3. Mid (more than mere courier of large quantities): sentences typically range from 5 to 8 years if they are an insider, while couriers are in the range of 3 to 6 years.
4. High: (multi-kilogram trafficker): sentences typically range from 8 to 12 years

It has been further suggested that “a person who traffics in a sophisticated manner at a kilogram level should, absent significant mitigating factors, expect no less a penalty than 10 years' incarceration. It should not matter whether that drug is cocaine or methamphetamine.”

In Ontario, for possession of "a substantial amount of cocaine for the purpose of trafficking" the range is usually 5 to 5.5 years even with a guilty plea and no record.

The Ontario "normal" range for "someone, without a record, convicted of possession for the purpose of trafficking in slightly more than a pound [or 453.59 grams] of cocaine."

Trafficking heroin, even in small amounts, will result in federal sentences absent exceptional circumstances.

Small amounts

In Ontario, the range of sentencing for trafficking in small amounts of crack cocaine is 6 months to 2 years less a day.

Mid-range

Manitoba court has stated that the mid-level drug deal has a range of sentence between 7 to 8 years.

Large amounts of Drugs (1kg+)

The range of sentence for trafficking of cocaine in the amounts of 1 kg or more will typically see sentences in the range of 5 years. Larger amounts upward of 3 kg will attract a range of 6 to 8 years. It has also be articulated as "substantial amounts" of cocaine attracting a range of 5 to 8 years.

In Ontario, a first-time offender convicted for being a courier for large amounts of high-grade heroin should expect a range between 12 and 17 years jail absent "exceptional or extenuating circumstances."

Couriers

The drug couriers' job is to transport drugs and protect their bosses from being detected.

Fentanyl

Low level trafficking should result in a high end provincial sentence at a minimum, or else a low penitentiary sentence. In very exceptional circumstances, the court may consider a suspended sentence..

Generally trafficking in significant amounts of fentanyl should attract a significant penitentiary sentence.

A fentanyl sentence should be equal or greater than if it was cocaine.

Conditional Sentences

Offences occurring before November 20, 2012 may be eligible for a conditional sentence in certain circumstances. Offences after that date are ineligible under s. 742.1 which prohibits conditional sentences for offences under s. 5(2) of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.

In Ontario and Newfoundland, the conditional sentence is available for trafficking in only rare cases. Those who are involved in a “dial-a-dope” operation will generally be sentenced to incarceration.

In Saskatchewan, conditional sentences are available for trafficking in hard drugs. The appropriateness of a conditional sentences depends on several factors:

1. the sophistication and significance of the offence and the accused's place in it;
2. the type and quantity of drug;
3. the motivation for the offence: those who traffic to support their own habit may be more likely to receive a restorative disposition than those who traffic for other reasons;
4. the need for and the utility of the deterrence which will be provided by the sentence imposed;
5. the factors relating to the community like the significance of the problem; and,
6. the age, lack of record and other personal circumstances of the accused.

The Code amendments concerning conditional sentences that came into force on November 6, 2012, prohibit conditional sentence for drug trafficking.

Ancillary Sentencing Orders

Offence-specific Orders

Ordonnances	Condamnation	Description
Ordonnances ADN	s. 5(a) CDSA	En cas de condamnation en vertu de s. 5(a), une ordonnance ADN est « discrétionnaire » en tant que secondaire désigné infraction énumérée à l'art. 487.04 (a) ou (b).
Ordonnances d'interdiction d'armes	s. 5 CDSA	Pour les infractions visées à l'alinéa s. 5 qui sont énumérées à l'alinéa 109(1)(b) ou (c), l'ordonnance d'interdiction est « obligatoire » quel que soit le choix. L'ordonnance interdit « à la personne de posséder une arme à feu, une arbalète, une arme prohibée, une arme à autorisation restreinte, un dispositif prohibé, des munitions, des munitions prohibées et des explosifs »L'ordonnance interdit « à la personne de posséder une arme à feu, une arbalète, une arme prohibée, une arme à autorisation restreinte, un dispositif prohibé, des munitions, des munitions prohibées » et « des explosifs ». Durée (première infraction) :' L'ordonnance interdisant les « armes à feu » (autres qu'une arme à feu prohibée ou une arme à feu à autorisation restreinte) et les « arbalètes, armes à autorisation restreinte, munitions et substances explosives » est d'une durée d'au moins 10 ans à compter de la mise en liberté ou de la condamnation lorsque la détention n'est pas ordonnée. L'ordonnance interdisant les « armes à feu prohibées, les armes à feu à autorisation restreinte, les armes prohibées et les dispositifs prohibés » est d'une durée dà vie. Durée (infraction subséquente à l'art. 109) : La durée doit être à perpétuité pour toutes les armes et armes à feu énumérées. Avis de peine majorée en vertu de l'art. 727 requis.

Circumstance-specific Forfeiture Orders

Confiscation	Condamnation	Description
Confiscation des produits de la criminalité (art. 462.37(1) ou (2.01))	tout	Lorsque la culpabilité est établie pour un acte criminel en vertu du Code ou de la LRCDAS et que les biens sont des " produits de la criminalité " et que l'infraction a été " commise à l'égard de ces biens ", les biens sont confisqués au profit de Sa Majesté le Roi à la demande de la Couronne. NB : ne s'applique pas aux infractions sommaires.
L'amende tenant lieu de confiscation (art. 462.37(3))	tout	Lorsqu'une Cour est convaincue qu'une ordonnance de confiscation des produits de la criminalité en vertu de l'article 462.37(1) ou (2.01) peut être rendue, mais que les biens ne peuvent pas être "soumis à une ordonnance", la Cour "peut" ordonner une amende d'un "montant égal à la valeur des biens". En cas de non-paiement de l'amende, un jugement par défaut imposant une période d'incarcération sera rendu.
La confiscation d'armes et d'armes à feu (art. 491). 491)	tout	Lorsqu'il y a déclaration de culpabilité pour une infraction où une "arme, une imitation d'arme à feu, un dispositif prohibé, toute munition, toute munition prohibée ou une substance explosive a été utilisée lors de la commission de [l'] infraction et que cette chose a été saisie et détenue", ou "qu'une personne a commis une infraction qui implique, ou dont l'objet est une arme à feu, une arbalète, une arme prohibée, une arme à autorisation restreinte, un dispositif prohibé, des munitions, des munitions prohibées ou une substance explosive a été saisi et détenu, que l'objet est une arme énumérée ou que l'objet connexe est lié à l'infraction", alors il y aura une ordonnance de confiscation "obligatoire". Cependant, en vertu de l'article 491(2), si le propriétaire légitime "n'a pas participé à l'infraction" et que le juge n'a "aucun motif raisonnable de croire que l'objet serait ou pourrait être utilisé pour commettre une infraction", l'objet doit être restitué au propriétaire légitime.
Confiscation de biens infractionnels (art. 490. 1)	tout	En cas de déclaration de culpabilité pour un acte criminel, " tout bien est un bien infractionnel " lorsque a) un acte criminel est commis en vertu de la présente loi ou de la Loi sur la corruption d'agents publics étrangers, b) il est utilisé de quelque manière que ce soit dans le cadre de la perpétration d'une telle infraction, ou c) il est destiné à être utilisé dans le cadre de la perpétration d'une telle infraction. Ces biens doivent être confisqués au profit de Sa Majesté du chef de la province. NB : ne s'applique pas aux infractions sommaires.

Other Sentencing Orders

Ordonnance	Condamnation	Description
Ordonnance de non-communication pendant la détention du délinquant (l'art. 743.21)	tout	Le juge a le pouvoir discrétionnaire d'ordonner qu'il soit interdit au contrevenant « de communiquer... avec une victime, un témoin ou une autre personne » pendant sa détention, sauf s'il « estime [qu'il] est nécessaire » de communiquer avec eux.
Ordonnances de restitution (l'art. 738)	tout	Une ordonnance discrétionnaire est disponible pour des éléments tels que la valeur de remplacement de la propriété ; les dommages matériels résultant d'un préjudice, de frais de fuite d'un conjoint ; ou certaines dépenses découlant de la commission d'une infraction aux articles 402.2 ou 403.
Suramende pour la victime (l'art. 737)	tout	Une surtaxe discrétionnaire au titre de l'art. 737 de 30 % de toute amende imposée, de 100 $ par déclaration de culpabilité par procédure sommaire ou de 200 $ par déclaration de culpabilité par acte criminel. Si l'infraction survient à compter du 23 octobre 2013, l'ordonnance comporte des montants minimums plus faibles (15 %, 50 $ ou 100 $).

History

Prior to November 17, 2022

Trafficking in substance

5 (1) No person shall traffic in a substance included in Schedule I [opiates and related], II [cannaboids], III [psychedelics], IV [barbiturates] or V [repealed] or in any substance represented or held out by that person to be such a substance.

Possession for purpose of trafficking

(2) No person shall, for the purpose of trafficking, possess a substance included in Schedule I [opiates and related], II [cannaboids], III [psychedelics], IV [barbiturates] or V [repealed].

Punishment

(3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) [trafficking in controlled substances] or (2) [possession of controlled substances for purpose of trafficking]

(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I

[opiates and related] or II [cannaboids], is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life, and

(i) to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of one year if

(A) the person committed the offence for the benefit of, at the direction of or in association with a criminal organization, as defined in subsection 467.1(1) [définitions relatives aux organisations criminelles] of the Criminal Code,

(B) the person used or threatened to use violence in committing the offence,

(C) the person carried, used or threatened to use a weapon in committing the offence, or

(D) the person was convicted of a designated substance offence, or had served a term of imprisonment for a designated substance offence, within the previous 10 years, or

(ii) to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of two years if

(A) the person committed the offence in or near a school, on or near school grounds or in or near any other public place usually frequented by persons under the age of 18 years,

(B) the person committed the offence in a prison, as defined in section 2 of the Criminal Code, or on its grounds, or

(C) the person used the services of a person under the age of 18 years, or involved such a person, in committing the offence;

(a.1) [Repealed, 2018, c. 16, s. 196]

(b) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III

[psychedelics] or V [repealed],

(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or

(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and

(c) where the subject-matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV

[barbiturates],

(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or

(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

(4) [Repealed, 2012, c. 1, s. 39]

Interpretation

(5) For the purposes of applying subsection (3) [trafficking in substance – punishment] in respect of an offence under subsection (1) [trafficking in controlled substances], a reference to a substance included in Schedule I [opiates and related], II [cannaboids], III [psychedelics], IV [barbiturates] or V [repealed] includes a reference to any substance represented or held out to be a substance included in that Schedule.

(6) [Repealed, 2018, c. 16, s. 196]

1996, c. 19, s. 5; 2012, c. 1, s. 39; 2017, c. 7, s. 3; 2018, c. 16, s. 196.

[annotation(s) ajoutée(s)]

– LRCDAS (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Mandatory Minimums

Mandatory minimums were added in November 6, 2012 and then removed November 17, 2022.

The one year mandatory minimum for conviction under s. 5(3)(a)(i)(D) was found to be unconstitutional.

The two year minimum for conviction under s. 5(3)(a)(ii)(B) relating to trafficking in prison.

See Also

• Infractions par peine
• Annexes de la LRCDAS
• Drug Trafficking, Schedule II (Sentencing): Maximum penalty of life
• Trafic de drogue, annexe III (peine): Maximum penalty of 10 years
• Trafic de drogue, annexe IV (peine): Maximum penalty of 3 years