Infractions liées aux armes (détermination de la peine)

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General Principles

Firearms

A firearm always presents a "threat of death to those in its presence." Anytime a gun is loaded, there is probability that anyone in the line of fire could be killed.

Possession of a loaded firearm is inherently dangerous. Death and serious injury are only a "impulse and trigger pull away."

Offences involving handguns is a “serious and growing societal danger”.

There is a strong emphasis on the need to denounce and deter the use of firearms in public places. This is necessary in order to maintain confidence in the administration of justice.

Handguns

One distinctive feature of illegal handgun offences is that the guns are exclusively "used to kill people or threaten them with physical harm."

Range of Conduct

For firearms offences, such as those under s. 95, there is a broad spectrum of culpability, ranging from the "outlaw" who is “engaged in truly criminal conduct” and who "poses a real and immediate danger to the public" at one end. And at the other end the "law-abiding responsible gun owner...with readily accessible ammunition stored nearby" but possesses an illegal firearm.

Ontario Ranges

Ontario has set a range of 7 to 11 years for "serious firearm offences."

Judicial Notice of Increase in Gun Violence

There has been judicial notice that as of 2007 there has been a national increase in gun violence and gun-related offences.

Notice of Increased Penalties

Section 84(5) and (6) state:

84.
[omis (1), (2), (3), (3.1) and (4)]

Subsequent offences

(5) In determining, for the purpose of subsection 99(2) [trafic d'armes à feu – punition], 100(2) or 103(2) , whether a convicted person has committed a second or subsequent offence, if the person was earlier convicted of any of the following offences, that offence is to be considered as an earlier offence:

(a) an offence under section 85 [usage d'une arme à feu ou d'une imitation lors de la perpétration d'une infraction], 95 [Possession d'une arme à feu prohibée ou à autorisation restreinte (infraction)], 96 [possession d'arme obtenue par la commission d'une infraction], 98 [entrée par effraction pour voler une arme à feu], 98.1 [vol pour voler une arme à feu], 99 [trafic d'armes], 100 [possession en vue de faire le trafic d’armes], 102 [making automatic firearm] or 103 [importer ou exporter des armes à feu sachant que c’est non autorisé] or subsection 117.01(1) [possession contraire à une ordonnance – ordonnance];

(b) an offence under section 244 [discharging firearm] or 244.2 [déchargement d'une arme à feu – imprudence]; or

(c) an offence under section 220 [ négligence criminelle causant la mort], 236 [homicide involontaire], 239 [tentative de meurtre], 272 [agression sexuelle militaire ou causant des lésions corporelles] or 273 [agression sexuelle grave], subsection 279(1) [enlèvement] or section 279.1 [prise d'otage], 344 [vol qualifié] or 346 [extorsion] if a firearm was used in the commission of the offence.

However, an earlier offence shall not be taken into account if 10 years have elapsed between the day on which the person was convicted of the earlier offence and the day on which the person was convicted of the offence for which sentence is being imposed, not taking into account any time in custody.

Sequence of convictions only

(6) For the purposes of subsection (5) [détermination des infractions subséquentes pour diverses infractions liées aux armes à feu], the only question to be considered is the sequence of convictions and no consideration shall be given to the sequence of commission of offences or whether any offence occurred before or after any conviction.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 84; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), ss. 185(F), 186; 1991, c. 40, s. 2; 1995, c. 39, s. 139; 1998, c. 30, s. 16; 2003, c. 8, s. 2; 2008, c. 6, s. 2; 2009, c. 22, s. 2; 2015, c. 3, s. 45; 2022, c. 15, s. 1.
[annotation(s) ajoutée(s)]

– CCC (CanLII), (Jus.)

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Ranges

Ontario

Where an offender "is an outlaw who carries a loaded firearm as a tool of his or her trade, a penitentiary sentence of 3 or more years is generally appropriate"

Newfoundland and Labrador

The lower end of the range for firearm offences is 5 years.

See Also

• Firearms Offences (Sentencing Cases)