Serious Personal Injury Offences

This page was last substantively updated or reviewed November 2023. (Rev. # 96541)

• < Sentencing
• < Long-Term and Dangerous Offender Designation

General Principles

A Dangerous Offender or Long-Term Offender Application can only be made in relation to a conviction for a "serious personal injury offence" (SPIO) under s. 752 of the Criminal Code.

Prior to the legislative amendments to the Code in August 2012, offences otherwise eligible for a conditional sentence were deemed ineligible if they were serious personal injury offences.

The definition of "serious personal injury offence" under s. 752 reads as follows:

752 In this Part [Pt. XXIV – Dangerous Offenders and Long-Term Offenders (ss. 752 to 761)],
...
"serious personal injury offence" means

(a) an indictable offence, other than high treason, treason, first degree murder or second degree murder, involving

(i) the use or attempted use of violence against another person, or

(ii) conduct endangering or likely to endanger the life or safety of another person or inflicting or likely to inflict severe psychological damage on another person,

and for which the offender may be sentenced to imprisonment for ten years or more, or

(b) an offence or attempt to commit an offence mentioned in section 271 (sexual assault), 272 (sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm) or 273 (aggravated sexual assault).

R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 752; 2008, c. 6, ss. 40, 61; 2010, c. 3, s. 8; 2012, c. 1, s. 35; 2014, c. 25, s. 29.

– CCC (CanLII), (DOJ)

---

Except those offences enumerated in subsection (b), "any particular offence is not invariably a serious personal injury offence"(cleaned up).

Contextual Application

In determining whether an offence is a SPIO, the court does not need to be "limited to considering only those contextual factors that relate to the conduct" of the accused. It is a case-by-case assessment.

The judge can look at the surrounding circumstances to determine if there has been an endangerment of another person under s. 752.

SPIO is not restricted to offences against the person and can include any offences meeting the definition.

Example Offences – Sexual Offences

Sexual assault can be a SPIO under both 752(a) and (b). Making and possessing child pornography have been considered too.

Example Offences – Robbery

Robberies have frequently been found to a serious personal injury offence.

Not every threat made while brandishing a weapon involves violence, particularly where there is no immediate apparent danger.

Appellate Standard of Review

Where there is a threat of any sort the question of it amounting to violence is a question of fact. Robberies involving utterances or brandishing of objects have been a mixed result.

"use or attempted use of violence"

The use or attempted use of violence does not necessarily require overt violence. Several cases have stated that a robbery wherein a weapon such as a knife is displayed amounts to an act of violence.

The meaning of "violence" in this context covers a "very expansive range of dangerous behaviour."

"conduct endangering...life or safety"

This can cover the offence of leaving the scene of an accident under s. 320.16 [was s. 252(3.1)].

The two branches of "endanger or likely to endanger" should be read as one test.

"inflict severe psychological damage"

SPI offences do not have to be offences against persons. They may also be lesser offences that involve conduct that inflicts or likely inflicts severe psychological damage. This can include offences involving sending threatening letters to the victim to dissuade them from giving evidence.

A party to an offence of violence, such as someone who counsels robbery with violence, can be found to have committed a serious personal injury offence.

It is not necessary to adduce expert evidence about the risk of severe psychological damage. The judge may determine it on an objective consideration of the evidence.