Criminal Law Notebook

Distribution of Intimate Images (Offence): Difference between revisions

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[[fr:Publication, etc. non consensuelle d’une image intime (infraction)]]
{{Currency2|May|2021}}
{{LevelOne}}{{HeaderOffences}}
{{LevelOne}}{{HeaderOffences}}
{{OffenceBox  
{{OffenceBox  
|OffenceTitle=Distribution of Intimate Images  
|OffenceTitle=Distribution of Intimate Images  
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{{removed|(2), (3) and (4)}}
{{removed|(2), (3) and (4)}}
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 31}}, s. 3.
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 31}}, s. 3.
|[{{CCCSec|162.1}} CCC]
|{{CCCSec2|162.1}}  
|{{NoteUp|162.1|1}}
|{{NoteUp|162.1|1}}
}}
}}
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===Draft Form of Charges===
===Draft Form of Charges===
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{seealso|Draft Form of Charges}}
{{DraftHeader}}
{{DraftHeader}}
|-
|-
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==Interpretation of the Offence==
==Interpretation of the Offence==
The offence was created in response to several incidents of cyberbullying and was enacted in order to address the dangers of "revenge porn".<ref>
The offence was created in response to several incidents of cyberbullying and was enacted in order to address the dangers of "revenge porn."<ref>
{{CanLIIR|AC|h42q9|2017 ONCJ 317 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Rahman J}}
{{CanLIIRP|AC|h42q9|2017 ONCJ 317 (CanLII)|[2017] OJ No 2867}}{{perONCJ|Rahman J}}
</ref>
</ref>


; Recording
; Recording
The live-streaming of intimate activities is captured by this offence as an image does not have to be permanent.<Ref>
The live-streaming of intimate activities is captured by this offence as an image does not have to be permanent.<Ref>
{{CanLIIR|jd2mv|Walsh, 2021 ONCA 43 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Gillese JA}}
{{CanLIIRx|Walsh|jd2mv|2021 ONCA 43 (CanLII)}}{{perONCA|Gillese JA}}
</ref>
</ref>


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==="publishes, distributes, transmits, sells, makes available or advertises"===
==="publishes, distributes, transmits, sells, makes available or advertises"===
See [[Definition of Terms Relating to Transactions and Transferences]]
See [[Definition of Terms Relating to Transactions and Transferences]]


{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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{{removed|(3) and (4)}}
{{removed|(3) and (4)}}
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 31}}, s. 3.
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 31}}, s. 3.
|[{{CCCSec|162.1}} CCC]
|{{CCCSec2|162.1}}
|{{NoteUp|162.1|2}}
|{{NoteUp|162.1|2}}
}}
}}
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{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 31}}, s. 3.
{{LegHistory10s|2014, c. 31}}, s. 3.
{{Annotation}}
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|162.1}} CCC]
|{{CCCSec2|162.1}}
|{{NoteUp|162.1|3|4}}
|{{NoteUp|162.1|3|4}}
}}
}}
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It has been pointed out that this offence was notably excluded from the list of enumerated offences in s. 486.4(1)(a) which would trigger a publication ban.<ref>
It has been pointed out that this offence was notably excluded from the list of enumerated offences in s. 486.4(1)(a) which would trigger a publication ban.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|AB|j51rs|2020 QCCQ 260 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCQ|Galiatsatos J}}{{atL|j51rs|1}} see footnote #1
{{CanLIIRx|{{AB}}|j51rs|2020 QCCQ 260 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCQ|Galiatsatos J}}{{atL|j51rs|1}} see footnote #1
</ref>
</ref>


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===Principles===
===Principles===
This offence was created in repsonse to concerns surrounding privacy, cyber-bullying, and revenge porn.<Ref>
{{CanLIIP|JB|htc44|2018 ONSC 4726 (CanLII)}}{{perONSC|Leach J}}{{AtL|htc44|20}}
</ref>
The offence is both an offence against sexual integrity and against privacy.<Ref>
The offence is both an offence against sexual integrity and against privacy.<Ref>
{{CanLIIR|McFarlane|hrwh1|2018 MBCA 48 (CanLII)}}{{perMBCA|Mainella JA}}{{atL|hrwh1|24}} ("It is a sexual offence and a privacy offence, and sentences for it must reflect both of these aims of the legislation.")
{{CanLIIRP|McFarlane|hrwh1|2018 MBCA 48 (CanLII)|[2018] 9 WWR 444}}{{perMBCA|Mainella JA}}{{atL|hrwh1|24}} ("It is a sexual offence and a privacy offence, and sentences for it must reflect both of these aims of the legislation.")
</ref>
</ref>
Because of the history of victims killing themselves to impact of the offence is high and so the moral responsibility will generally be high as well.<REf>
{{supra1|JB}}{{atL|htc44|20}}
</reF>
Once the images make it online, they can be in circulation forever.<REf>
{{supra1|JB}}{{AtL|htc44|20}}<Br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Ly|, [2016] O.J. No. 7196 (O.C.J.)}}, at paras 32 to 34 and 44 to 45<Br>
{{CanLIIP|PSD|gw378|2016 BCPC 400 (CanLII)|[2016] B.C.J. No. 2653}}{{atsL|gw378|9| to 10}}<Br>
{{CanLIIRP|AC|h42q9|2017 ONCJ 317 (CanLII)|OJ No 2867}}{{perONCJ|Rahman J}}{{AtsL||17| to 20}} and 65<Br>
{{CanLIIR|Agoston|h4dlr|2017 ONSC 3425 (CanLII)|[2017] O.J. No. 3207}}{{perONSC|Cornell J}}{{atsL|h4dlr|16|to 17}}<Br>
{{CanLIIR-N|JS|, [2018] O.J. No. 653 (S.C.J.)}}, at paras 20 and 32-34
</reF>


The primary objectives are denunciation and deterrence.<ref>
The primary objectives are denunciation and deterrence.<ref>
{{ibid1|McFarlane}}{{atL|hrwh1|24}} ("Deterrence and denunciation are the primary sentencing objectives and such conduct typically will result in a custodial sentence")<br>
{{ibid1|McFarlane}}{{atL|hrwh1|24}} ("Deterrence and denunciation are the primary sentencing objectives and such conduct typically will result in a custodial sentence")<br>
{{CanLIIR|AC|h42q9|2017 ONCJ 317 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Rahman J}}{{AtsL|h42q9|17| to 20}}, {{AtsL-np|h42q9|28|}}, {{AtsL-np|h42q9|56|}}<br>
{{CanLIIRP|AC|h42q9|2017 ONCJ 317 (CanLII)|OJ No 2867}}{{perONCJ|Rahman J}}{{AtsL|h42q9|17| to 20}}, {{AtsL-np|h42q9|28|}}, {{AtsL-np|h42q9|54|}}, {{AtsL-np|h42q9|55|}}, {{AtsL-np|h42q9|56|}}<br>
{{CanLIIR|JS|hq7nk|2018 ONCJ 82 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Ghosh J}}{{atL|hq7nk|20| to 29}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|JS|hq7nk|2018 ONCJ 82 (CanLII)}}{{perONCJ|Ghosh J}}{{atL|hq7nk|20| to 29}}<br>
{{CanLIIR|AB|j51rs|2020 QCCQ 260 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCQ|Galiatsatos J}}{{atL|j51rs|80}}<br>
{{CanLIIRx|{{AB}}|j51rs|2020 QCCQ 260 (CanLII)}}{{perQCCQ|Galiatsatos J}}{{atL|j51rs|80}}<br>
{{supra1|JB}} at para 20<Br>
{{CanLIIR-N|Calpito|, [2017] O.J. No. 1171 (O.C.J.)}}, at paras 77 and 99{{fix}}
</ref>
</ref>
The predominant sentence includes a period of incarceration.<ref>
The predominant sentence includes a period of incarceration.<ref>
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; Cyberbullying
; Cyberbullying
It is logical to conclude that cyberbullying is harmful to children. It can cause loss of self-esteem, anxiety, fear, school drop-outs and increase in suicide attempts.<ref>
It is logical to conclude that cyberbullying is harmful to children. It can cause loss of self-esteem, anxiety, fear, school drop-outs and increase in suicide attempts.<ref>
{{CanLIIRC|AB v Bragg Communications|fstvq|2012 SCC 46 (CanLII)}}{{perSCC|Abella J}}{{atL|fstvq|20}}<br>
{{CanLIIRPC|AB v Bragg Communications|fstvq|2012 SCC 46 (CanLII)|[2012] 2 SCR 567}}{{perSCC-H|Abella J}}{{atL|fstvq|20}}<br>
</ref>
</ref>


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In Manitoba, the starting point for "sextortion" offences where the victim is an adult is two years incarceration.<ref>
In Manitoba, the starting point for "sextortion" offences where the victim is an adult is two years incarceration.<ref>
{{CanLIIR|McFarlane|hrwh1|2018 MBCA 48 (CanLII)}}{{perMBCA|Mainella JA}}{{atL|hrwh1|21}} ("The starting point where the victim is an adult is two years’ imprisonment, even for a first offender.  This approach is more consistent with sentences for sexual assault cases and serious extortion cases.")<br>
{{CanLIIRP|McFarlane|hrwh1|2018 MBCA 48 (CanLII)|9 WWR 444}}{{perMBCA|Mainella JA}}{{atL|hrwh1|21}} ("The starting point where the victim is an adult is two years’ imprisonment, even for a first offender.  This approach is more consistent with sentences for sexual assault cases and serious extortion cases.")<br>
</ref>
</ref>
The bottom range would be 6 months.<ref>
The bottom range would be 6 months.<ref>
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| [[DNA Orders]] ||s. 162.1 {{DescrSec|162.1}} ||
| [[DNA Orders]] ||s. 162.1 {{DescrSec|162.1}} ||
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|s. 162.1 {{DescrSec|162.1}} }}
* {{SecondDNA(AorB)Hybrid|s. 162.1 {{DescrSec|162.1}} }}
|-


{{AOrder1| [[Forfeiture of Computer-related Property|Forfeiture Order&mdash;Computer-related]] (s.164.2) | s. 162.1 |
{{AOrder1| [[Forfeiture of Computer-related Property|Forfeiture Order&mdash;Computer-related]] (s.164.2) | s. 162.1 |
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{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 56.
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 56.
{{Annotation}}
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|162.2}} CCC]
|{{CCCSec2|162.2}}
|{{NoteUp|162.2|1|2|3|4}}
|{{NoteUp|162.2|1|2|3|4}}
}}
}}
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{{quotation2|
{{quotation2|
s. 738 (1)<br>...<br>
s. 738 (1) Where an offender is convicted or discharged under section 730 of an offence, the court imposing sentence on or discharging the offender may, on application of the Attorney General or on its own motion, in addition to any other measure imposed on the offender, order that the offender make restitution to another person as follows:<br>
(e) in the case of an offence under subsection 162.1(1) {{AnnSec1|162.1(1)}}, by paying to a person who, as a result of the offence, incurs expenses to remove the intimate image from the Internet or other digital network, an amount that is not more than the amount of those expenses, to the extent that they are reasonable, if the amount is readily ascertainable.
:{{removed|(a), (b), (c) and (d)}}
<br>...<br>
:(e) in the case of an offence under subsection 162.1(1) {{AnnSec1|162.1(1)}}, by paying to a person who, as a result of the offence, incurs expenses to remove the intimate image from the Internet or other digital network, an amount that is not more than the amount of those expenses, to the extent that they are reasonable, if the amount is readily ascertainable.
{{removed|(2)}}
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 738;
R.S., {{LegHistory80s|1985, c. C-46}}, s. 738;
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 22}}, s. 6;
{{LegHistory90s|1995, c. 22}}, s. 6;
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{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 302.
{{LegHistory10s|2019, c. 25}}, s. 302.
{{Annotation}}
{{Annotation}}
|[{{CCCSec|738}} CCC]
|{{CCCSec2|738}}
|{{NoteUp|738|1}}
|{{NoteUp|738|1}}
}}
}}
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