Identity Fraud (Offence): Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 17:34, 22 February 2018
Identity Fraud | |
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s. 403 of the Crim. Code | |
Election / Plea | |
Crown Election | Hybrid summary proceedings must initiate within 12 months of the offence (786(2)) |
Jurisdiction | Prov. Court Sup. Court w/ Jury (*) |
Summary Dispositions | |
Avail. Disp. | Discharge (730) Suspended Sentence (731(1)(a)) |
Minimum | None |
Maximum | 2 years less a day jail and/or a $5,000 fine (from Sept 19, 2019) |
Indictable Dispositions | |
Avail. Disp. | same as summary |
Minimum | None |
Maximum | 10 years incarceration |
Reference | |
Offence Elements Sentence Digests |
Overview
Offences relating to identity fraud are found in Part X of the Criminal Code relating to "Fraudulent Transactions Relating to Contracts and Trade".
Pleadings
Offence Section |
Offence Type |
Crown Election | Defence Election s. 536(2) |
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Offences under s. 403 are hybrid with a Crown election. If prosecuted by indictment, there is a Defence election of Court under s. 536(2).
Release
When charged under s. 403, the accused can be given an appearance notice without arrest under s. 497 or a summons. If arrested, he can be released by the arresting officer under s. 498 or 499 on an undertaking with or without conditions. He can also be released by a justice under s. 515.
If police decide to bring the accused before a Justice pursuant to s. 503, there will be a presumption against bail (i.e. a reverse onus) if the offence, prosecuted by indictment, was committed:
- while at large under s. 515 [bail release], 679 or 680 [release pending appeal or review of appeal] (s. 515(6)(a)(i));
- "for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association" with a criminal organization (s. 515(6)(a)(ii));
- where the offence involved a weapon, being a firearm, cross-bow, prohibited weapon restricted weapon, prohibited device, ammunition, prohibited ammunition or explosive substance, while the accused was subject to a prohibition order preventing possession of these items (s. 515(6)(a)(viii)); or
- where the accused is not "ordinarily a resident in Canada" (s. 515(6)(b)).
And, regardless of Crown election, if the offence alleged was one:
- where the offence was an allegation of violence against an "intimate partner" and the accused had been previously convicted of an offence of violence against an "intimate partner" (s. 515(6)(b.1));
- where the offence alleged is a breach under s. 145(2) to (5) while (s. 515(6)(c));
- where the offence committed (or conspired to commit) was an offence under s. 5 to 7 of the CDSA that is punishable by life imprisonment (s. 515(6)(d));
Publication Bans
For all criminal or regulatory prosecutions, there is a discretionary general publication ban available on application of the Crown, victim or witness to prohibit the publishing of "any information that could identify the victim or witness" under s. 486.5(1) where it is "necessary" for the "proper administration of justice". Other available publication bans include prohibitions for publishing evidence or other information arising from a bail hearing (s. 517), preliminary inquiry (s. 539) or jury trial (s. 648). There is a mandatory publication ban in all youth prosecutions on information tending to identify young accused under s. 110 of the YCJA or young victims under s. 111 of the YCJA.
Offence Designations
Offences under s. 403 are designated offences eligible for wiretap under s. 183.
See below in Ancillary Sentencing Orders for details on designations relating to sentencing orders.
Offence Wording
Identity fraud
403. (1) Everyone commits an offence who fraudulently personates another person, living or dead,
- (a) with intent to gain advantage for themselves or another person;
- (b) with intent to obtain any property or an interest in any property;
- (c) with intent to cause disadvantage to the person being personated or another person; or
- (d) with intent to avoid arrest or prosecution or to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice.
Clarification
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), personating a person includes pretending to be the person or using the person’s identity information — whether by itself or in combination with identity information pertaining to any person — as if it pertains to the person using it.
Punishment
(3) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection (1)
- (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years; or
- (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 403; 1994, c. 44, s. 27; 2009, c. 28, s. 10.
– CCC
Proof of the Offence
Proving identity fraud under s. 403(1) should include:
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Interpretation of the Offence
Purpose
The purpose of the offence is "to prevent individuals from assuming the identity of someone else with the intention of gaining an advantage which the individual would not otherwise be enabled to obtain."[1]
Fictitious Identities
This offence does not include impersonations that involve the use of fictious identities.[2]
"Fraudulently"
The word "fraudulently" refers to dishonest or morally wrong conduct.[3]
Advantage
The meaning of "advantage" is broad. It can include simply benefiting from the ability to disguise one's past.[4]
It is not limited to financial benefit.[5]
It can include avoidance of arrest[6], escape from detection[7]
Identity Information
Definition of “identity information”
402.1 For the purposes of sections 402.2 and 403, “identity information” means any information — including biological or physiological information — of a type that is commonly used alone or in combination with other information to identify or purport to identify an individual, including a fingerprint, voice print, retina image, iris image, DNA profile, name, address, date of birth, written signature, electronic signature, digital signature, user name, credit card number, debit card number, financial institution account number, passport number, Social Insurance Number, health insurance number, driver’s licence number or password.
2009, c. 28, s. 10.
– CCC
- ↑
R v Boyle, 2005 BCCA 537 (CanLII), at para 5
- ↑
R v Northrup (1982) 1 CCC (3d) 210 (*no CanLII links)
R v Westerdahl (1988) 82 N.S.R. (2d) 178(*no CanLII links)
R v Carew, 1992 CanLII 1530 (BC SC),
- ↑
R. v. DeMarco (1973), 13 C.C.C.(2d) 369 (Ont. C.A.)
R v Anderson, 1991 CanLII 7831 (SK QB) at para 7
- ↑ Boyle, supra
- ↑
R v Hetsberger (1980), 51 C.C.C.(2d) 257 (Ont. C.A.)
- ↑
R v Northrup (1982), 41 N.B.R.(2d) 610; 107 A.P.R. 610; 1 C.C.C.(3d) 210 (C.A.)
R v Rozon (1974), 28 C.R.N.S. 232 (Que. C.A.)
- ↑ R v Marsh (1975), 31 C.R.N.S. 232 (Ont. C.C.)
Participation of Third Parties
Testimonial Aids
Certain persons who testify are entitled to make application for the use of testimonial aids: Exclusion of Public (s. 486), Use of a Testimonial Screen (s. 486), Access to Support Person While Testifying (s. 486.1), Close Proximity Video-link Testimony (s. 486.2), Self-Represented Cross-Examination Prohibition Order (s. 486.3), and Witness Security Order (s. 486.7).
A witness, victim or complainant may also request publication bans (s. 486.4, 486.5) and/or a Witness Identity Non-disclosure Order (s. 486.31). See also, Publication Bans, above.
On Finding of Guilt
For any indictable offence with a maximum penalty no less than 5 years (including offences under s. 403), but are not serious personal injury offences, s. 606(4.2) requires that after accepting a guilty plea, the judge must inquire whether "any of the victims had advised the prosecutor of their desire to be informed if such an agreement were entered into, and, if so, whether reasonable steps were taken to inform that victim of the agreement". Failing to take reasonable steps at guilty plea requires the prosecutor to "as soon as feasible, take reasonable steps to inform the victim of the agreement and the acceptance of the plea" (s. 606(4.3)).
Under s. 738, a judge must inquire from the Crown before sentencing whether "reasonable steps have been taken to provide the victims with an opportunity to indicate whether they are seeking restitution for their losses and damages".
Under s. 722(2), the judge must inquire "[a]s soon as feasible" before sentencing with the Crown "if reasonable steps have been taken to provide the victim with an opportunity to prepare" a victim impact statement. This will include any person "who has suffered, or is alleged to have suffered, physical or emotional harm, property damage or economic loss" as a result of the offence. Individuals representing a community impacted by the crime may file a statement under s. 722.2.
Sentencing Principles and Ranges
Maximum Penalties
Offence(s) | Crown Election |
Maximum Penalty |
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s. 403 [identity fraud] | Summary Election | 2 years less a day jail and/or a $5,000 fine (from Sept 19, 2019) |
s. 403 [identity fraud] | Indictable Election | 10 years custody |
Offences under s. 403 are hybrid. If prosecuted by indictment, the maximum penalty is 10 years incarceration. If prosecuted by summary conviction, the maximum penalty is 2 years less a day jail and/or a $5,000 fine (from Sept 19, 2019).
Minimum Penalties
These offences have no mandatory minimum penalties.
Available dispositions
Offence(s) | Crown Election |
Discharge s. 730 |
Suspended Sentence s. 731(1)(a) |
Stand-alone Fine s. 731(1)(b) |
Custody s. 718.3, 787 |
Custody and Probation s. 731(1)(b) |
Custody and Fine s. 734 |
Conditional Sentence (CSO) s. 742.1 |
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s. 403 | any |
All dispositions are available.The judge may order a discharge (s. 730), suspended sentence (s. 731(1)(a)), fine (s. 731(1)(b)), custody (s. 718.3, 787), custody with probation (s. 731(1)(b)), custody with a fine (s. 734), or a conditional sentence (s. 742.1).
Consecutive Sentences
There are no statutory requirements that the sentences be consecutive.
Ancillary Sentencing Orders
Offence-related Orders
Order | Conviction | Description |
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DNA Orders | s. 403 |
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General Sentencing Orders
Order | Conviction | Description |
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Non-communication order while offender in custody (s. 743.21) | any | The judge has the discretion to order that the offender be prohibited "from communicating...with any victim, witness or other person" while in custody except where the judge "considers [it] necessary" to communicate with them. |
Restitution Orders (s. 738) | any | A discretionary Order is available for things such as the replacement value of the property; the pecuniary damages incurred from harm, expenses fleeing a domestic partner; or certain expenses arising from the commission of an offence under s.402.2 or 403. |
Victim Fine Surcharge (s. 737) | any | A discretionary surcharge under s. 737 of 30% of any fine order imposed, $100 per summary conviction or $200 per indictable conviction. If the offence occurs on or after October 23, 2013, the order has smaller minimum amounts (15%, $50, or $100). |
General Forfeiture Orders
Forfeiture | Conviction | Description |
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Forfeiture of Proceeds of Crime (s. 462.37(1) or (2.01)) | any | Where there is a finding of guilt for an indictable offence under the Code or the CDSA in which property is "proceeds of crime" and offence was "committed in relation to that property", the property shall be forfeited to His Majesty the King on application of the Crown. NB: does not apply to summary offences. |
Fine in Lieu of Forfeiture (s. 462.37(3)) | any | Where a Court is satisfied an order for the forfeiture of proceeds of crime under s. 462.37(1) or (2.01) can be made, but that property cannot be "made subject to an order", then the Court "may" order a fine in "an amount equal to the value of the property". Failure to pay the fine will result in a default judgement imposing a period of incarceration. |
Forfeiture of Weapons or Firearms (s. 491) | any | Where there is finding of guilt for an offence where a "weapon, an imitation firearm, a prohibited device, any ammunition, any prohibited ammunition or an explosive substance was used in the commission of [the] offence and that thing has been seized and detained", or "that a person has committed an offence that involves, or the subject-matter of which is, a firearm, a cross-bow, a prohibited weapon, a restricted weapon, a prohibited device, ammunition, prohibited ammunition or an explosive substance has been seized and detained, that the item be an enumerated weapon or related item be connected to the offence", then there will be a mandatory forfeiture order. However, under s. 491(2), if the lawful owner "was not a party to the offence" and the judge has "no reasonable grounds to believe that the thing would or might be used in the commission of an offence", then it should be returned to the lawful owner. |
Forfeiture of Offence-related Property (s. 490.1) | any | Where there is a finding of guilt for an indictable offence, "any property is offence-related property" where (a) by means or in respect of which an indictable offence under this Act or the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act is committed, (b) that is used in any manner in connection with the commission of such an offence, or (c) that is intended to be used for committing such an offence". Such property is to be forfeited to Her Majesty in right of the province. NB: does not apply to summary offences. |
History
1994 to 2009
Personation with intent
403. Every one who fraudulently personates any person, living or dead,
- (a) with intent to gain advantage for himself or another person,
- (b) with intent to obtain any property or an interest in any property, or
- (c) with intent to cause disadvantage to the person whom he personates or another person,
is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or an offence punishable on summary conviction.
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 403; 1994, c. 44, s. 27.
– CCC
See Also
References
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- Level Zero
- Criminal Law
- Sentencing
- Offences
- Offences Punishable on Summary Conviction
- Offences with Maximum Penalty of 2 Years Less a Day
- Wiretap Eligible Offences
- Notice of Settlement to Victim
- Offences Requiring Notice to Victim
- Hybrid Offences
- Offences with No Mandatory Minimum
- Secondary Designated Offences for DNA Orders
- Property Offences
- Offences with Maximum Penalty of 10 Years