Assisted Dying Offences (Offence)
| This page was last substantively updated or reviewed January 2020. (Rev. # 96347) |
| Assisted Dying | |
|---|---|
| s. 241.3, 241.4 of the Crim. Code | |
| Election / Plea | |
| Crown Election | Hybrid summary proceedings must initiate within 12 months of the offence (786(2)) |
| Jurisdiction | Prov. Court Sup. Court w/ Jury (*) |
| Summary Dispositions | |
| Avail. Disp. | Discharge (730) Suspended Sentence (731(1)(a)) |
| Minimum | None |
| Maximum | 18 months incarceration |
| Indictable Dispositions | |
| Avail. Disp. |
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| Maximum | 5 years incarceration |
| Reference | |
| Offence Elements Sentence Digests | |
Overview
Offences relating to assisted dying offences are found in Part VIII of the Criminal Code concerning "Offences Against the Person and Reputation".
- Pleadings
| Offence Section |
Offence Type |
Crown Election | Defence Election s. 536(2) |
Preliminary Inquiry |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| s. 241.3 [failure to comply with safeguards] | Hybrid Offence(s) | Yes |  (* only if Crown proceeds by Indictment) |
 (under 14 years max)
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| s. 241.4(1) [forgery in relation to medical request] | Hybrid Offence(s) | Yes | (* only if Crown proceeds by Indictment) |
(under 14 years max)
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| s. 241.4(2) [destruction of documents] | Hybrid Offence(s) | Yes | (* only if Crown proceeds by Indictment) |
(under 14 years max)
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Offences under s. 241.3 [failure to comply with safeguards], s. 241.4(1) [forgery in relation to medical request] and s. 241.4(2) [destruction of documents] are hybrid with a Crown election. If prosecuted by indictment, there is a Defence election of Court under s. 536(2) to trial by provincial court, superior court judge-alone or superior court judge-and-jury.
- Release
| Offence(s) | Appearance Notice by Peace Officer s. 497 |
Summons by Judge or Justice s. 508(1), 512(1), or 788 |
Release by Peace Officer on Undertaking s. 498, 499, and 501 |
Release By a Judge or Justice on a Release Order s. 515 to 519 |
Direct to Attend for Fingerprints, etc. Identification of Criminals Act s. 2 ID Crim. Act |
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| s. 241.3 [failure to comply with safeguards] | |
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| s. 241.4(1) [forgery in relation to medical request] | |
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When charged under s. 241.3, the accused can be given a judicial summons without arrest. If arrested, he can be released by the arresting officer under s. 498 or 499 on an undertaking with or without conditions. He can also be released by a justice under s. 515.
When charged under s. 241.4(1), the accused can be given an appearance notice without arrest under s. 497 or a summons. If arrested, he can be released by the arresting officer under s. 498 or 499 on an undertaking with or without conditions. He can also be released by a justice under s. 515.
- Reverse Onus Bail
If police decide to bring the accused before a Justice pursuant to s. 503, there will be a presumption against bail (i.e. a reverse onus) if the offence, prosecuted by indictment, was committed:
- while at large under s. 515 [bail release], 679 or 680 [release pending appeal or review of appeal] (s. 515(6)(a)(i));
- "for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association" with a criminal organization (s. 515(6)(a)(ii));
- where the offence involved a weapon, being a firearm, cross-bow, prohibited weapon restricted weapon, prohibited device, ammunition, prohibited ammunition or explosive substance, while the accused was subject to a prohibition order preventing possession of these items (s. 515(6)(a)(viii)); or
- where the accused is not "ordinarily a resident in Canada" (s. 515(6)(b)).
And, regardless of Crown election, if the offence alleged was one:
- where the offence was an allegation of violence against an "intimate partner" and the accused had been previously convicted of an offence of violence against an "intimate partner" (s. 515(6)(b.1));
- where the offence alleged is a breach under s. 145(2) to (5) while (s. 515(6)(c));
- where the offence committed (or conspired to commit) was an offence under s. 5 to 7 of the CDSA that is punishable by life imprisonment (s. 515(6)(d));
- Publication Bans
For all criminal or regulatory prosecutions, there is a discretionary general publication ban available on application of the Crown, victim or witness to prohibit the publishing of "any information that could identify the victim or witness" under s. 486.5(1) where it is "necessary" for the "proper administration of justice". Other available publication bans include prohibitions for publishing evidence or other information arising from a bail hearing (s. 517), preliminary inquiry (s. 539) or jury trial (s. 648). There is a mandatory publication ban in all youth prosecutions on information tending to identify young accused under s. 110 of the YCJA or young victims under s. 111 of the YCJA.
- Offence Designations
| Offence(s) | Wiretap Eligible s. 183 |
Dangerous Offender Designated Offence s. 752 |
Serious Personal Injury Offence s. 752 |
AG Consent Required | Serious Criminality Offence s. 36 IRPA |
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| s. 241.3 [failure to comply with safeguards] and 241.4 | |
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See below in Ancillary Sentencing Orders for details on designations relating to sentencing orders.
Offence Wording
- Failure to comply with safeguards
241.3 A medical practitioner or nurse practitioner who, in providing medical assistance in dying, knowingly fails to comply with all of the requirements set out in paragraphs 241.2(3)(b) to (i) [eligibility for medical assistance in dying – safeguards beyond medical opinion] and subsection 241.2(8) [assisted dying – notice to pharmacist of purpose] is guilty of
- (a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or
- (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.
2016, c. 3, s. 3; 2019, c. 25, s. 80.
- Forgery
241.4 (1) Everyone commits an offence who commits forgery in relation to a request for medical assistance in dying.
- Destruction of documents
(2) Everyone commits an offence who destroys a document that relates to a request for medical assistance in dying with intent to interfere with
- (a) another person’s access to medical assistance in dying;
- (b) the lawful assessment of a request for medical assistance in dying;
- (c) another person invoking an exemption under any of subsections 227(1) or (2) [exemption for medical assistance in dying and exception for aiding practitioners], 241(2) to (5) [aiding suicide – exemption for related persons] or 245(2) [administering noxious thing – exemption]; or
- (d) the provision by a person of information under section 241.31 [filing information].
- Punishment
(3) Everyone who commits an offence under subsection (1) [forgery in relation to assisted dying] or (2) [document destruction re assisted dying] is guilty of
- (a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or
- (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.
- Definition of document
(4) In subsection (2) [document destruction re assisted dying], document has the same meaning as in section 321 [offences against rights of property – definitions].
2016, c. 3, ss. 3, 5; 2019, c. 25, s. 81.
Draft Form of Charges
| Pre-ambles | ||
|---|---|---|
| "THAT [accused full name] stands charged that, between the <DATE> day of <MONTH>, <YEAR> and <DATE> day of <MONTH>, <YEAR>***, at or near <COMMUNITY/TOWN/CITY>, <PROVINCE>, he [or she]..." OR | ||
| "THAT [accused full name] stands charged that, on or about the <DATE> day of <MONTH>, <YEAR>, at or near <COMMUNITY/TOWN/CITY>, <PROVINCE>, he [or she]..." OR | ||
| "AND FURTHER at the same time and place aforesaid, he [or she]..." | ||
| Code Section | Subject of Offence | Draft Wording |
| 241.3 | "..., contrary to section 241.3 of the Criminal Code. | |
| 241.4(1) | forgery re MAID | "..., did commit forgery in relation to a request for medical assistance in dying, to wit: [conduct], contrary to section 241.4(1) of the Criminal Code. |
| 241.4(2) | "..., did destroy a document that relates to a request for medical assistance in dying with intent to interfere with [name1]’s access to medical assistance in dying, the lawful assessment of a request for medical assistance in dying, [name1] invoking an exemption under any of subsections 227(1) or (2), 241(2) to (5) or 245(2), or the provision by a person of information under section 241.31 contrary to section 241.4(2) of the Criminal Code. |
Proof of the Offence
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Proving Failure to comply with safeguards under s. 241.3 should include:
Proving Forgery in Relation to Assisted Dying under s. 241.4 should include:
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Interpretation of the Offence
- Eligibility for medical assistance in dying
241.2 (1) A person may receive medical assistance in dying only if they meet all of the following criteria:
- (a) they are eligible — or, but for any applicable minimum period of residence or waiting period, would be eligible — for health services funded by a government in Canada;
- (b) they are at least 18 years of age and capable of making decisions with respect to their health;
- (c) they have a grievous and irremediable medical condition;
- (d) they have made a voluntary request for medical assistance in dying that, in particular, was not made as a result of external pressure; and
- (e) they give informed consent to receive medical assistance in dying after having been informed of the means that are available to relieve their suffering, including palliative care.
- Grievous and irremediable medical condition
(2) A person has a grievous and irremediable medical condition only if they meet all of the following criteria:
- (a) they have a serious and incurable illness, disease or disability;
- (b) they are in an advanced state of irreversible decline in capability; and
- (c) that illness, disease or disability or that state of decline causes them enduring physical or psychological suffering that is intolerable to them and that cannot be relieved under conditions that they consider acceptable.
- (d) [Repealed, 2021, c. 2, s. 1]
- Exclusion
(2.1) For the purposes of paragraph (2)(a), a mental illness is not considered to be an illness, disease or disability.
- Safeguards — natural death foreseeable
(3) Subject to subsection (3.2), before a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner provides medical assistance in dying to a person whose natural death is reasonably foreseeable, taking into account all of their medical circumstances, without a prognosis necessarily having been made as to the specific length of time that they have remaining, the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner must
- (a) be of the opinion that the person meets all of the criteria set out in subsection (1);
- (b) ensure that the person’s request for medical assistance in dying was
- (i) made in writing and signed and dated by the person or by another person under subsection (4), and
- (ii) signed and dated after the person was informed by a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner that the person has a grievous and irremediable medical condition;
- (c) be satisfied that the request was signed and dated by the person — or by another person under subsection (4) — before an independent witness who then also signed and dated the request;
- (d) ensure that the person has been informed that they may, at any time and in any manner, withdraw their request;
- (e) ensure that another medical practitioner or nurse practitioner has provided a written opinion confirming that the person meets all of the criteria set out in subsection (1);
- (f) be satisfied that they and the other medical practitioner or nurse practitioner referred to in paragraph (e) are independent;
- (g) if the person has difficulty communicating, take all necessary measures to provide a reliable means by which the person may understand the information that is provided to them and communicate their decision; and
- (h) immediately before providing the medical assistance in dying, give the person an opportunity to withdraw their request and ensure that the person gives express consent to receive medical assistance in dying.
- (i) [Repealed, 2021, c. 2, s. 1]
- Safeguards — natural death not foreseeable
(3.1) Before a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner provides medical assistance in dying to a person whose natural death is not reasonably foreseeable, taking into account all of their medical circumstances, the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner must
- (a) be of the opinion that the person meets all of the criteria set out in subsection (1);
- (b) ensure that the person’s request for medical assistance in dying was
- (i) made in writing and signed and dated by the person or by another person under subsection (4), and
- (ii) signed and dated after the person was informed by a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner that the person has a grievous and irremediable medical condition;
- (c) be satisfied that the request was signed and dated by the person — or by another person under subsection (4) — before an independent witness who then also signed and dated the request;
- (d) ensure that the person has been informed that the person may, at any time and in any manner, withdraw their request;
- (e) ensure that another medical practitioner or nurse practitioner has provided a written opinion confirming that the person meets all of the criteria set out in subsection (1);
- (e.1) if neither they nor the other medical practitioner or nurse practitioner referred to in paragraph (e) has expertise in the condition that is causing the person’s suffering, ensure that they or the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner referred to in paragraph (e) consult with a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner who has that expertise and share the results of that consultation with the other practitioner;
- (f) be satisfied that they and the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner referred to in paragraph (e) are independent;
- (g) ensure that the person has been informed of the means available to relieve their suffering, including, where appropriate, counselling services, mental health and disability support services, community services and palliative care and has been offered consultations with relevant professionals who provide those services or that care;
- (h) ensure that they and the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner referred to in paragraph (e) have discussed with the person the reasonable and available means to relieve the person’s suffering and they and the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner referred to in paragraph (e) agree with the person that the person has given serious consideration to those means;
- (i) ensure that there are at least 90 clear days between the day on which the first assessment under this subsection of whether the person meets the criteria set out in subsection (1) begins and the day on which medical assistance in dying is provided to them or — if the assessments have been completed and they and the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner referred to in paragraph (e) are both of the opinion that the loss of the person’s capacity to provide consent to receive medical assistance in dying is imminent — any shorter period that the first medical practitioner or nurse practitioner considers appropriate in the circumstances;
- (j) if the person has difficulty communicating, take all necessary measures to provide a reliable means by which the person may understand the information that is provided to them and communicate their decision; and
- (k) immediately before providing the medical assistance in dying, give the person an opportunity to withdraw their request and ensure that the person gives express consent to receive medical assistance in dying.
- Final consent — waiver
(3.2) For the purposes of subsection (3), the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner may administer a substance to a person to cause their death without meeting the requirement set out in paragraph (3)(h) if
- (a) before the person loses the capacity to consent to receiving medical assistance in dying,
- (i) they met all of the criteria set out in subsection (1) and all other safeguards set out in subsection (3) were met,
- (ii) they entered into an arrangement in writing with the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner that the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner would administer a substance to cause their death on a specified day,
- (iii) they were informed by the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner of the risk of losing the capacity to consent to receiving medical assistance in dying prior to the day specified in the arrangement, and
- (iv) in the written arrangement, they consented to the administration by the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner of a substance to cause their death on or before the day specified in the arrangement if they lost their capacity to consent to receiving medical assistance in dying prior to that day;
- (b) the person has lost the capacity to consent to receiving medical assistance in dying;
- (c) the person does not demonstrate, by words, sounds or gestures, refusal to have the substance administered or resistance to its administration; and
- (d) the substance is administered to the person in accordance with the terms of the arrangement.
- For greater certainty
(3.3) For greater certainty, involuntary words, sounds or gestures made in response to contact do not constitute a demonstration of refusal or resistance for the purposes of paragraph (3.2)(c).
- Advance consent invalidated
(3.4) Once a person demonstrates, by words, sounds or gestures, in accordance with subsection (3.2), refusal to have the substance administered or resistance to its administration, medical assistance in dying can no longer be provided to them on the basis of the consent given by them under subparagraph (3.2)(a)(iv).
- Advance consent — self-administration
(3.5) In the case of a person who loses the capacity to consent to receiving medical assistance in dying after self-administering a substance, provided to them under this section, so as to cause their own death, a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner may administer a substance to cause the death of that person if
- (a) before the person loses the capacity to consent to receiving medical assistance in dying, they and the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner entered into an arrangement in writing providing that the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner would
- (i) be present at the time the person self-administered the first substance, and
- (ii) administer a second substance to cause the person’s death if, after self-administering the first substance, the person lost the capacity to consent to receiving medical assistance in dying and did not die within a specified period;
- (b) the person self-administers the first substance, does not die within the period specified in the arrangement and loses the capacity to consent to receiving medical assistance in dying; and
- (c) the second substance is administered to the person in accordance with the terms of the arrangement.
- Unable to sign
(4) If the person requesting medical assistance in dying is unable to sign and date the request, another person — who is at least 18 years of age, who understands the nature of the request for medical assistance in dying and who does not know or believe that they are a beneficiary under the will of the person making the request, or a recipient, in any other way, of a financial or other material benefit resulting from that person’s death — may do so in the person’s presence, on the person’s behalf and under the person’s express direction.
- Independent witness
(5) Any person who is at least 18 years of age and who understands the nature of the request for medical assistance in dying may act as an independent witness, except if they
- (a) know or believe that they are a beneficiary under the will of the person making the request, or a recipient, in any other way, of a financial or other material benefit resulting from that person’s death;
- (b) are an owner or operator of any health care facility at which the person making the request is being treated or any facility in which that person resides;
- (c) are directly involved in providing health care services to the person making the request; or
- (d) directly provide personal care to the person making the request.
- Exception
(5.1) Despite paragraphs (5)(c) and (d), a person who provides health care services or personal care as their primary occupation and who is paid to provide that care to the person requesting medical assistance in dying is permitted to act as an independent witness, except for
- (a) the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner who will provide medical assistance in dying to the person; and
- (b) the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner who provided an opinion under paragraph (3)(e) or (3.1)(e), as the case may be, in respect of the person.
- Independence — medical practitioners and nurse practitioners
(6) The medical practitioner or nurse practitioner providing medical assistance in dying and the medical practitioner or nurse practitioner who provides the opinion referred to in paragraph (3)(e) or (3.1)(e) are independent if they
- (a) are not a mentor to the other practitioner or responsible for supervising their work;
- (b) do not know or believe that they are a beneficiary under the will of the person making the request, or a recipient, in any other way, of a financial or other material benefit resulting from that person’s death, other than standard compensation for their services relating to the request; and
- (c) do not know or believe that they are connected to the other practitioner or to the person making the request in any other way that would affect their objectivity.
- Reasonable knowledge, care and skill
(7) Medical assistance in dying must be provided with reasonable knowledge, care and skill and in accordance with any applicable provincial laws, rules or standards.
- Informing pharmacist
(8) The medical practitioner or nurse practitioner who, in providing medical assistance in dying, prescribes or obtains a substance for that purpose must, before any pharmacist dispenses the substance, inform the pharmacist that the substance is intended for that purpose.
- Clarification
(9) For greater certainty, nothing in this section compels an individual to provide or assist in providing medical assistance in dying.
2016, c. 3, s. 3; 2021, c. 2, s. 1.
[annotation(s) added]
- Failure to comply with safeguards
241.3 A medical practitioner or nurse practitioner who, in providing medical assistance in dying, knowingly fails to comply, subject to subsection 241.2(3.2), with all of the requirements set out in paragraphs 241.2(3)(b) to (h) or paragraphs 241.2(3.1)(b) to (k), as the case may be, and with subsection 241.2(8) is guilty of
- (a) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years; or
- (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.
2016, c. 3, s. 3, 2019, c. 25, s. 80, 2021, c. 2, s. 2
- Filing information — practitioners
241.31 (1) Unless they are exempted under regulations made under subsection (3), a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner who carries out an assessment of whether a person meets the criteria set out in subsection 241.2(1) or who receives a written request for medical assistance in dying must, in accordance with those regulations, provide the information required by those regulations to the recipient designated in those regulations.
- Filing information — responsible for preliminary assessments
(1.1) Unless they are exempted under regulations made under subsection (3), any person who has the responsibility to carry out preliminary assessments of whether a person meets the criteria set out in subsection 241.2(1) must, in accordance with those regulations, provide the information required by those regulations to the recipient designated in those regulations.
- Filing information — pharmacist and pharmacy technicians
(2) Unless they are exempted under regulations made under subsection (3), a pharmacist who dispenses a substance in connection with the provision of medical assistance in dying, or the person permitted to act as a pharmacy technician under the laws of a province who dispenses a substance to aid a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner in providing a person with medical assistance in dying, must, in accordance with those regulations, provide the information required by those regulations to the recipient designated in those regulations.
- Regulations
(3) The Minister of Health must make regulations that he or she considers necessary
- (a) respecting the provision and collection, for the purpose of monitoring medical assistance in dying, of information relating to requests for, and the provision of, medical assistance in dying, including
- (i) the information to be provided, at various stages, by medical practitioners, nurse practitioners, persons referred to in subsection (1.1) who have the responsibility to carry out preliminary assessments, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, or by a class of any of them, including
- (A) the elements considered in the course of the assessments — preliminary or otherwise — of whether a person meets the criteria set out in subsection 241.2(1),
- (B) information respecting the race or indigenous identity of a person who requests or receives medical assistance in dying, if the person consents to providing this information, and
- (C) information — other than information that must be provided in relation to the assessment of eligibility to receive medical assistance in dying and the application of safeguards — respecting any disability, as defined in section 2 of the Accessible Canada Act, of a person who requests or receives medical assistance in dying, if the person consents to providing that information,
- (ii) the form, manner and time in which the information must be provided,
- (iii) the designation of a person as the recipient of the information, and
- (iv) the collection of information from coroners and medical examiners;
- (b) respecting the use, analysis and interpretation of that information, including for the purposes of determining the presence of any inequality — including systemic inequality — or disadvantage based on race, Indigenous identity, disability or other characteristics, in medical assistance in dying;
- (b.1) respecting the protection, publication, and disclosure of that information;
- (c) respecting the disposal of that information; and
- (d) exempting, on any terms that may be specified, a class of persons from the requirements set out in subsections (1) to (2).
- Guidelines — information on death certificates
(3.1) The Minister of Health, after consultation with representatives of the provincial governments responsible for health, must establish guidelines on the information to be included on death certificates in cases where medical assistance in dying has been provided, which may include the way in which to clearly identify medical assistance in dying as the manner of death, as well as the illness, disease or disability that prompted the request for medical assistance in dying.
- Offence and punishment
(4) A medical practitioner or nurse practitioner who knowingly fails to comply with subsection (1), a person having the responsibility to carry out preliminary assessments who knowingly fails to comply with subsection (1.1) or a pharmacist or pharmacy technician who knowingly fails to comply with subsection (2),
- (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than two years; or
- (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
- Offence and punishment
(5) Everyone who knowingly contravenes the regulations made under subsection (3)
- (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than two years; or
- (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
- Consultation
(6) In performing his or her functions or duties under subsection (3), the Minister of Health must, when appropriate, consult with the minister responsible for the status of persons with disabilities.
2016, c. 3, s. 4; 2021, c. 2, s. 3.
Definitions
- Definitions
241.1 The following definitions apply in this section and in sections 241.2 to 241.4 [provisions re medically assisted dying].
"medical assistance in dying" means
- (a) the administering by a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner of a substance to a person, at their request, that causes their death; or
- (b) the prescribing or providing by a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner of a substance to a person, at their request, so that they may self-administer the substance and in doing so cause their own death. (aide médicale à mourir)
"medical practitioner" means a person who is entitled to practise medicine under the laws of a province. (médecin)
"nurse practitioner" means a registered nurse who, under the laws of a province, is entitled to practise as a nurse practitioner — or under an equivalent designation — and to autonomously make diagnoses, order and interpret diagnostic tests, prescribe substances and treat patients. (infirmier praticien)
"pharmacist" means a person who is entitled to practise pharmacy under the laws of a province. (pharmacien)
2016, c. 3, s. 3.
Defences
- Exemption for medical assistance in dying
227 (1) No medical practitioner or nurse practitioner commits culpable homicide if they provide a person with medical assistance in dying in accordance with section 241.2 [procedure relating to assisted dying].
- Exemption for person aiding practitioner
(2) No person is a party to culpable homicide if they do anything for the purpose of aiding a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner to provide a person with medical assistance in dying in accordance with section 241.2 [procedure relating to assisted dying].
- Reasonable but mistaken belief
(3) For greater certainty, the exemption set out in subsection (1) [exemption for medical assistance in dying] or (2) [exemption for person aiding practitioner] applies even if the person invoking it has a reasonable but mistaken belief about any fact that is an element of the exemption.
- Non-application of section 14
(4) Section 14 [consent to death] does not apply with respect to a person who consents to have death inflicted on them by means of medical assistance in dying provided in accordance with section 241.2 [procedure relating to assisted dying].
- Definitions
(5) In this section, medical assistance in dying, medical practitioner and nurse practitioner have the same meanings as in section 241.1 [definitions re assisted dying].
R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 227; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 34; 1997, c. 18, s. 9; 1999, c. 5, s. 9; 2016, c. 3, s. 2.
[annotation(s) added]
Participation of Third Parties
- Testimonial Aids
Certain persons who testify are entitled to make application for the use of testimonial aids: Exclusion of Public (s. 486), Use of a Testimonial Screen (s. 486), Access to Support Person While Testifying (s. 486.1), Close Proximity Video-link Testimony (s. 486.2), Self-Represented Cross-Examination Prohibition Order (s. 486.3), and Witness Security Order (s. 486.7).
A witness, victim or complainant may also request publication bans (s. 486.4, 486.5) and/or a Witness Identity Non-disclosure Order (s. 486.31). See also, Publication Bans, above.
- On Finding of Guilt
| Offence(s) | Victim Notice of Agreement s. 606(4.1) [SPIO] |
Victim Queried for Interest in Agreement s. 606(4.2) [5+ years] |
Victim Notice for Restitution s. 737.1 |
Victim Notice of Impact Statement s. 722(2) |
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| s. 241.3 [failure to comply with safeguards] | ||||
| s. 241.4(1) [forgery in relation to medical request] |
For serious personal injury offences or murder, s. 606(4.1) requires that after accepting a guilty plea, the judge must inquire whether "any of the victims had advised the prosecutor of their desire to be informed if such an agreement were entered into, and, if so, whether reasonable steps were taken to inform that victim of the agreement". Failing to take reasonable steps at guilty plea requires the prosecutor to "as soon as feasible, take reasonable steps to inform the victim of the agreement and the acceptance of the plea" (s. 606(4.3)).
Under s. 738, a judge must inquire from the Crown before sentencing whether "reasonable steps have been taken to provide the victims with an opportunity to indicate whether they are seeking restitution for their losses and damages".
Under s. 722(2), the judge must inquire "[a]s soon as feasible" before sentencing with the Crown "if reasonable steps have been taken to provide the victim with an opportunity to prepare" a victim impact statement. This will include any person "who has suffered, or is alleged to have suffered, physical or emotional harm, property damage or economic loss" as a result of the offence. Individuals representing a community impacted by the crime may file a statement under s. 722.2.
Sentencing Principles and Ranges
- Maximum Penalties
- Minimum Penalties
- Available Dispositions
- Consecutive Sentences
There are no statutory requirements that the sentences be consecutive.
Principles
Ranges
Ancillary Sentencing Order
- Offence-specific Orders
- General Sentencing Orders
| Order | Conviction | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Non-communication order while offender in custody (s. 743.21) | any | The judge has the discretion to order that the offender be prohibited "from communicating...with any victim, witness or other person" while in custody except where the judge "considers [it] necessary" to communicate with them. |
| Restitution Orders (s. 738) | any | A discretionary Order is available for things such as the replacement value of the property; the pecuniary damages incurred from harm, expenses fleeing a domestic partner; or certain expenses arising from the commission of an offence under s.402.2 or 403. |
| Victim Fine Surcharge (s. 737) | any | A discretionary surcharge under s. 737 of 30% of any fine order imposed, $100 per summary conviction or $200 per indictable conviction. If the offence occurs on or after October 23, 2013, the order has smaller minimum amounts (15%, $50, or $100). |
- General Forfeiture Orders
| Forfeiture | Conviction | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Forfeiture of Proceeds of Crime (s. 462.37(1) or (2.01)) | any | Where there is a finding of guilt for an indictable offence under the Code or the CDSA in which property is "proceeds of crime" and offence was "committed in relation to that property", the property shall be forfeited to His Majesty the King on application of the Crown. NB: does not apply to summary offences. |
| Fine in Lieu of Forfeiture (s. 462.37(3)) | any | Where a Court is satisfied an order for the forfeiture of proceeds of crime under s. 462.37(1) or (2.01) can be made, but that property cannot be "made subject to an order", then the Court "may" order a fine in "an amount equal to the value of the property". Failure to pay the fine will result in a default judgement imposing a period of incarceration. |
| Forfeiture of Weapons or Firearms (s. 491) | any | Where there is finding of guilt for an offence where a "weapon, an imitation firearm, a prohibited device, any ammunition, any prohibited ammunition or an explosive substance was used in the commission of [the] offence and that thing has been seized and detained", or "that a person has committed an offence that involves, or the subject-matter of which is, a firearm, a cross-bow, a prohibited weapon, a restricted weapon, a prohibited device, ammunition, prohibited ammunition or an explosive substance has been seized and detained, that the item be an enumerated weapon or related item be connected to the offence", then there will be a mandatory forfeiture order. However, under s. 491(2), if the lawful owner "was not a party to the offence" and the judge has "no reasonable grounds to believe that the thing would or might be used in the commission of an offence", then it should be returned to the lawful owner. |
| Forfeiture of Offence-related Property (s. 490.1) | any | Where there is a finding of guilt for an indictable offence, "any property is offence-related property" where (a) by means or in respect of which an indictable offence under this Act or the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act is committed, (b) that is used in any manner in connection with the commission of such an offence, or (c) that is intended to be used for committing such an offence". Such property is to be forfeited to Her Majesty in right of the province. NB: does not apply to summary offences. |
Record Suspensions and Pardons
Convictions under s. 279 [kidnapping or forceable confinement] are eligible for record suspensions pursuant to s. 3 and 4 of the Criminal Records Act after 5 years after the expiration of sentence for summary conviction offences and 10 years after the expiration of sentence for all other offences. The offender may not have the record suspended where the offender was (1) convicted of 3 or more offences with a maximum penalty of life, and (2) for each 3 offences he "was sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more".
See Also
- References